基于低空飞艇的突发事件应急监测系统

稳定高效的高点监控对应急处置有非常重要的作用。该文提出了一种基于低空飞艇的突发事件应急监测系统,实现在复杂环境下应急现场的实时监测。系统包含三个部分：视频预处理和目标追踪;目标的自动照准和定位;远程探测监测。利用稳像和跟踪技术实现视频预处理和目标跟踪,应用基于Harris角点的帧间运动估计稳定视频,使用基于GPS航迹信息的Kalm an-平均滤波方法分离主观运动和非主观运动,使用基于M ean Sh ift方法跟踪目标。通过三维云台电机的自动控制以及艇载GPS和三维罗盘实现对目标的自动照准及定位,利用小型投掷系统实现远程探测监测。该文提出的低空飞艇应急监测系统为突发事件现场实时监测提供了新的有效的解决方案,为应急响应提供了有力支持。     

烟气扩散的CFD数值模拟

运用商业CFD软件Fluent模拟计算小尺寸下的简单烟气扩散规律.将结果用正态分布假设下的高斯烟羽模型验证.证明该软件模拟烟气扩散问题的可行性.     

试谈企业“安全性评价标准”与创评价的整体意识

安全性评价作为安全管理科学的一种方法,已在机电行业广泛开展,并取得一定成效,但通过实践,发现它仍有不足之处。就进一步完善“安全性评价标准”(下称“标准”)谈述见解,并力求以生产工具本质安全化的观点,编制了“产品设计安全性评价检查表”,试用此法,杜绝事故隐患。     

A study of land transport of dangerous substances in Eastern Sicily

In this work a quantitative analysis of the risk in the land transport of hazardous materials in Sicily has been executed. Risk calculation has been carried out using the TRAT-GIS code, a software for incidental and environmental risk assessment associated with the transport of dangerous substances and supported by a Geographical Information System (GIS). Results have been collected in a database, the GIS allows to display the risk maps.Risk analysis has been made on a regional scale, then some critical points have been analysed in detail. Comparisons between different typologies of transport and routes have been possible by means of the risk maps. In order to reduce the risk and improve the protection of citizens, some proposals have been analysed in these past years and some of them have been recently realized. In this study other proposals for the optimization of the transport system have been formulated, results have also permitted to evaluate the risk reduction after the future application of the Regional Transportation Plan for the Sicily.     

Predicting the frequency of accidents in port areas by developing event trees from historical analysis

The historical analysis of 828 accidents in port areas, which have been selected from a database, has been used to identify the sequences of the accidents. Processing these data has allowed the event trees and the probability of the various accident scenarios to be determined. By using these event trees and figures detailing the frequency of the events that initiated the accidents, as taken from various authors, the frequency of the accidents has been determined.     

Recursive Operability Analysis as a decision support tool for Risk-Based Maintenance

This work was developed with the support of MEMC, one of the most important producers of ultra-pure silicon wafers for electronic applications throughout the world. The availability of ultra-pure water is of prime importance in the silicon production process. In order to maximize the availability of UP water, MEMC has developed a preventive maintenance program and a detailed record of each maintenance intervention is recorded. This has allowed a complete failure rate data bank to be developed. In order to optimize the maintenance intervention, a Recursive Operability Analysis (ROA) has been used as a decision support tool. The results of the ROA, coupled with the failure rates, have made it possible to calculate the expected number of events (ENE) of various top events (TEs). The magnitude of each TE has been estimated on the basis of the monetary losses provoked by each event. The risk then has been calculated and the events ranked on this basis. Maintenance policies have been optimized with the aim of reducing the risk of the top ranked events.     

滑坡集成监测系统的研制

测量机器人(即自动电子全站仪)固然可以对滑坡进行自动化(或半自动化)监测,但测量机器人设站处(监测基点)的稳定性对监测精度的影响非常大,并且当测量视线被遮挡后测量机器人将无法监测相应的监测点.为了解决上述问题,笔者及科研组将GPS技术与测量机器人技术有机结合,开发出了滑坡集成监测系统.该系统彻底解决了监测基站不稳定对监测结果的影响问题,使监测的程序得以简化、监测的固定性投资成本得以降低.文章介绍了滑坡集成监测系统的结构、工作原理,给出了监测实例.以实际监测数据为依据,提出了滑坡预警的基本准则.     

Accident prevention approach throughout process design life cycle

The accident rate in the chemical process industry (CPI) has not been decreasing although majority of accident causes have been identified and could have been prevented by using existing knowledge. These recurring accidents show that the existing knowledge has not been used effectively. In this paper, accident knowledge learned from earlier accident analyses are utilized to predict the common design errors during chemical plant design. An accident prevention approach throughout process design life cycle is proposed for a safer design consideration where designers are guided to identify common design errors, accident contributors and critical points to look for. The accident prevention approach has been applied to analyze the BP Texas City Refinery Explosion and Fire tragedy.     

高速公路路堑岩质高边坡放坡坡角的优化设计

在高速公路建设过程中，路堑岩质高边坡如何提高其稳定性与降低其工程造价这一对矛盾日益凸现。如何在边坡稳定性与工程造价之间选择一个最优的边坡放坡坡角是高速公路路堑岩高边坡工程中一项热点研究课题。根据京珠高速公路湖北大悟K34段的工作地质条件，分析了路堑岩质边坡最优坡角α代的确定方法，并用以指导治理施工，取得了较好的工程治理效果与经济效益。     

生态浮床技术应用研究

随着工农业的发展,我国的水污染问题日益严重,其中湖泊、水库的富营养化问题尤为突出,如何有效控制水体富营养化是人们关注的热点问题。生态浮床技术以其独特的优点,越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐被应用于富营养化水体的治理中。分析了该技术的工作原理,介绍了国内外的一些应用实例,最后结合应用中存在的问题,对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Risk management of road and rail transport of hazardous materials in Sicily

A Transportation Risk Analysis (TRA) tool has been used to accurately assess the risk associated to a variety of road and rail transportation cases representative of hazardous materials transport by land in Sicily. Due to the high risk level, some risk mitigation options have been investigated: the possibility of changing route and/or transport modalities have been examined for each transportation activity, all the combinations of road, rail and intermodal (road+rail) transport have been calculated and that minimising the risk has been identified with the aid of the TRA tool.     

机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系研究

为减少民航机场安检人员的违章行为、提升民航机场安全水平,研究民航机场安检员的心理授权与违章行为之间的关系。在心理授权与违章行为关系中加入安全意识、安全动机和安全服从3个中介变量,构建机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系的理论假设模型;通过实证研究收集国内机场的安检员相关数据,对已构建的理论假设模型采取结构方程模型(SEM)进行检验。结果表明:机场安检员心理授权与违章行为存在一定相关性,即通过安全意识、安全动机与安全服从对违章行为产生间接影响;心理授权通过违章行为产生间接影响,通过安全意识、安全动机和安全服从的中介作用对心理授权与安全意识、安全动机和安全服从均呈现显著正相关。其中,对于安全动机的影响最大,其次是安全意识,影响最小的是安全服从;安全意识、安全动机和安全服从对于机场安检员的无意识违章、失控违章和故意违章3个维度均呈现显著负相关;安全动机对于违章行为的3个维度产生影响的差异性最小,即安全意识动机越高,机场安检员的违章行为的出现概率就会越低;安全服从与机场安检员的故意违章行为显著正相关。     

对一台循环流化床锅炉能效测试的分析

近年来,我国陆续出台了一系列的节能、环保政策,有力地推进了各地锅炉能效测试工作的开展.本文针对一台循环流化床锅炉进行了能效测试,并依据测试结果和锅炉运行中出现的问题进行分析,对锅炉运行工况进行了调整,极大地提高了锅炉运行热效率,有效地减少了锅炉使用单位对于能源的浪费,对以后循环流化床锅炉的能效测试工作具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Risk analysis of a warehouse for the mixing, repackaging and distribution of organic chemicals

The EEC directive on ‘Major Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities’ has been implemented in Denmark. This means that risk analyses of some activities must be made before July 1989. One of the first plants that was analysed was a warehouse for the mixing, repackaging and distribution of organic chemicals. The analysis was performed as a commercial contract by Risø National Laboratory. The report has been submitted to the authorities but the plant has not yet been approved due to submission of a large amount of analyses of other plants. This paper illustrates how a risk analysis of a chemical plant can be made.     

塔式起重机安全评判专家系统的研制

塔式起重机作为建筑施工的主要设备,在建筑等行业发挥着极其重要的作用,因而其安全问题受到各国有关部门的高度重视,但塔式起重机的事故率近年来仍未见下降,其安全问题仍然是建筑施工中的忧患之一。为此,笔者在建造了塔式起重机安全的依赖关系图的基础上,采用基于现代设计方法学的专家系统构造技术,使用ＶＩＳＵＡＬＣ＋ ＋ 开发了塔式起重机安全评判专家系统ＴＱＥＳ。该系统经全部测试通过,可对一般的塔式起重机进行安全评判     

气体二氧化氯的光降解规律研究

为研究气体二氧化氯的光降解规律,利用自行设计的光降解装置,考察不同波长光源、温度和气体二氧化氯初始质量浓度对其降解速率的影响,同时以暗室降解作为参比试验。结果表明:分别在365 nm紫外光、日光、254 nm紫外光以及400～700 nm荧光照射下,相同初始质量浓度的气体二氧化氯的降解速率逐渐下降;当温度在15～25℃范围变化时,相同初始质量浓度的气体二氧化氯的日光降解速率基本相同;不同质量浓度的气体二氧化氯在日光照射下,降解速率随气体质量浓度的增加而增大。因此,对气体二氧化氯的光降解起主要作用的波长是在365 nm附近的紫外光;温度对其降解速率基本没有影响;在日光照射下,气体二氧化氯的降解速率与质量浓度的一次方成正比,属于一级反应,其半衰期与初始质量浓度无关,仅与反应速率常数k有关,半衰期约为63 min。     

Cost-based fire risk assessment in natural gas industry by means of fuzzy FTA and ETA

Fire is the most prevalent accident in natural gas facilities. In order to assess the risk of fire in a gas processing plant, a fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (ETA) has been developed in this paper. By utilizing FTA and ETA, the paths leading to an outcome event would be visually demonstrated. The framework was applied to a case study of processing plant in South Pars gas complex. All major underlying causes of fire accident in a gas processing facility determined through a process hazard analysis (PHA). Fuzzy logic has been employed to derive likelihood of basic events in FTA from uncertain opinion of experts. The outcome events in event tree has been simulated by computer model to evaluate their severity. In the proposed methodology the calculated risk has the unit of cost per year which allows the decision makers to discern the benefit of their investment in safety measures and risk mitigation.     

《化工厂危险程度分级》在大化肥厂的应用

评述１９９０ 年以后以天然气为原料的川化集团公司大化肥厂，利用化工部青岛劳保所开发的《化工厂危险程度分级》方法开展安全评价，并对评价出的潜在危险采取了安全措施，从而有效地提高了工厂的安全可靠性。在运用该评价方法时，一是将《分级》中安全管理等级的评定部分增加了评定内容，使之更符合工厂客观实际；二是将固有危险等级评价的手工处理和计算部分编制成计算机软件，提高了评价工效     

Causes and consequences of thermal runaway incidents—Will they ever be avoided?

A study of runaway incidents involving thermal chemical reactions in the UK over the past 25 years (1988–2013) has been carried out. The objective of this study is to determine possible causes of thermal runaway incidents. A statistical analysis of the underlying problems that led to thermal runaway incidents has been provided. A comparison of the current study on thermal runaway incidents with those identified prior to 1988 has been carried out. This study clearly shows that lessons have not been learnt from thermal runaway incidents caused by operator errors, management failures and lack of organised operating procedures. These factors have been the possible causes of about 77% of all the thermal runaway incidents analysed in this study. The number of fatalities and injuries as a result of thermal runaway incidents has increased by ∼325% and ∼279%, respectively, in the last 25 years even though the number of incidents was significantly less. On the basis of this analysis, several recommendations have been proposed that could help to minimise the risks associated with any thermal runaway incidents in the future.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental study on critical conditions of backdraft

Backdraft is one of the most special behaviors of enclosure fires which has strong characteristics of concealment and suddenness. Once backdraft occurs in an enclosure, the fire will quickly engulf the entire enclosure and create a huge extrusive fireball out of the openings. In such circumstance, it is very difficult for people inside to evacuate and firefighters to enter to perform rescue. That’s why backdraft usually leads to serious consequences in both industrial and civil building fires. Experimental investigations on backdraft in enclosure fires caused by solid fuels have been carried out in the study, and the backdraft phenomenon has been reproduced in the small-scale enclosure fire tests. Based on the theories of heat transfer and fire dynamics, the theoretical model of conditions that backdraft occurs in enclosure fires has been established and the critical condition expressions have been deduced. Combining the results of theoretical analyses with those of experimental studies, a new backdraft criterion expressed by β, which is the ration between the combustible gas volume fraction and the lower explosive limit of the mixture, has been put forward.