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1.
dentification of groups that are similar in their floristic composition and structure (habitat types) is essential for conservation
and forest managers to allocate high priority areas and to designate areas for reserves, refuges, and other protected areas.
In this study, the use of indigenous knowledge for the identification of habitat types in the field was compared against an
ecological characterization of habitat types, including their species composition obtained by using classification and ordination
techniques for a tropical landscape mosaic in a rural Mayan area of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Plant diversity data calculated
from 141 sampled sites chosen randomly on a vegetation class’s thematic map obtained by multispectral satellite image classification
were used for this propose. Results indicated high similarity in the categorization of vegetation types between the Mayan
classification and those obtained by cluster and detrended correspondence analysis. This suggests that indigenous knowledge
has a practical use and can be comparable to that obtained by using science-based methods. Finally, identification and mapping
of vegetation classes (habitat types) using satellite image classification allowed us to discriminate significantly different
species compositions, in such a way that they can provide a useful mechanism for interpolating diversity values over the entire
landscape. 相似文献
2.
Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Successful biodiversity conservation does not depend on ecologic knowledge alone. Good conservation policies and policy implementation
tools are equally important. Moreover, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of local actors, directly in charge of operations
in the field, are a key to successful policy implementation. The connections between policy objectives and their implementation
as well as the involvement of local actors’ efforts in implementing policy objectives largely depend on the governance model
in use. This article assesses the knowledge of local actors in relation to the biodiversity conservation objectives and tools
in Lithuanian forest management. As a main framework for this study, the needs assessment approach was applied. The study
used both in-depth open-ended interviews and follow-up telephone interviews. Two state forest enterprises in Lithuania were
selected as the study sites. The findings indicate that policy objectives in the field of forest biodiversity conservation
and the related tools are well known but not well understood by those in charge of forest biodiversity policy implementation.
To improve the situation, a transition toward adaptive learning and participatory governance as a means of facilitating conservation
efforts is proposed. 相似文献
3.
Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)
The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis
of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to
strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay
(WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural
site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential
use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face
720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban
nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors,
including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational
sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict
the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors
of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about
US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban
conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit
analysis of public projects in China. 相似文献
4.
Optimum natural resource management and biodiversity conservation are desirable goals. These, however, often exclude each
other, since maximum economic benefits have promoted drastic reductions in biodiversity throughout the world. This dilemma
confronts local stakeholders, who usually go for maximizing economic inputs, whereas other social (e.g., academic) sectors
are favor conservation practices. In this paper we describe the way two scientific approaches—landscape and participatory
research—were used to develop sound and durable land use scenarios. These two approaches included expert knowledge of both
social and environmental conditions in indigenous communities. Our major emphasis was given to detect spatially explicit land
use scenarios and capacity building in order to construct a decision support system operated by stakeholders of the Comunidad
Indigena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro in Mexico. The system for decision-making was fed with data from inventories of
both abiotic and biotic biodiversity components. All research, implementation, and monitoring activities were conducted in
close collaboration with members of the indigenous community. As a major result we obtained a number of forest alternative
uses that favor emerging markets and make this indigenous community less dependent on a single market. Furthermore, skilled
members of the community are now running the automated system for decision-making. In conclusion, our results were better
expressed as products with direct benefits in local livelihoods rather than pure academic outputs. 相似文献
5.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
6.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
7.
Marine Protected Dramas: The Flaws of the Brazilian National System of Marine Protected Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger Eduardo A. S. Godoy Peter J. S. Jones Gilberto Sales Beatrice P. Ferreira 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):630-643
This article discusses the current problems and issues associated with the implementation of a National System of Marine Protected
Areas in Brazil. MPA managers and higher governmental level authorities were interviewed about their perceptions of the implementation
of a national MPA strategy and the recent changes in the institutional arrangement of government marine conservation agencies.
Interviewees’ narratives were generally pessimistic and the National System was perceived as weak, with few recognizable marine
conservation outcomes on the ground. The following major flaws were identified: poor inter-institutional coordination of coastal
and ocean governance; institutional crisis faced by the national government marine conservation agency; poor management within
individual MPAs; problems with regional networks of marine protected areas; an overly bureaucratic management and administrative
system; financial shortages creating structural problems and a disconnect between MPA policy and its delivery. Furthermore,
a lack of professional motivation and a pessimistic atmosphere was encountered during many interviews, a malaise which we
believe affects how the entire system is able to respond to crises. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding
of the role of ‘leadership’ in the performance of socio-ecological systems (such as MPA networks), more effective official
evaluation mechanisms, more localized audits of (and reforms if necessary to) Brazil’s federal biodiversity conservation agency
(ICMBio), and the need for political measures to promote state leadership and support. Continuing to focus on the designation
of more MPAs whilst not fully addressing these issues will achieve little beyond fulfilling, on paper, Brazil’s international
marine biodiversity commitments. 相似文献
8.
Towards a Duty of Care for Biodiversity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The decline in biodiversity is a worldwide phenomenon, with current rates of species extinction more dramatic than any previously
recorded. Habitat loss has been identified as the major cause of biodiversity decline. In this article we suggest that a statutory
duty of care would complement the current mix of policy options for biodiversity conservation. Obstacles hindering the introduction
of a statutory duty of care include linguistic ambiguity about the terms ‘duty of care’ and ‘stewardship’ and how they are
applied in a natural resource management context, and the absence of a mechanism to guide its implementation. Drawing on international
literature and key informant interviews we have articulated characteristics of duty of care to reduce linguistic ambiguity,
and developed a framework for implementing a duty of care for biodiversity at the regional scale. The framework draws on key
elements of the common law ‘duty of care’, the concepts of ‘taking reasonable care’ and ‘avoiding foreseeable harm’, in its
logic. Core elements of the framework include desired outcomes for biodiversity, supported by current recommended practices.
The focus on outcomes provides opportunities for the development of innovative management practices. The framework incorporates
multiple pathways for the redress of non-compliance including tiered negative sanctions, and positive measures to encourage
compliance. Importantly, the framework addresses the need for change and adaptation that is a necessary part of biodiversity
management. 相似文献
9.
Vikram S. Negi Ravi Pathak K. Chandra Sekar R.S. Rawal I.D. Bhatt S.K. Nandi 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(10):1722-1743
Ethnobotanical knowledge plays a significant role in plant diversity conservation and the curing of various ailments in remote rural areas of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). A total of 53 plant species from 27 families have been documented from the Byans valley and are used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Valley inhabitants have maintained a symbiotic relationship between natural resources and their cultural belief system by developing sacred forests/groves which conserve the region's plant diversity pool. Information on sacred natural sites and traditional beliefs was documented in order to understand the environmental and conservationist implications of these rules and practices. The study provides comprehensive information about eroding traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation practices. This study could be a pilot to strengthen the conservation practices and sustainable utilization of frequently used bioresources by understanding the traditional knowledge system and conservation ethics of tribal communities in the Himalayan region. 相似文献
10.
Marine spatial planning tends to prioritise biological conservation targets over socio-economic considerations, which may
incur lower user compliance and ultimately compromise management success. We argue for more inclusion of human dimensions
in spatial management, so that outcomes not only fulfill biodiversity and conservation objectives, but are also acceptable
to resource users. We propose a fuzzy logic framework that will facilitate this task- The protected area suitability index
(PASI) combines fishers’ spatial preferences with biological criteria to assess site suitability for protection from fishing.
We apply the PASI in a spatial evaluation of a small-scale reef fishery in Sabah, Malaysia. While our results pertain to fishers
specifically, the PASI can also be customized to include the interests of other stakeholders and resource users, as well as
incorporate varying levels of protection. 相似文献
11.
Zina Skandrani 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2016,29(3):541-548
In this essay, I build on the article by Soulé that established the foundation for the field of conservation biology. I analyze the presuppositions that have guided the discipline’s ethics in the 30 years since that article first appeared. I argue that conservation biology’s normative postulates introduced a paradigm shift that placed the diversity of the biota instead of the biota itself at the center of its ethics. I show that the ensuing priorities in the valuation of nature entail several contradictions at the ethical level and are justifiable only through scientific postulates. Identifying potential revisions and latent ideological issues in science, I defend the position that such scientific legitimization of conservation measures becomes disputable when this option undermines the ethical status of non-human life. Furthermore, I explain the absence of social feedback regarding conservation measures from the perspective of this shift. I conclude with an invitation to critically rethink the ethical basis of conservation sciences so that these fields may achieve their intention of playing a key role in halting the destruction of nature and in encouraging society’s support. 相似文献
12.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
13.
This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional
postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework
of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and
magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on
Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework
of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications
and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of
his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development. 相似文献
14.
Prévot-Julliard AC Clavel J Teillac-Deschamps P Julliard R 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):315-321
To garner support for biodiversity from the World’s human population, conservation biologists need an open-minded, integrated
conservation strategy. We suggest that this strategy should include efforts to (1) preserve existing high quality, diverse
ecosystems, (2) remediate impaired systems, (3) balance the needs of people and ecological resources, and (4) engender appreciation
of nature and its services. We refer to these four key tenets as reservation, restoration, reconciliation, and reconnection.
We illustrate these concepts by presenting the debate surrounding the management of exotic species from an unusual perspective,
the benefits of exotic species. By this example we hope to encourage an integrated approach to conservation in which management
strategies can be flexible, adjusting to society’s needs and the overall goals of conservation. 相似文献
15.
Elderly women of a particular socioecological system are considered to be “living encyclopedias” in biocultural knowledge systems. These women play a pivotal role in retaining and passing on biodiversity-related traditional knowledge to the next generations. Unfortunately the fast changing sociocultural values and the impact of modernity have rendered their knowledge somewhat less valuable and they are being treated as “cultural refugia.” Our study on the importance of these women in the conservation of indigenous biodiversity was conducted in 14 randomly selected villages dominated by the Adi tribe of East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh (northeast India). Data were collected from 531 women (381 elderly and 150 young to middle aged) during 2003–2008 using conventional social science methods and participatory rural appraisal. One innovative method, namely “recipe contest,” was devised to mobilize Adi women of each village in order to energies them and explore their knowledge relating to traditional foods, ethnomedicines, and conservation of indigenous biodiversity. Results indicated that 55 plant species are being used by elderly Adi women in their food systems, while 34 plant species are integral parts of ethnomedicinal practices. These women identified different plant species found under multistory canopies of community forests. Elderly women were particularly skilled in preparing traditional foods including beverages and held significantly greater knowledge of indigenous plants than younger women. Lifelong experiences and cultural diversity were found to influence the significance of biodiversity use and conservation. The conservation of biodiversity occurs in three different habitats: jhum lands (shifting cultivation), Morang forest (community managed forests), and home gardens. The knowledge and practice of elderly women about habitats and multistory vegetations, regenerative techniques, selective harvesting, and cultivation practices contribute significantly to food and livelihood security while sustaining an array of threatened plant species. Basically, knowledge of elderly women on using biodiversity in food and medicinal systems was found in three categories namely: “individual,” “community,” and “refined.” We identified a need to develop holistic policies to recognize and integrate knowledge and practices of elderly women with local level of planning on sustainable conservation of biodiversity as well as community-based adaptations. 相似文献
16.
Summary The State Council of China has adopted Agenda 21for China and biodiversity conservation is one plank of its agenda for China's sustainable development. This paper offers a brief discussion of China's White Paper on Agenda 21 and examines, as a case study, the problem of sustaining biological diversity in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan. This area is rated as one of megadiversity, and therefore, as one deserving a high priority for conservation purposes. After discussing the general socio-economic obstacles to biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna, the article outlines the types of strategies adopted in China for reducing pressures of local communities on biodiversity and nature conservation. China's preferred strategy for easing pressures on biodiversity conservation in nature reserves is to improve economic opportunities outside of the reserves and raise the income levels of people living in the neighbourhood of the reserves. This approach has been adopted in Xishuangbanna and there are plans to extend it. Community development projects such as agroforestry, joint ventures in tourism and so on are being encouraged. Mechanisms for selecting suitable community development projectse.g. using rapid rural appraisal (RRA), are considered. Without economic development at the local level, plans for biodiversity conservation are unlikely to succeed in China or for that matter elsewhere in the developing world.Dr Clem Tisdell is Professor and Head of Department of Economics at the University of Queensland. Zhu Xiang may be contacted at The World Bank Loan Project, Ministry of Forestry, Beijing 100714, PR of China. This paper represents a revised version of an article presented to the International Conference: China's Economy Towards 2000, held at La Trobe University, Melbourne, 14–15 February 1995. 相似文献
17.
This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and
India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program,
and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and
Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and
relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When
management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are
appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation
practices in place. 相似文献
18.
Marion J. Hercock 《The Environmentalist》1997,17(4):249-258
Tutor in the Department of Geography at the University of Western Australia. In response to the fragmentation and loss of indigenous vegetation caused by the expansion of metropolitan Perth, all levels of government in Western Australia have made some commitment to the preservation of biodiversity. A case for seeing and using vegetation structure as a possible surrogate for biodiversity is presented. The concept and a simple methodology which may be applied without any specialist ecological knowledge or expertise is outlined for the urban developer, engineer, planner, decision maker and educator. The notion that the degree of diversity of the vegetation structure of a banksia woodland remnant may indicate and give a substitute or preliminary measure of biodiversity assists the popular understanding of biodiversity. Such a non-technical yet objective appreciation and measure may prove satisfactory for some conservation purposes, until a detailed professional assessment is made of the plant and animal species in a remnant of native vegetation. It is currently being used by state planning staff in Western Australia for the preliminary assessment of native woodland in areas zoned for urban growth at the metropolitan fringe. 相似文献
19.
Wazir Singh Lakra Uttam Kumar Sarkar Rupali Sani Kumar Ajay Pandey Vineet Kumar Dubey Om Prakash Gusain 《The Environmentalist》2010,30(4):306-319
In the present communication habitat ecology, species diversity; distribution and different indices of fish biodiversity management
were studied in a Central India river (River Betwa, a tributary of River Ganga basin approved under India’s first river linking
plan). Correlation between fish species richness with the hydrological attributes showed good relationship and water depth,
dissolved oxygen and pH were found the most important variables in shaping fish assemblage. Altogether, sixty-three fish species
belonging to 20 families and 45 genera were collected from five sampling stations spread along the upstream, mid stream and
lower streams. Cyprinids were the most dominated group represented by 26 species belonging to 15 genera, followed by Bagridae
(6 species from 3 genera), and Schilbeidae (4 species from 4 genera). The distribution of fish showed interesting pattern
and about 10% species were common to all the sites showing long migration range. Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed considerable
variation and ranged from 1.89 to 3.51. Out of 63 species status of 10 species were not known due to data deficit, 29 categorized
as lower risk, 14 as vulnerable, 8 as endangered, while the remaining two species were introduced. Our study shows that the
River supports considerable diversity of the fishes and is important for conservation and about 34% fish fauna is threatened
being either vulnerable or endangered. We assessed that the river supports considerable percentage of food fish (89.47), ornamental
fish (49.12%) and sport fish (5.26%). Among the eight major types of fish habitats identified along the entire stretch of
river, open river, shallow water and deep pools were habitats contributing maximum diversity. Fish species richness (FSR)
were significantly different (P < 0.05) in all the habitats except channel confluence and scour pool. Trophic niche model may be useful for assessing altered
as well as less altered fish habitat of the tropical rivers. Since this river will be interlinked in near future, this study
would be useful for conservation planning and management and also for future assessment after interlinking. Issues related
to various threats to aquatic environment and conservation management strategies have been discussed. 相似文献