2-溴乙烷磺酸盐对污泥厌氧发酵过程中乙酸累积及细菌种群的影响

研究了污泥厌氧发酵过程中产甲烷菌被特异性抑制剂——2-溴乙烷磺酸盐(BrCH2CH2SO3-,BES)抑制时乙酸的累积,并采用一种新的微生物分子生态学手段——末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)研究乙酸累积状态下的微生物种群结构.结果表明,BES可以促使厌氧发酵中乙酸的累积,在污泥厌氧发酵初始时一次投加BES条件下,乙酸累积的最大值为1.158gL-1,是阴性对照样最大值的4倍.BES在d4开始投加并每间隔4d补加条件下,乙酸累积最大值为0.851gL-1.微生物种群结构分析表明,对于发酵初始投加BES的样品,乙酸累积主要来源于β-Pro-teobacteria和Sphingobacteria的作用.对于每4d投加BES的样品,Sphingobacteria在中间过程的d8占有较高比例,Bacilli和β-Proteobacteria在整个过程均占优势.图2表2参14     

微生物淋滤法去除城市污泥中重金属的效果

以广州市城市污泥作为培养介质,利用以硫代硫酸钠作为生长基质进行生命活动的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T.f]和氧化硫硫杆菌(T.t)来淋滤去除污泥中的重金属,研究了不同底物含量及不同驯化污泥接菌量对重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,在无驯化污泥接种的条件下,最佳基质投配率为10 g·L-1;驯化污泥接种培养可以缩短污泥的酸化周期,并且在相同投配比条件下,接种培养较不接种培养的去除效果明显提高.驯化污泥接种量为10%、投配比为7 g·L-1时,污泥中主要超标元素Cu、Zn、Cd和Ni的去除率分别达到67.2%,88.9%,82.4%,和68.4%.同时,处理后污泥中的重金属含量可满足污泥农用的国家标准.     

AB工艺减少污泥重金属的效果

在AB工艺中,利用A段活性吸附去除重金属从而降低B段污泥中重金属含量,使其达到农用标准（GB4284-84酸性土壤控制标准）。利用小型污水处理实验场,模拟研究了AB工艺A段中重金属的去除情况,对AB运行控制参数进行优化探讨,以使A段能有效去除大部分重金属,并尽可能降低有毒有害污泥产量。结果表明：溶解氧质量浓度控制在0.5mg·L-1,污泥质量浓度调节为约500mg·L-1时,Cu2＋去除率可达87.6%,Zn2＋的去除率为78.7%,Ni2＋去除率为51%。当污泥质量浓度在1000～1500mg·L-1时,A段处理后污泥沉降性能好转,对重金属离子的去除有较好的效果,且不过多截留污水中的有机物。且B段剩余污泥中的Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ni2＋含量都基本达到酸性土壤污泥农用控制标准。因此,适当控制AB工艺相关参数条件,利用A段活性污泥去除大部分重金属,降低B段产泥中重金属含量,达到农业控制标准是可行的,污泥经处理后进行土地资源化利用可成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

活性炭吸附富集-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定河水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍的探讨

水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍的测定,一般采用萃取法、加热浓缩法等。本文是利用活性炭在大体积水相中有吸附微量重金属的能力,富集河水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍。探讨了吸附时pH条件、活性炭用量、洗脱条件及共存离子的影响,研究结果表明:镉、铅的富集浓度为0.002mg/L;锌、铜、镍的富集浓度为0.005mg/L。     

电镀厂污染土壤重金属形态及淋洗去除效果

以某电镀厂污染场地重污染区域土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析,并研究筛选高效土壤淋洗剂,比较其淋洗去除效果。结果表明,该土壤以铬和镍污染最为严重,土壤铬和镍含量分别达1 564.00和679.00 mg.kg-1,土壤铜、锌和铅含量分别为297.00、276.00和51.40 mg.kg-1,铜、铬、镍、锌和铅的有效态比例分别为41.77%、13.16%、28.08%、21.50%和31.18%。去离子水、盐酸、乙酸、草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA 6种淋洗剂中,去离子水对5种重金属提取量均较少;草酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为55.1%、24.8%、47.5%和29.3%;柠檬酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为26.3%、25.7%、33.0%和21.6%;EDTA对铜、镍、锌和铅去除效果较好,去除率分别为31.5%、28.9%、21.4%和30.6%。综合考虑淋洗剂的提取效果、水溶性以及操作难度和成本,建议采用柠檬酸作为淋洗剂,最佳液土比〔V（液）∶m（土）〕为10∶1,最佳淋洗时间为6 h。     

铁炭曝气微电解预处理纤维素发酵废水

采用正交实验法对铁炭曝气微电解预处理纤维素发酵废水进行了研究,最佳工艺条件为pH 4-5,铁屑用量150g·1-1,铁炭比1:2,反应时间1h,曝气量30ml·min-1.在此条件下,CODCr去除率达25%左右,色度去除率达87.5%,有效地去除了影响乙醇发酵的四种抑制剂(乙酸、糠醛、乙酰丙酸、5-羟甲基糠醛),提高了废水的可生化性.同时考察了活性炭粒径大小、Cu的加入对微电解反应的影响.结果表明,粒径20-100目的活性炭有利于铁炭反应,铜的加入形成了铜-铁-炭双电解反应,提高了微电解效率.     

MnO2氧化去除制革污泥中的Cr(Ⅲ)

开展了MnO2化学氧化去除制革污泥中Cr(Ⅲ)的研究.结果表明,pH为4.0时MnO2处理污泥16h,Cr(Ⅲ)的溶出率达到90%以上(污泥中总Cr的原始浓度为6548mg·kg-1),但pH>6.0时MnO2基本不能去除污泥中的Cr(Ⅲ);处理温度升高、MnO2加入量的增大有利于Cr(Ⅲ)的去除.     

污泥臭氧化减量技术的影响因子

采用臭氧作为剩余污泥的细胞裂解剂,并与生物接触氧化工艺相结合进行污泥减量的实验研究,臭氧化后的污泥上清液回流入曝气池与污水合并处理。结果表明:在臭氧投量为0.05kgO3/kgMLSS,臭氧化污泥量为进水量的5%条件下,生物接触氧化系统对SCOD和NH4-N的平均去除率分别为87.06%和84.80%,出水水质同对比实验相当;同时获得了0.054(gMLSS/去除1gSCOD)的剩余污泥产率,与对比实验相比降低了78.4%。     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受高碳氮负荷过程中的群体感应

为了探究好氧颗粒污泥耐受高负荷碳氮的生物学机制,对比分析了不同负荷条件下好氧颗粒对污染物的去除、形体结构和群体感应现象.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有同时耐受高碳氮负荷的能力,当进水COD负荷为12.9 kg m-3 d-1时去除率为90%以上,NH4+-N负荷为0.455 kg m-3 d-1时去除率在80%以上.随着负荷的提高,颗粒的粒径不断减小,这可能增强颗粒的传质传氧作用.在进水负荷COD 8.9-10.9 kg m-3 d-1、NH4+-N 0.355-0.455 kg m-3 d-1时,AI-2活性较强,微生物之间相互交流比较活跃,并且保持较好的COD和NH4+-N去除效果.好氧颗粒污泥内部的AI-2活性高于出水溶液.研究表明,群体感应可能在好氧颗粒污泥同时耐受高碳氮负荷中发挥着重要的作用.     

UASB和EGSB反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥生物学特性的比较

测定了实验室规模的２Ｌ ＥＧＳＢ和ＵＡＳＢ反应器中培养的厌氧颗粒污泥在不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶Ｆ４２０含量和胞外多聚酶物含量，结果表明，ＥＧＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥在葡萄糖上的比产甲烷活性、利用乙酸的甲烷菌和产氢产乙酸菌的活怀和胞外多聚物／含量高于ＵＡＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥，而ＵＡＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥中利用甲酸和氢的甲烷菌的活性以及辅酶Ｆ４２０的含量较ＥＧＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥更高，辅酶Ｆ４２０可以指示同种     

Eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals from sewage sludge

Sewage sludge contains rich organic matter and nutrients essential for the growth of plants but the presence of toxic heavy metals restricts its land application. To overcome this, the study aims an eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals. Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant, Chennai, India was characterised. The analysis of total heavy metal concentration was done by digesting in nitric acid and different forms were extracted by community bureau of reference sequential method. Heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 DV. The experimental set-up for heavy metal leaching was held for five consecutive days at different concentrations of humic acid (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) at varied pH (5–9). Results revealed that at the end of fifth day at pH 8, 1% humic acid is capable of leaching out 75.5% cadmium, 66.0% nickel, 52.0% lead, 51.2% zinc, 31.2% copper and 8.5% cadmium from sewage sludge. Statistically positive correlation (0.7088) existed between the percentage of heavy metals leached out and the sum of soluble and reducible fractions. Thus, from ecological point of view, humic acid can be used to leach out heavy metals from sewage sludge serving the need in restoration of soil fertility upon land application.     

施用城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性及金属含量的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性、金属含量的影响。实验设置6个处理：4个不同用量的污泥处理：30（S1）、60（S2）、90（S3）和120 t.hm-2（S4）,以及对照（Control：不施加污泥和肥料）和无机复合肥处理（F：1.5 t.hm-2）。结果表明,施用污泥后,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷均提高,且随污泥施用量的增加而增加。S1~S4处理的土壤有机质、全氮及全磷较Control处理分别提高了32.50%~52.05%、32.00%~95.30%及75.43%~236.25%;较F处理分别提高了47.60%~69.37%、35.04%~99.70%及77.10%~239.46%。但污泥施用降低土壤pH和全钾质量分数,土壤pH较Control和F处理分别下降了0.11~0.42和0.01~0.32,但仍呈弱碱性;土壤全钾质量分数较Control和F处理分别降低了1.65%~21.51%和1.19%~21.14%。随污泥施用量的增加,土壤Cu、Zn、Ca和Na质量分数呈增加趋势,而Mn、Fe、Al、Mg质量分数呈降低趋势,其中Cu和Zn增加明显,并较Control处理分别增加了31.89%~104.36%和38.93%~358.02%,较F处理分别增加了23.10%~90.75%和37.88%~354.55%。总体而言,污泥施用于杨树后,可明显改善土壤的化学特性,但污泥施用量越大,土壤重金属Cu和Zn的质量分数残留越多。     

长江三角洲地区城市污泥的综合生物毒性研究

运用发光细菌法对我国长江三角洲地区16个城市中54个污泥样品的综合急性生物毒性进行了测定，并以毒性较为稳定的HgCl2作为参比毒物，以发光细菌抑光率、相当标准毒物HgCl2质量浓度及百分数等级比较法毒性划分标准评价城市污泥的毒性。结果表明，供试的不需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中，有13个是剧毒的，占样品总数30．95％；需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中，毒性等级为Ⅰ级的8个，占样品总数66．67％。长江三角洲地区城市污泥大部分有较高的综合急性生物毒性，这与含多种高量的有毒重金属有关。城市污泥对发光细菌毒性的大小与城市污泥来源、污水处理工艺及污泥类型等因素有关。上海地区的污泥毒性大于江苏和浙江地区；42个毒性较小的污泥中，大部分氧化沟处理的城市污泥的毒性要大于A^2／O（厌氧-缺氧／好氧）处理的，12个毒性较大的污泥中处理工艺多为活性污泥处理与A^2／O处理；大部分以生活污水和混流污水为主的城市污泥毒性要高于以工业污水为主的城市污泥。     

城市污泥干燥研究进展

随着城市污水处理厂不断增加,城市污泥的产量也大幅度增长。减量化是城市污泥资源化的首要步骤,而干燥是城市污泥减量化最有效的方法之一。本文简述了城市污泥的干燥特性及各种干燥方法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行比较,得出利用太阳能和通过种植植物对污泥进行干燥是较为经济可行的污泥干燥方法。在提倡可持续发展理念及能源危机不断恶化的情况下,这两种方法在污泥干燥方面的应用将具有广泛前景。     

Application of ultra-sonication,acid precipitation and membrane filtration for co-recovery of protein and humic acid from sewage sludge

A novel method was applied to co-recover proteins and humic acid from the dewatered sewage sludge for liquid fertilizer and animal feed. The proteins in sewage sludge were first extracted using the processes of ultra-sonication and acid precipitation, and then the humic acid was recovered via membrane filtration. The extraction efficiency was 125.9 mg humic acid?g⁻¹VSS volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 123.9 mg proteins?g⁻¹ VSS at the optimal ultrasonic density of 1.5 W?mL⁻¹. FT-IR spectrum results indicated that the recovered proteins and humic acid showed similar chemical characteristic to the natural proteins and humic acid. The acidic solution (pH 2) could be recycled and used more than 10 times during the co-recovery processes. In addition, the dewatered sludge could be easily biodegraded when the humic acid and proteins are extracted, which was essential for further utilization. These findings are of great significance for recovering valuable nutrient from sewage sludge.     

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

Evaluation of the performance of rural wastewater treatment plants using chemical measurements in combination with statistical techniques: a case study

The performance of a wastewater treatment plant was assessed statistically using multivariate cluster and principle component analysis. This was after measuring some physico-chemical properties in the influent, effluent, downstream, and upstream waters over a 4-month period. The cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters: relatively non-polluted (upstream), medium polluted (downstream), and polluted (influent and effluent). The polluted water was further subdivided into very highly (influent) and highly (effluent) polluted. The grouping of influent and effluent into one cluster was due to some water quality parameters such as amount of copper, lead, and phosphates that are not efficiently removed by the plant. Using principal component analysis, samples from the same site taken over a period of 4 months were scattered, indicating inconsistencies in the performance of the plant. This was more pronounced during the rainy season, suggesting that increased water volumes from open sewers make the already poorly performing plant worse. The major loading factors found by principle component analysis were phosphate, lead, iron, zinc, copper, pH, and conductivity. Generally, the wastewater treatment system was found to be efficient in removing heavy metals and these were found in the sludge, but not anions. The mean percentage metal removal could be arranged in the following decreasing order: iron (85%)?>?zinc (57%)?>?copper (40%) and lead (38%) following the concentrations (mg?kg^?1) found in the sludge: iron (11,300)?>?zinc (820)?>?copper (180)?>?lead (20)?>?cadmium (3). Phosphate and iron concentrations in the effluent were found to be above the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) recommendations. The major cause of poor performance is the high volume of the wastewater, exceeding the capacity of the plant 10 times.     

干旱区绿洲灌漠土Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附解吸特征

土壤重金属吸附解吸是影响土壤系统中重金属移动性和归宿的主要过程,影响重金属的生物有效性以及重金属在食物链中的传递等.配制一系列不同浓度的重金属,灌漠土对重金属溶液进行吸附实验24 h以达到平衡,再用硝酸铵和乙酸铵进行解吸实验24 h以达到平衡.利用热力学吸附平衡法,对西北干旱区绿洲灌漠土重金属Cu、Ni和Pb的吸附解吸行为进行序批实验研究.实验结果表明:(1)灰漠土在常温下对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附模式,灰漠土对重金属铜、锌和铅的吸附能力由强到弱的顺序为:铅,铜,锌.(2)硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属的量与灰漠土吸附重金属量呈现出线性正相关,乙酸铵解吸重金属的量比硝酸铵解吸重金属的量大,两种解吸剂对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的解吸能力由大到小的顺序都为:铜,锌,铅,说明了一般外源的铜、锌和铅进入土壤以后,铜和锌可能比铅容易向四周转移.(3)硝酸铵和乙酸铵的解吸率呈谷形曲线,开始时硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属量的百分比随灰漠土吸附重金属量的增加而减小,在吸附量达到某一特定值时,解吸率随吸附量的增加而增加.灰漠土对铜、锌和铅的吸附作用以专性吸附为主,被灰漠土吸附的铜、锌和铅重金属离子较难解吸.     

污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响

土地利用是资源化利用城市污水厂污泥的有效途径，随污泥中的营养成分一起进入土壤中的还有其中的重金属元素，它们有可能成为一种环境安全的隐患。本实验所用的土壤为污泥经过无害化及稳定化处理后，与上海潮滩沙土按不同比例(干污泥质量比)混配而成。种植前后分别对沙土、污泥及混配土的重金属含量及形态进行测试。选择几种花卉植物，如菊花(Calendula officinalis）等进行植物种植试验，一个生长季后对植物中的重金属含量及形态进行测试。应用Tessler连续提取法，对污泥中的重金属进入土壤后，土壤中重金属的含量、赋存状态等方面的规律进行研究，发现污泥的土地利用会明显增加土壤中的重金属含量，而且重金属的形态也有明显的变化，可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量有明显的增加；如长期使用，则必须采取相应的措施，以消除有害的影响。     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.