颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae不同细胞状态对卤虫的致死效应研究

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae对卤虫具有显著的致死效应,但其机理尚未明确.P.carterae的细胞生活史中会出现钙化细胞、非钙化细胞以及分枝丝状体的细胞状态.为了探明该种颗石藻对卤虫的致死原因,通过人为干预,分别获取了几种状态的细胞或相关组分,包括:钙化细胞(指钙化单细胞C-cell)、从非钙化单细胞N-cell动态释放的钙化细胞(N-C-cell)、非钙化单细胞(N-cell)、非钙化分枝丝状体(F)、带有机质基板的颗石粒外壳(L)、钙化细胞的冻干藻粉(Ly).以喂养组和饥饿组为对照,比较研究了P.carterae不同细胞状态或组分在作用密度和作用时间上对卤虫(Artemia salina nauplii)无节幼虫的致死效应差异.结果显示:钙化细胞和非钙化单细胞可以对卤虫幼虫产生显著的致死效应,这种致死效应显著差异于饥饿致死效应(p<0.05).致死效应与作用时间及藻密度显著相关,钙化细胞对卤虫的半致死密度为72hLD50=6.16×103cells·mL-1,96hLD50=2.19×103cells·mL-1,高密度时(105、106cells·mL-1)的卤虫半致死时间分别为68.4h和53.3h.非钙化丝状体、颗石粒和冻干藻粉对卤虫的致死效应与饥饿致死效应一致.非钙化丝状体、颗石粒、冻干藻粉以及裸露细胞重新钙化过程均不向水中释放有害物质.颗石藻P.carterae对卤虫的致死效应与卤虫对生活颗石藻单细胞的摄食过程有关.     

厦门西海域典型站位二甲基硫化物的周日变化初探

采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱分析,探讨了厦门西海域某典型站位表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)、二甲基巯基丙酸(DMSP)以及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)含量的周日变化规律.结果表明,DMS、总DMSP(DMSPt)、颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)、溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)均呈现出白天高、夜晚低的变化规律,与浮游生物昼夜活性的变化直接相关,DMSO则没有明显的变化规律.浮游植物优势种和浮游植物生物量明显影响DMS,DMSPt,DMSPp和DMSPd的浓度,未见其对DMSO的影响.DMS,DMSPt和DMSPd的浓度与叶绿素a的浓度有较好的相关性.突如其来的暴雨使表层海水中DMS和DMSP的浓度显著增加,亦未见其对DMSO影响.海水中的盐度和硝酸盐浓度与DMS,DMSP和DMSO浓度的周日变化均不相关.     

甲硫氨酸和水分对土壤挥发性有机硫化物通量的影响

通过静态箱采样和Entech7100预浓缩仪-GC-MS分析了甲硫氨酸和土壤水分对羰基硫(COS)、二甲基硫醚(DMS)、二硫化碳(CS2)和二甲二硫醚(DMDS)等4种挥发性有机硫化合物(VOSCs)吸收或释放的影响.结果表明,土壤水分主要影响土壤COS和DMS通量,含水量低时,土壤吸收COS,释放DMS;接近或超过最大持水量时,土壤释放COS和DMS,且DMS释放速率显著增加,这可能主要受土壤Eh值的影响.添加甲硫氨酸后,土壤DMDS和DMS释放量显著增加,两者释放量接近所观测四种VOSCs总释放量的100%,说明甲硫氨酸是DMDS和的DMS重要前体物,DMDS与DMS释放速率峰值出现时间相同,而COS与CS2释放速率峰值出现时间基本一致,可能是不同VOSCs受不同土壤微生物和酶的影响所致.     

秋季COS和DMS在草坪与大气间的交换

利用静态箱法研究了羰基硫 (COS)和二甲基硫 (DMS)在绿化草坪与大气之间的交换 .在秋季 ,草坪对COS的吸收通量为 0 75— 1 4 5 μg·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,对DMS的排放通量为0 0 5— 0 35 μg·m- 2 ·h- 1 .COS和DMS的交换通量与环境温度、光照及初始浓度等因素有关 ,其中 ,周围大气COS的浓度对草坪吸收COS的影响最为明显 .草坪对COS的吸收通量与DMS的排放通量呈正相关 ,相关系数 (R2 )大于 0 7.此外 ,COS的垂直分布也表明草坪对COS具有明显的吸收作用     

重金属和聚苯乙烯微球对卤虫的复合毒性效应研究

微塑料是一类重要的海洋污染物,由于其性质稳定、难以降解,对海洋生态系统具有潜在的危害。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,容易吸附海洋中的重金属等污染物产生二次危害,因此研究微塑料与重金属的复合毒性效应对于正确评价微塑料的生态风险具有重要意义。本文以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)作为研究对象,考察了10μm聚苯乙烯微球与2种重金属(Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+))对卤虫无节幼体的单一及复合急性毒性。同时使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了卤虫体内Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度随时间的变化情况,比较分析了聚苯乙烯微球对重金属在卤虫体内富集的影响。研究发现,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)单一暴露时对卤虫无节幼体的24 h半数致死浓度(24 h-LC_(50))分别为(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1)和(164.5±27.3) mg·L~(-1),与聚苯乙烯微球共同作用时24h-LC_(50)分别为(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1)和(178.3±36.4) mg·L~(-1),聚苯乙烯微球的存在显著促进了卤虫对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的摄入和排出,但并未影响二者急性毒性。研究结果可为海洋环境中微塑料和重金属的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

长江口南支沉积物对卤虫的毒性效应研究

以Ⅱ-Ⅲ龄卤虫幼体（Artemia salina）为受试生物,开展生物检测试验,研究长江口南支沉积物的毒性效应。生物检测结果表明长江口南支部分站位的沉积物对卤虫幼体已产生毒性效应,其中,2、5、8三站沉积物对卤虫体长和体内SOD酶活性具有显著影响（p〈0.05）,1号和2号站沉积物对卤虫体内LDH活性有显著影响（p〈0.05）。对多个毒性效应指标运用因子分析法得到长江口南支各站因子得分F,F值大小可表征各站沉积物对卤虫综合毒性的强弱,各站F值排序为：2号（-1.59）〈5号（-0.76）〈8号（-0.42）〈1号（0.06）〈6号（0.62）〈7号（0.78）〈3号（1.31）,2号站沉积物毒性最强,3号站毒性最弱。经逐步回归分析,因子得分F与沉积物中Cu、Cd含量具有显著相关关系（R=0.91,p〈0.05）,表明长江口南支沉积物中Cu和Cd是对卤虫产生毒性效应的关键污染物。     

7种拟除虫菊酯农药对卤虫的急性毒性研究

为了研究7种拟除虫菊酯农药对美国大盐湖卤虫(GSL Artemia)的急性毒性效应,挑选18~24 h内孵出的卤虫,继续培养24 h后得到Ⅱ~Ⅲ龄卤虫无节幼体,将其暴露于所设浓度梯度的拟除虫菊酯溶液中进行24 h急性毒性实验,记录卤虫无节幼体在各浓度溶液中的死亡情况,并将所得数据进行Probit分析。结果表明,卤虫对不同拟除虫菊酯的敏感性相差较大。氯菊酯、氯烯炔菊酯、炔咪菊酯、胺菊酯、联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对卤虫的24 h半致死浓度(24 h-LC50)分别为4.68、14.82、18.12、38.21、>100、>100和>100 mg.L-1。因此,在含有卤虫的盐水环境中,应尽量避免使用毒性较高的氯菊酯,而选择使用联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯等毒性较低的农药。     

氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫及幼龄工蜂的亚致死效应

蜜蜂是重要的授粉昆虫,亦是重要的环境污染指示生物.氟虫腈对蜜蜂剧毒,Pesticide Properties Data Base (PPDB)数据库中登记的其对蜜蜂的急性经口及接触半数致死剂量(LD50)分别为0.00417 μg·蜂-1和0.00597 μg·蜂-1,正因为对非靶标生物的毒性较高,其使用也受到了限制,目前仅用于卫生害虫防治和一些旱田作物的土壤处理等.尽管有关氟虫腈对蜜蜂的危害已有一些报道,但有关其对蜜蜂幼虫和幼龄工蜂的亚致死作用研究仍较为缺乏,鉴于此,本文以意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的工蜂幼虫和新出房工蜂(＜24 h)为研究对象,采用人工饲喂重复染毒法,分别测定了10-3、10-2、0.1、1和10 μg·L-1的氟虫腈对工蜂幼虫的21d慢性毒性和1、5和10 μg·L-1的氟虫腈对新出房工蜂7d和14d的慢性毒性.结果 表明,与对照相比,10-3～ 10 μg·L-1范围内的氟虫腈可以使幼虫化蛹率显著降低20.83％ ～ 47.91％ (P＜0.05),羽化率显著降低25.00％ ～ 43.72％(P＜0.05);对于幼龄工蜂,1μg·L-1和5 μg·L-1氟虫腈暴露7d和14d时蜜蜂死亡率均＜10％;10 μg ·L-1氟虫腈暴露7d时,死亡率＜20％,当暴露时间延长至14 d时,成蜂死亡率高达(65.0± 17.7)％ (P＜0.0001),显著高于对照组,这说明氟虫腈对蜜蜂具有一定的时间累积毒性(time reinforced toxicity,TRT).此外,通过对蜜蜂幼虫和工蜂体内抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))、解毒酶谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)酶活力及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定结果表明,氟虫腈暴露可显著提高幼虫体内CAT的酶活力和MDA含量(P＜0.05),但GST的酶活力显著降低(P＜0.01);而成蜂在经过处理后,体内CAT和GST的酶活力、GSH的含量均会显著降低(P＜0.05),这说明亚致死剂量的氟虫腈可干扰蜜蜂机体稳态,引发蜜蜂幼虫和成蜂显著的氧化损伤,从而危害蜜蜂健康.氟虫腈具有较强的内吸特性和环境稳定性,作物种子处理或卫生施用依然可能导致其在花粉、土壤和水体中的痕量级残留,本研究中发现氟虫腈对蜜蜂幼虫和成蜂生存及各生理指标的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)可低至10-5 μg·L-1和10 μg·L-1,相关结果可以补充低残留浓度下氟虫腈蜜蜂风险评价数据的不足,为未来氟虫腈的安全用药指导提供参考.     

质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)高时间分辨在线测定广州环境空气还原性硫化合物

采用高分辨质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)对环境空气中还原性含硫化合物(RSCs)进行高时间分辨率在线测量.时间分辨率为2 s时,硫化氢(H_2S)、甲硫醇(MeSH)、二甲硫(DMS)和二甲二硫(DMDS)的检测限分别为25、26、22、80 ng·m~(-3);时间分辨率为10 min时,4种RSCs的检测限全面优于离线测量方法.标准样品10次重复测量表明,RSCs相对标准偏差3%,与真实浓度相对偏差在±5%以内.通过理论计算得到的绝对定量结果与外标法测得结果的比较,对绝对定量时理论计算的RSCs与H_3O~+反应常数k值进行了校正.利用校正后k值对广州环境空气RSCs进行绝对定量,结果与外标法测量结果相对偏差4%; 2017年2月对广州环境空气RSCs进行了为期一周的初步在线观测,测得H2S、DMDS、DMS和MeSH的浓度水平分别为501±155、1026±388、215±35、120±25 ng·m~(-3).RSCs日变化呈现差异,H2S、MeSH和DMS浓度日变化规律不明显,而其DMDS则呈现出较为明显的日变化特征.     

水稻中氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的超高效液相色谱残留分析方法

采用超高效液相色谱法分析了氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物在田水、土壤、稻秆、糙米和稻壳中的残留.水样以乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂,液-液分配净化;土壤样品以丙酮为提取剂,液-液分配净化;水稻样品经乙腈提取,NH2-Carb柱净化.对水稻和环境中的氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物进行不同水平的添加回收率实验,方法的回收率在78.2%—104.8%之间,相对标准偏差为1.1%—4.4%.氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的最小检出量在0.004—0.02 ng,其在稻田水中的最低检测浓度为0.0008—0.0009 mg.L-1,在土壤、稻秆、糙米、稻壳中的最低检测浓度为0.001—0.003 mg.kg-1.     

Anti-grazing activity and seasonal variation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate-associated compounds in the invasive alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Codium fragile</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tomentosoides</Emphasis>

In this study, we present evidence that the invasive alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is chemically defended against grazing by a wound-activated chemical defense involving dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and the products of its cleavage, dimethylsulfide (DMS), and acrylic acid (AA). DMSP in C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides was present throughout the year, but concentrations varied seasonally and were highest in the winter. Intra-thallus variation was neither large, nor consistent over time. High DMSP concentrations were uncommon among northwestern Atlantic macrophytes. Of 26 other species tested, only two, Ulva lactuca and Polysiphonia harveyi contained concentrations comparable to, or higher than, those of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides. DMS and AA, both individually and together, deterred grazing by the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at “natural” concentrations. These results suggest that DMS and AA contribute to the avoidance of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides by S. droebachiensis. As a result, the production of DMSP and its subsequent cleavage, upon injury, may reduce herbivory on C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides and contribute to its success.     

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide in the marine flatworm Convoluta roscoffensis and its algal symbiont

 A distinct smell of dimethylsulfide (DMS) was noted at the edge of the intertidal mudflat of Marennes-Oléron Bay, at the French Atlantic coast, where dense populations of the marine flatworm Convoluta roscoffensis Graff (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) were present. DMS is the cleavage product of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). DMSP was shown to be present in high amounts in sediment containing the flatworm as well as in axenic cultures of the symbiotic alga Tetraselmis sp. that was isolated from the flatworm. In untreated sediment samples containing C. roscoffensis the concentration of DMS was as high as ∼55 μmol l⁻¹ sediment, and in samples that were fixed with glutaraldehyde the concentration of DMS was even three orders of magnitude higher (∼66 mmol l⁻¹ sediment). This rapid cleavage of DMSP to DMS in fixed samples was unexpected. Pure DMSP was stable in glutaraldehyde, and it was therefore concluded that a DMSP-lyase was responsible for cleavage in the field samples. The isolated symbiotic alga, Tetraselmis sp., did not show DMSP-lyase activity, indicating that DMSP-lyase may have been present in the flatworm, although the role of bacteria could not be excluded. The Chl a-specific DMSP content of C. roscoffensis (∼200 mmol g⁻¹) was much higher than that of Tetraselmis sp. (∼30 mmol g⁻¹). Possibly, DMSP was not only present in the symbiotic alga, but was also incorporated in the body tissue of the flatworm. It remains unclear what the function of DMSP is in C. roscoffensis. In Tetraselmis sp., but not in C. roscoffensis, DMSP increased with increasing salinity. It was concluded that salinity probably does not play an important role in the dynamics of DMSP and DMS in sediment containing C. roscoffensis. Received: 21 January 2000 / Accepted: 29 August 2000     

A new source of dimethylsulfide (DMS) for the arctic atmosphere: ice diatoms

We report the first evidence that pennate diatoms growing within the bottom layer of first-year ice in the Arctic produce significant amounts of particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP_p) and dissolved DMSP+DMS. In 1992 in Resolute Passage, a tributary of Barrow Strait, DMSP_p concentrations within the bottom layer of ice reached 1055 mg S m^-3 at the end of the vernal bloom, a value one order of magnitude higher than the maximum value reported in antarctic ice. Bottom-ice concentrations in DMSP_p and DMSP_d+DMS were significantly correlated with the abundance of the dominant pennate diatom Nitzschia frigida. Intracellular concentration in DMSP of ice algae was very low (0.001 pg cell^-1) at the end of April when algae were light-limited and reached 1.17 pg cell^-1 in mid-May following an increase in light and algal growth. We calculate that the rapid release of the dissolved DMSP+DMS from the ice into surface waters following the ice break-up will generate a sea-to-air DMS flux of 0.7 mg S m^-2 d^-1, a pulse ten times higher than the mean arctic summer flux. We estimate that this 1-d pulse represents up to 5% of the annual DMS emission in the Arctic.     

Dimethylsulfide and the algaPhaeocystis pouchetii in antarctic coastal waters

The concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were measured in water collected from the Southern Ocean 10 km offshore from Davis Station, Antarctica, during the period May 1987 to January 1988, inclusive. During winter and spring, when the sea-ice was up to 1.9 m thick, DMS, DMSP and DMSO concentrations were low (0.2 to 1.5 nM), as were phytoplankton numbers. The maximum concentration of the sulfur compounds generally occurred in the top 10 m of the water column. DMS levels rose dramatically from early December onwards, reaching a peak of 290 nM at a depth of 15 m in January. This concentration is higher than reported elsewhere in the ocean. These high concentrations occurred at the same time as a bloom of the algaPhaeocystis pouchetii. A significant correlation occurred between DMS concentration and cell numbers of the alga. The ratio of DMS concentration to the number of cells of the alga was considerably higher than reported for blooms of this species elsewhere in the ocean. Up to 10% of the total global flux of DMS to the atmosphere may emanate from antarctic seas.     

Effects of high temperature and CO2 on intracellular DMSP in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa

Significant warming and acidification of the oceans is projected to occur by the end of the century. CO₂ vents, areas of upwelling and downwelling, and potential leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities may also cause localised environmental changes, enhancing or depressing the effect of global climate change. Cold-water coral ecosystems are threatened by future changes in carbonate chemistry, yet our knowledge of the response of these corals to high temperature and high CO₂ conditions is limited. Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), and its breakdown product dimethylsulphide (DMS), are putative antioxidants that may be accumulated by invertebrates via their food or symbionts, although recent research suggests that some invertebrates may also be able to synthesise DMSP. This study provides the first information on the impact of high temperature (12 °C) and high CO₂ (817 ppm) on intracellular DMSP in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa from the Mingulay Reef Complex, Scotland (56°49′N, 07°23′W), where in situ environmental conditions are meditated by tidally induced downwellings. An increase in intracellular DMSP under high CO₂ conditions was observed, whilst water column particulate DMS + DMSP was reduced. In both high temperature treatments, intracellular DMSP was similar to the control treatment, whilst dissolved DMSP + DMS was not significantly different between any of the treatments. These results suggest that L. pertusa accumulates DMSP from the surrounding water column; uptake may be up-regulated under high CO₂ conditions, but mediated by high temperature. These results provide new insight into the biotic control of deep-sea biogeochemistry and may impact our understanding of the global sulphur cycle, and the survival of cold-water corals under projected global change.     

Production of DMSP and DMS during a mesocosm study of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom: influence of bacteria and Calanus finmarchicus grazing

We investigated the influence of bacteria and metazooplankton on the production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) during blooms of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay and Mohler in seawater mesocosms. The phytoplankton succession was marked by the rapid collapse of an initial Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve bloom followed by a small E. huxleyi bloom. The collapse of the diatom bloom was accompanied by an increase in concentrations of dissolved DMSP (DMSP_d) and bacterial abundance and activity (as determined by the thymidine incorporation technique). The increase in bacterial activity was followed by a rapid decrease in DMSP_d concentrations which remained low for the rest of the experiment, even during the subsequent collapse of the E. huxleyi blooms. The absence of DMSP_d and DMS peaks during the declining phase of the E. huxleyi blooms was attributed to the high bacterial activity prevailing at that time. The influence of metazooplankton grazing on DMSP and DMS production was investigated by adding moderate (24 mg dry weight m^-3) and high (520 mg dry weight m^-3) concentrations of Copepodite Stage V and adults of Calanus finmarchicus to two of four filtered (200 m mesh net) enclosures during the E. huxleyi blooms. The addition of C. finmarchicus, even in high concentrations, had no apparent effect on the dynamics of E. huxleyi, suggesting that the copepods were not grazing significantly on nanophytoplankton. The addition of copepods in high concentrations favored an accumulation of chlorophyll a and particulate DMSP. These results suggest that copepods were preying on the herbivorous microzooplankton which, in turn, was controlling the biomass of nanophytoplankton. DMS production was also enhanced in the enclosure with maximum metazooplankton biomass, suggesting that the grazing of C. finmarchicus on microzooplankton containing DMSP may contribute to DMS production. These results provide strong support to the emerging idea that bacteria and metazooplankton grazing play a dominant role in determining the timing and magnitude of DMS pulses following phytoplankton blooms.     

Total organic sulfur and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: intracellular variations

Cellular levels of particulate organic sulfur (POS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) were determined in cultures of five species of marine phytoplankton, Amphidinium carterae, Prorocentrum minimum, Emiliania huxleyii, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum. The first three are known producers of DMSP while the latter two produce little or non-detectable amounts of DMSP. In those species which produced significant amounts of DMSP, intracellular levels of POS and DMSP varied for the dinoflagellates (A. carterae and P. minimum) while they remained fairly constant for the prymnesiophyte (E. huxleyii) over the growth cycle (until late stationary phase), and DMSP accounted for the majority of the POS (50 to 100%). In species with low levels of DMSP, intracellular POS and DMSP decreased or remained constant over the growth cycle, and DMSP accounted for a much lower percentage of the POS (0 to 40%). Species with high DMSP concentrations had higher POS levels per unit cell volume as well, and DMSP accounted for substantially higher percentages of the particulate organic carbon (POC). Molar N:S ratios suggest a non-protein origin for much of the sulfur in the species producing DMSP. During late stationary phase, an increasing percentage of the DMSP became extracellular in the dinoflagellate and diatom (S. costatum) cultures, suggesting leakage. In a bacterized algal culture, measured quantities were considerably less than in an axenic counterpart, suggesting consumption.