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1.
Fiji is expected to come under increasing pressure and risk from various threats resulting from climate change and sea-level
rise (SLR). Fiji consists of 332 islands and thus has a predominant and large coastline. Viti Levu is the largest and most
important of the islands, harboring Fiji’s capital city and most of the major towns concentrated around its coast. The objectives
of this study were to evaluate the extent of possible sea-level rise using GIS, and to identify high-risk locations. Potential
sea level rise was shown graphically as an output to determine where inundation or flooding would take place. This analysis
allowed important areas facing risk to be highlighted for future action. Flooding/inundation can be classified into two kinds:
‘permanent inundation’, which is the result of sea-level rise with tide; and ‘temporary flooding’, also including occasional
storm surge events. The inundated area was displayed under different projections and quantified. The results produced output
maps showing the distribution of inundation/flooding around the island of Viti Levu as well as the extent of flooding. Six
scenarios for sea-level rise were used (0.09, 0.18, 0.48, 0.50, 0.59, 0.88 m). Six scenarios for storm surge were used with
return intervals of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 years. High risk and priority locations are identified as Fiji’s capital Suva, the
major tourist center and arrival port of Nadi, and Fiji’s second city Lautoka. Future action, adaptation and response strategies
in these identified locations must occur to reduce risk from climate change. 相似文献
2.
Hyacinth Eme Ichoku William M. Fonta Abbi Kedir 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):509-521
The objectives of this study are twofold. First it aims to establish empirical grounds for pricing the services of a new environmental
management initiative in Enugu state, Nigeria. A joint initiative of the UK Department for International Development (DfID),
Enugu State Environmental Protection Agency (ENSEPA) and the State and Local Government Programme (SLGP). The second is to
test the empirical performance of a new approach to the contingent valuation method (CVM) i.e., the Stochastic Payment Card
(SPC) design proposed by Wang (Contingent valuation of environmental resources: A stochastic perspective, 1997a, Journal of Environmental Economics & Management, 32:219–232, 1997b). The SPC design unlike many of the conventional CVM elicitation formats, takes into account the stochastic nature of individuals’
valuation decisions. The data for the analysis were obtained from a random sample survey of a district in Enugu metropolis.
The results show that, on average, households in this city are willing to pay (WTP) 215 Naira ($1.6) monthly as against 200 Naira
($1.5) currently charged for the service by ENSEPA. Analysis of individual’s valuation distribution function indicates that
this amount is positively and significantly related to the gender of the respondent, household income and the respondent’s
perception of environmental quality.
相似文献
Abbi KedirEmail: |
3.
On the basis of materials collected over many years, ontogenetic changes in reproductive parameters of ecologically different
fish species (predators, benthophages, and zooplanktophages) have been analyzed in the light of Pianka’s (1981) concept of
r- and K-strategies. It has been shown that features characteristic of these strategies interchange in fish of different species and
populations during the period between sexual maturation to senescence. Reproductive strategies have also proved to change
within the same generation. These ontogenetic changes are connected with the mode and efficiency of fish feeding as well as
with shifts in the proportion of generative metabolism in total metabolism and in the ratio of generative metabolism and somatic
growth in favor of the latter. 相似文献
4.
Silvana Kuhtz 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):79-85
Climate is one of the more complex physical systems in nature, its behaviour being fundamentally non-linear and chaotic. In
assessing the potential risks from climate change and the costs of averting it, researchers and policymakers encounter pervasive
uncertainty. Sceptics demand to get rid of the inherent uncertainties, and some experts, on the other end, keep sending out
messages of catastrophic scenarios hoping that this will increase people’s awareness of the danger we face. The recent admission
of a mistake in IPCC’s Climate change 2007 report (promptly broadcast by all the major media groups and newspapers from Jan. 20th 2010 onwards) made by the head of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—that Himalayan glaciers could melt away by 2035 (the IPCC claim of 2035 is wrong
by over 300 years.)—has already brought a damage to the IPCC’s reputation that is likely to be considerable. But in this paper,
perhaps risking being provocative and paradoxical, instead of looking for the right answers to what we think are inevitable uncertainties, we intend to search for new questions that may lead to a new way of
thinking and may bring about new lifestyles and behaviour for citizens and firms. 相似文献
5.
Rupert Seidl Mart-Jan Schelhaas Marcus Lindner Manfred J. Lexer 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(2):101-119
To study potential consequences of climate-induced changes in the biotic disturbance regime at regional to national scale
we integrated a model of Ips typographus (L. Scol. Col.) damages into the large-scale forest scenario model EFISCEN. A two-stage multivariate statistical meta-model
was used to upscale stand level damages by bark beetles as simulated in the hybrid forest patch model PICUS v1.41. Comparing
EFISCEN simulations including the new bark beetle disturbance module against a 15-year damage time series for Austria showed
good agreement at province level (R2 between 0.496 and 0.802). A scenario analysis of climate change impacts on bark beetle-induced damages in Austria’s Norway
spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] forests resulted in a strong increase in damages (from 1.33 Mm3 a−1, period 1990–2004, to 4.46 Mm3 a−1, period 2095–2099). Studying two adaptive management strategies (species change) revealed a considerable time-lag between
the start of adaptation measures and a decrease in simulated damages by bark beetles. 相似文献
6.
Urbanization and sustainability: challenges and strategies for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Md. Masud Parves Rana 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):237-256
Like other developing countries, urbanization in Bangladesh is a growing phenomenon, which is steady in nature but fretfully
affects urban sustainability in the wake of lacking in good governance. Despite urban authorities are concerned about this
issue, they often fail to address the problems due to the fact of uncontrollable and unpredictable rural to urban migration,
and negligence of urban poor’s sustainable living and access to basic services. Virtually the rural poverty problem has been
transposed to urban areas, particularly in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Inadequacy of infrastructural services, basic amenities
and environmental goods; environmental degradation; traffic jam and accidents; violence and socioeconomic insecurity are the
major challenges which are created through rapid urbanization. This paper provides a general understanding of urbanization
in Bangladesh and tries to embrace related sustainability issues and challenges hindrance to sustainable urban development
in Dhaka city. In addition, it presents a brief case study of water supply in Dhaka city which introduces an issue of ‘system
hijack’. The paper concludes providing some strategies that might be helpful to the policy makers in formulating development
policies for sustainable urban services. 相似文献
7.
Bhaskar Nath 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(4):471-486
Most environmental professionals and decision-makers, and certainly the public at large, hold the view that the integrity
of earth’s natural environment will be conserved for posterity and sustainable development achieved if all the nations rigorously
enforced their environmental and emission standards. It is argued in this paper that this view, sincerely held by many as
an “axiomatic truth,” is mistaken and misplaced. This is because as a biogeochemical entity the Earth has limited self-regenerative
capacity (SRC) to cope with anthropogenic pollution, and all kinds of environmental problems ensue when that limit is exceeded.
Indeed, mounting environmental problems now occurring on all fronts amply testify to the fact that the limit has already been
exceeded. They also provide necessary and sufficient proof that environmental and emission standards have been woefully inadequate
for protecting earth’s natural environment and life-support systems. It is argued that true global environmental sustainability
will be achieved, paving the way to true global sustainable development, if and only if global environmental and emission
standards are set so that global anthropogenic pollution does not exceed the limit of earth’s natural SRC to cope with such
pollution. These and related issues are discussed in this paper. A simple mathematical model using basic mathematics is also
presented to explain how the phenomenon of “positive feedback” works in some of the environmental problems to exacerbate environmental
degradation and progressively to erode nature’s SRC.
相似文献
Bhaskar NathEmail: |
8.
A. Kahuthu 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(1):55-68
The overall aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation with particular
reference to carbon emissions and deforestation. The analysis is based upon the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model, which
posits an inverted-U relationship between incomes per capita and environmental quality. In particular, the present analysis
tries to take into account the current process of globalisation with the aim of defining the impact of the progressive global
economic integration on the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation.
The study confirms that there is an inverted-U relationship between income growth and carbon emissions, while the relationship
results less clear in the case of forest change. The inclusion of globalisation in the analysis confirms similar results and
suggests a direct link between an increase in the rate of integration with the global economy and a worsening in terms of
environmental degradation. 相似文献
9.
Gilles Billen Sabine Barles Josette Garnier Joséphine Rouillard Paul Benoit 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(1):13-24
Between the tenth and twentieth century the population of Paris city increased from a few thousand to near 10 million inhabitants.
In response to the growing urban demand during this period, the agrarian systems of the surrounding rural areas tremendously
increased their potential for commercial export of agricultural products, made possible by a surplus of agricultural production
over local consumption by humans and livestock in these areas. Expressed in terms of nitrogen, the potential for export increased
from about 60 kg N/km2/year of rural territory in the Middle Ages, to more than 5,000 kg N/km2/year from modern agriculture.
As a result of the balance between urban population growth and rural productivity, the rural area required to supply Paris
(i.e. its food-print) did not change substantially for several centuries, remaining at the size of the Seine watershed surrounding
the city (around 60,000 km2). The theoretical estimate of the size of the supplying hinterland at the end of the eighteenth
century is confirmed by the figures deduced from the analysis of the historical city toll data (octroi). During the second
half of the twentieth century, the ‘food-print’ of Paris reduced in size, owing to an unprecedented increase in the potential
for commercial export associated with modern agricultural systems based on chemical N fertilization. We argue that analysing
the capacity of territories to satisfy the demand for nitrogen-containing food products of local or distant urban population
and markets might provide new and useful insights when assessing world food resource allocation in the context of increasing
population and urbanization. 相似文献
10.
Y. C. Sharma P. Aggarwal T. N. Singh 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):589-599
India is the first country to introduce environmental legislation in the constitution but because of lengthy legal procedures,
it is very difficult to control environmental deterioration. There are many factors responsible for this deterioration. Coal
mining is one such activity where deterioration is very severe and the present communication aims this aspect. Coal is the
one of the most essential mineral having large reserves in India. It’s mining and beneficiation produce a variety of pollutants.
The main pollutants emitted during the processing of coal are green house gases, coal dust and acid mine drainage. Many reports
on different aspects of coal mining are available including reports on emission of different pollutants but the present work
is probably only of it’s kind in which the authors have tried to determine environment liability directly in terms of economy.
It was found that greenhouse liabilities, coal dust liability and sulphur liability are accounted for 12.07, 5.0 and 101.97
US$, making an overall 2.4% of the total economic gains due to coal mining. During the calculations approximate number of
total workers and other parameters have been taken into consideration. Who pays for this irreversible damage is a question.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
11.
Since at least 600 BC, cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) has occupied a place of cultural importance in Mesoamerica. In many Maya groups its importance as a ritual food plant is second only to maize (Zea mays L.). The Ch’orti’ Maya and their culturally non-indigenous Ladino neighbours in Eastern Guatemala continue to use cacao for culinary and ceremonial purposes. Of particular importance are cacao uses in Ch’orti’ rain ceremonies, which are strongly connected to local environmental knowledge. The protection of cacao as a sacred tree may help to limit slash-and-burn maize agriculture to sustainable levels. 相似文献
12.
Ezatollah Karami Afsaneh Mansoorabadi 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(6):883-898
The purpose of this paper is to compare the attitudes of male and female rice growers towards environmental sustainability
and identify the constructs that will influence their attitudes and behaviors. A survey methodology with systematic sampling
techniques was used to select 181 households in four villages’ of Kazeroon, Iran. Results indicated that women farmers’ attitudes were more positive toward sustainability. A model was developed to
explain farmers’ attitudes and behavior toward environmental sustainability. Finally, the determinants of sustainable agriculture
attitudes and behavior are discussed.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
13.
Michael H. Huesemann Joyce A. Huesemann 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(6):787-825
Industrial society will move towards collapse if its total environmental impact (I), expressed either in terms of energy and
materials use or in terms of pollution, increases with time, i.e., dI/dt > 0. The traditional interpretation of the I = PAT
equation reflects the optimistic belief that technological innovation, particularly improvements in eco-efficiency, will significantly
reduce the technology (T) factor, and thereby result in a corresponding decline in impact (I). Unfortunately, this interpretation
of the I = PAT equation ignores the effects of technological change on the other two factors: population (P) and per capita
affluence (A). A more heuristic formulation of this equation is I = P(T)·A(T)·T in which the dependence of P and A on T is
apparent. From historical evidence, it is clear that technological revolutions (tool-making, agricultural, and industrial)
have been the primary driving forces behind successive population explosions, and that modern communication and transportation
technologies have been employed to transform a large proportion of the world’s inhabitants into consumers of material- and
energy-intensive products and services. In addition, factor analysis from neoclassical growth theory and the rebound effect
provide evidence that science and technology have played a key role in contributing to rising living standards. While technological
change has thus contributed to significant increases in both P and A, it has at the same time brought about considerable eco-efficiency
improvements. Unfortunately, reductions in the T-factor have generally not been sufficiently rapid to compensate for the simultaneous
increases in both P and A. As a result, total impact, in terms of energy production, mineral extraction, land-use and CO2 emissions, has in most cases increased with time, indicating that industrial society is nevertheless moving towards collapse.
The belief that continued and even accelerated scientific research and technological innovation will automatically result
in sustainability and avert collapse is at best mistaken. Innovations in science and technology will be necessary but alone
will be insufficient for sustainability. Consequently, what is most needed are specific policies designed to decrease total
impact, such as (a) halting population growth via effective population stabilization plans and better access to birth control
methods, (b) reducing total matter-energy throughput and pollution by removing perverse subsidies, imposing regulations that
limit waste discharges and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and implementing ecological tax reform, and (c) moving
towards a steady-state economy in which per-capita affluence is stabilized at lower levels by replacing wasteful conspicuous
material consumption with social alternatives known to enhance subjective well-being. While science and technology must play
an important role in the implementation of these policies, none will be enacted without a fundamental change in society’s
dominant values of growth and exploitation. Thus, value change is the most important prerequisite for avoiding global collapse.
相似文献
Michael H. HuesemannEmail: |
14.
This paper presents an empirical study of schooling attendance and collection of environmental resources using cross-sectional
data from Kiambu District of Kenya. Because the decision to collect environmental resources and attend school is jointly determined,
we used a bivariate probit method to model the decisions. In addition, we corrected for the possible endogeneity of resource-collection
work in the school attendance equation by using instrumental variable probit estimation. One of the key findings is that being
involved in resource collection reduces the likelihood of a child attending school. The result supports the hypothesis of
a negative relationship between children working to collect resources and the likelihood that they will attend school. The
results further show that a child’s mother’s involvement in resource collection increases school attendance. In addition,
although there is no school attendance discrimination against girls, they are overburdened by resource-collection work. The
study recommends immediate policy interventions focusing on the provision of public amenities, such as water and fuelwood. 相似文献
15.
K. Abeliotis M. Goussia-Rizou D. Sdrali I. Vassiloudis 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(3):329-339
Our research aims to investigate the approaches that Greek parents use to raise their children’s environmental awareness.
The study, conducted via closed-type questionnaires, focused on 435 parents with children attending the last grade of primary
school in the greater Athens urban area. The results indicate that parents accept environmental awareness as a particularly
important factor in the development of their children’s character. They also claim that their daily actions help to raise
their children’s environmental awareness. On the basis of their responses on their daily actions, five groups of parents were
identified using cluster analysis. The actions of the groups cover all the ranges, from being strongly consistent to being
indifferent. The results also indicate that highly educated, younger, female parents claim more environmentally friendly actions. 相似文献
16.
Jayanath Ananda George Domazetis John Hill 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(5):1051-1071
A ‘roadmap’ has been devised for a progressive greening of the Australian chemical industry over the next two decades. The
roadmap is based on a set of interactive principles broadly termed ‘economic’, ‘social’, ‘technological’, ‘environmental’
and ‘political’, which collectively form the ‘drivers of change’ in chemical industry strategy/business/policy planning—leading
to greater efficiency and economic sustainability of this industry. The proposed roadmap pre-supposes that real economic,
societal and environmental benefits can be obtained through greater use of existing and emerging green chemical technology.
It can play an important role in developing a sustainable chemical industry in Australia. Primarily, the proposed roadmap
involves a paradigm shift of the business operating plan and a significant mindset change of management. 相似文献
17.
Weisheng Zhou 《Sustainability Science》2006,1(1):115-122
It has been clearly recognized that future global climate change will limit the possibilities for sustainable development in China. To minimize these negative effects, as a practical strategy, we suggest that the Chinese government engage in international cooperation as a key contributor in the prevention of global warming. This suggestion results from numerical estimations of China’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends accompanied with economic growth up to 2100. The results show that China’s gross domestic product (GDP), measured in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), may overtake the sum of the GDPs of the United States and Canada in 2020. It is predicted that GDP per capita may reach US$20,000 and $80,000 in 2050 and 2100, respectively; meanwhile, CO2 emissions in China will increase from 6.6 billion tons (in carbon equivalent units) in 1990 to 54.6 billion tons in 2100. This means that the global peak concentration of GHG cannot be practically reduced without significant contributions from China. For international cooperation in mitigating global climate change, we introduce a new option, “per-capita emission restricted by assigned amount,” as an accounting rule for GHG reduction. This baseline classifies global CO2 reduction actions into three categories: compulsory reduction, self-imposed reduction, and voluntary reduction. We suggest that China contribute to world CO2 reduction according to the following timetable: voluntary reduction until 2012, self-imposed reduction until 2020, and compulsory reduction from 2020. The simulation results also indicate that China can benefit from this strategy in terms of improvements in its domestic economy and environment, for instance, by reducing fossil fuel consumption and the emission of pollutants.
相似文献
Weisheng ZhouEmail: Phone: +81-75-4663418Fax: +81-75-4663418 |
18.
A stakeholder dialogue on European vulnerability 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Anne C. de la Vega-Leinert Dagmar Schröter Rik Leemans Uta Fritsch Jacomijn Pluimers 《Regional Environmental Change》2008,8(3):109-124
A stakeholder dialogue was embedded in the ATEAM project to facilitate the development and dissemination of its European-wide
vulnerability assessment of global change impacts. Participating stakeholders were primarily ecosystem managers and policy
advisers interested in potential impacts on ‘Agriculture’, ‘Forestry’, ‘Water’, ‘Carbon storage’, ‘Biodiversity’ and ‘Mountain
environments’ sectors. First, stakeholder dialogue approaches to integrated assessment are introduced. Methodological considerations
on stakeholder selection and dialogue implementation and evaluation follow. The dialogue content and process are evaluated
from the perspectives of stakeholders and scientists. Its usefulness in the research process and the relevance of outcomes
for stakeholders are particularly considered. The challenging compromises required to perform innovative research, which seeks
to achieve both peer scientific credibility and societal relevance, are emphasized. Effective stakeholder dialogues play a
substantial role in raising the visibility and meaningfulness of vulnerability assessments as critical means to improve awareness
on global change and its potential worrying impacts on society. They further provide scientists with critical information
on ecosystem management and sectoral adaptive capacity. These processes of mutual learning and knowledge exchange moreover
foster a better understanding of the potential and limits of global change modelling and vulnerability assessment for policy
and ecosystem management.
相似文献
Anne C. de la Vega-LeinertEmail: |
19.
Vinish Kathuria 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(5):955-970
The failure of formal regulation and market-based approaches to control pollution has highlighted the significance of informal
regulation in the form of ‘public disclosure’ and ‘rating’ for achieving environmental goals in the nineties. In developing
countries where pollution information is often scarce, disclosure can make a firm’s emissions more costly. This is because
it increases penalties from regulators, local communities, consumer organizations and factor markets. Public or information
disclosure combines conventional environmental monitoring, self-regulation and public pressure using environmental ratings
to promote better environmental management. Thus, it forms an effective tool to control pollution in developing countries
like India, China or Kenya and countries-in-transition like Poland, Russia, etc. The different examples given in the paper
indicate that effective public disclosure requires a credible scheme with scrutiny at different checkpoints similar to the
one used for PROPER in Indonesia or GRP in India. 相似文献
20.
In industrialized countries, the idea of degrowth has emerged as a response to environmental, social, and economic crises.
Realizing environmental limits to and failures of more than half a century of continual economic growth in terms of social
progress and environmental sustainability, the degrowth paradigm calls for a downscaling of consumption and production for
social equity and ecological sustainability. The call for economic degrowth is generally considered to be delimited to rich
countries, where reduced consumption can save “ecological space” enabling people in poor countries to enjoy the benefits of
economic growth. China, as one of the economically most expanding countries in the world, has dramatically improved its living
standards, particularly along the Eastern coast, over the latest 30 years. However, China is absent from the international
debates on growth. This article discusses the implications of the Western degrowth debates for China. Given the distinctive
features of China’s development, the paper aims to enrich the degrowth debates, which have hitherto been dominated by Western
perspectives. Based upon reflections on social, environmental, and moral dimensions of economic growth, the paper argues that
limited natural resources may not continuously support universal affluence at the current level of the rich countries, a level
that China is likely to reach within a few decades. Priority for growth in China should therefore be given to the poor regions
of the country, and future growth should be beneficial to social and environmental development. 相似文献