伊犁地区水资源特征及利用对策

在简述伊犁地区自然条件的基础上，通过分析水资源特征，提出了发挥水资源优势，开发多种资源，截留降水资源，抑制土壤水分损失，利用地下水，解决部分地区缺水及改良土壤，加强水资源统一管理等措施，综合开发利用伊犁地区水资源，发挥其最大的效益。     

水资源研究中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了区域水资源的评价问题.无论是地表水、地下水,还是土壤水都是来源于大气降水,降水资源才是区域总水资源;同时讨论了区域水资源的平衡原理.降水资源转化了截留水、地表水、土壤水和地下水4项水资源.该文对这2种不同的水体进行了深入讨论,着重论述了土壤水资源的概念及其特征.并对潜水蒸发和水资源的价值问题提出了看法.     

基于混合生命周期评价模型的我国食物系统水资源消耗及二氧化碳排放核算

食物生产不仅依赖水资源,同时产生大量二氧化碳排放,这种资源环境影响存在于食物系统整个产业链。为促进食物系统节水降碳,本文构建了包含5大类共23种具体食物部门的混合生命周期评价模型,对各类食物系统的完全水资源消耗和二氧化碳排放进行了核算与比较。结果表明：①不同食物的水资源消耗和二氧化碳排放差异明显,动物性食物的平均水资源消耗和二氧化碳排放强度分别为植物性食物的1.9 ～ 15.0倍和1.9 ～ 2.7倍;②食物系统直接和间接水资源消耗占比较为接近,但二氧化碳排放主要源自上游产业链的间接排放,占比高达80.9%;③食物系统间接水资源消耗主要来自农业部门,而间接碳排放主要来自电力生产和供应业、基础化工原料制造业、非金属矿产品行业和交通运输业;④从营养元素供给看,动物性食物提供蛋白质和脂肪的资源环境影响高于植物性食物,蔬菜和主食分别在提供维生素C和碳水化合物上具有最小的环境成本。基于本文结果,食物系统节水应主要提高生产环节用水效率,而降碳则主要依靠上游产业减排,特别是发电和化肥生产等行业的协同节水减碳潜力。同时,本文结果也可为未来基于环境影响制定膳食指南提供数据支撑。     

河南冬小麦—夏玉米生产耗水结构及其时空差异分析——基于水足迹视角

以2006—2015年河南省18个地市资料为基础,基于水足迹理论对该省冬小麦、夏玉米生产耗水进行了计算并分析了其构成,同时运用空间自相关分析了其时空差异。结果显示:①在年际变化方面,河南省冬小麦生产水足迹总体呈递减趋势,其中郑州、开封和信阳3市的降幅最大;夏玉米生产水足迹随着年际间降水量丰枯而波动较大。②在空间分布特征方面,河南省冬小麦生产水足迹高值区和低值区分别形成显著的集聚区,夏玉米表现为集聚性不显著。③在作物生产耗水构成方面,河南省冬小麦蓝水足迹占生产水足迹的比值高于夏玉米,呈北高南低的分布特征;夏玉米绿水足迹占生产水足迹的比值高于冬小麦,表明时空分布不均的降水资源在农业生产中的不同作用程度,应加强对农业生产主要供水来源——降水资源的有效利用。     

首都经济圈水资源循环经济模式的探讨

以资源环境经济学、循环经济学作为理论基础,采用实证与规范经济分析法,从理论和实践两个层面系统研究首都经济圈水资源环境,提出水资源循环经济发展模式,用以解决首都经济圈水资源与经济发展的矛盾.重点分析了该区水资源问题及其对国民经济的影响,阐述了以经济手段为主的具体对策,旨在从根本上解决水资源问题,促进区域和谐发展.     

山西能源基地水资源的持续开发利用对策

本文在分析了山西能源基地水资源的特征、开发利用现状和存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了该地区水资源合理开发与持续利用的对策。     

关于紧水滩、石塘、玉溪水库水源地保护的思考

分析了造成紧水滩、石塘、玉溪水库水资源污染的几大因素以及加强水资源与水环境保护的对策措施。     

成都市水资源可持续利用评价及对策

通过调查成都市近年来水资源量及水资源开发利用现状(包括供水设施、供水现状、用水结构、用水效率等),分析了其变化趋势,针对成都市水资源现状,建立了成都市水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,并采用AHP-模糊评价方法,对2010~2013年成都市水资源可持续利用水平进行评价。结果表明,成都市水资源可持续开发利用能力很弱,水资源的短缺是制约成都市水资源可持续发展能力的重要因素。最后针对可持续利用中存在的问题,提出了相关的对策与建议。     

松花江流域水资源保护和水污染防治对策

我国是水资源短缺的国家。随着工业化与城市化的发展,工业废水、生活污水和畜禽养殖污水的排放量不断增加,水污染状况日渐突出,造成水体使用功能下降,资源性缺水更为严重。本文通过对松花江流域水资源利用现状、特点与存在问题的分析,提出了相应水资源保护与水污染防治的对策与建议。     

基于FAHP的新疆喀什地区水资源承载力综合评价

采用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)对2000-2011年喀什地区水资源支持力指数、压力指数、承载力指数的动态演变进行分析,预测未来水资源承载力的发展趋势.目前喀什地区水资源产出效益低,丰水年与枯水年水资源承载力波动大,人口增长率过快、农业用水产出率低、GDP快速增长与人均GDP增长不协调成为水资源承载力的三大压力.随着喀什新型工业化、城镇化进程的加快以及人口的增加,水资源脆弱性与水资源短缺问题将会凸显.今后应协调好经济发展与资源的永续利用,合理调整产业结构调整,缓解四大用水矛盾,进一步提高水资源的利用率与产出率.     

The effects of component dimensions on heat transfer and pressure loss in shell and tube heat exchangers

In this study, the effects of geometric properties such as baffle spacing, baffle cut, sealing strips, gaps between heat exchanger components, number of tubes and tube passes have been investigated for shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE). For this purpose, geometrical dimensions and data of a specific heat exchanger (HE) used in an industrial application have been obtained. The HTRI Xchanger Suite Educational software was utilized to analyze the reference HE, to verify the results of the software and the output temperatures of the fluids, the shell side heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the pressure loss (PL) values were compared with the experimental data. After confirming that the results of the software were within the acceptable deviation values, the geometric dimensions of the reference design were changed and new analyzes were carried out to examine the effects of several dimension options on the performance of STHE. Results were discussed in a detailed and comprehensive manner via curves.     

炼化企业低温余热利用技术探讨＊

目前炼化企业有大量的低温余热需要回收,了解低温余热的来源、回收途径和技术,对提高低温余热利用效率十分重要。文章对炼厂低温余热的主要来源、利用途径和技术进行综合分析,提出炼厂低温余热回收利用的一些建议。     

层燃螺旋炉排焚烧技术处理含油污泥研究

通过对几种含油污泥无害化处理技术的比选,分析不同处理技术物耗、能耗情况,优选出经济有效的含油污泥焚烧技术,结合新疆油田含油污泥的特点,采用层燃螺旋炉排焚烧技术,利用其燃烧热能生产蒸汽用于原油生产,采用余热吸收急冷与碱液半干法除酸技术,有效控制了二次污染;采用布袋除尘与烟尘固化技术确保了烟气达标排放。年节省成本支出3095.88万元。     

WINTER HEAT BUDGET AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Winter heat budget and frazil ice production in the St. Lawrence River between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam are analyzed. Contributions of each heat exchange component, and spatial distributions of heat exchange rates are calculated for three typical winters. Based on the calculated heat budget, the amount and distribution of frazil ice generated in the study reach is analyzed. The result of this study indicates that the thermal energy contained in the river water flowing into the study reach is a dominate factor in the heat budget analysis. The heat flux from the channel bottom accounts for an important portion of the total heat budget during the ice covered period.     

循环流化床锅炉掺烧高炉煤气的应用

介绍了高炉煤气的主要燃烧特性，分析了高炉煤气在循环流化床锅炉中掺烧时对炉膛换热、过热蒸汽温度、锅炉负荷、热效率、分离装置以及环境的影响，并提出了消除不良影响的相应措施。     

Solar Assisted Small-Scale Biomass District Heating System in the Northern Part of Sweden

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a projected solar assisted biomass district heating system in the north of Sweden. It is generally known that a biomass district heating system combined with solar heat brings many important benefits. The most common system solution is to install a heat store and a large solar collector field near the heating central. No plant of this type is however in operation in the northern part of Sweden. The main reason for this is that the solar irradiation at these latitudes is very low when the demand for heat is high. Solar heat could however be useful during summer in order to generate hot tap water. One problem is that the heat losses, calculated as percentage of the delivered heat, become very large during these months. This article presents the idea of allowing the connected households to generate their own hot tap water using solar collectors and heat stores installed in each house. The district heating network can therefore be closed in summer, which eliminates the heat losses outside the heating period. A case study of a projected plant has been carried out and it is shown that it is possible to reduce the heat losses by 20% compared to a conventional system. This idea also provides many other important technical and economic benefits.     

制冷技术革命与冷凝法油气回收技术的发展

介绍了20世纪后期制冷技术革命性的进步,及其对冷凝法油气回收技术发展的推进作用,分析了冷凝法油气回收技术的优势和对生产厂家的要求。     

WHAT PRICE,REJECT HEAT?1

ABSTRACT: Increasing energy costs encourage more efficient energy use, including the better use of reject heat from electrical generating stations. Whether it pays to use this heat depends on the price charged. There is to date no relevant market in Canada. This paper estimates lower and upper bounds on the price for reject heat as a first step in determining market feasibility. Price would then be resolved by negotiation. For the case study of Ontario greenhouses, the differential between lower and upper bounds is substantial. An assumed price resolution is consistent with profitable use of this reject heat by this greenhouse industry.     

灌封材料与环境适应性

本文简述了几种灌封材料的特性,包括环氧树脂灌封胶、聚氨酯灌封胶和有机硅灌封胶。并针对水、辐射、温度/热、氧和臭氧、微生物因素和机械应力等环境因素对灌封料的影响进行分析。     

Heat as emergency,heat as chronic stress: policy and institutional responses to vulnerability to extreme heat

Increasingly commonplace in cities, extreme heat events introduce multi-stress vulnerability, affecting people’s health and well-being, financial situation, mobility, social relations, and access to basic services. Planning to reduce heat vulnerability has become part of government business and to some extent community-level responses, cutting across a number of sectors including public health, emergency management, social services, critical infrastructure, and housing. This planning is often framed around heat as an emergency, focusing on preventing loss of life and severe health impacts, yet a vulnerability perspective also draws attention to the chronic and persistent impacts of heat. Our research, based on interviews and desktop research in Melbourne, Australia, found tensions between addressing heat as an emergency and heat as a source of chronic stress, with emergency responses taking precedence over responses addressing the chronic dimensions of heat. Each approach results in different but nonetheless related programmatic priorities for reducing vulnerability. In complex institutional settings, improving relations between policy and programme managers, non-government organisations, and vulnerable people themselves would enable the multiple stresses associated with extreme heat to be more effectively addressed. Policy and institutional responses that better appreciate the interconnections between the emergency and chronic aspects of heat would likely reduce vulnerability and contribute to more just approaches to urban sustainability.