浮床水芹(Oenanthe javanica)的生态特性及对池塘水体环境的反馈与响应

在原位生态循环养殖池塘中构建生态浮床,研究水芹(Oenanthe javanica)的植株生长、生态特性以及对池塘水体环境的反馈和响应。结果表明,在80 d中,浮床水芹植株的平均高度、干重和单株根表面积均随种植时间的推移持续增加,50~80 d时植株总高度为23.05~38.37 cm;30~50 d内,植株根系无论是主根数、根尖数、主根直径还是一级根直径均明显增加。浮床水芹植株中氮含量随着植株质量的增加而增加,与植株干重呈高度正相关(r=0.952);但磷含量较为稳定,并未随植株质量的增加而增加。每株水芹的平均磷含量为3.45~4.14 mg,平均N/P比为2.51~6.80。与茎、叶相比,其根部N/P比为4.27~4.67,较为稳定。水芹根系具有径向泌氧特性,泌氧率为2.74~3.27μmol·h~(-1)·g~(-1),泌氧率与每克根表面积呈正相关(r=0.795)。根系泌氧导致水中Fe和Mn被氧化并被吸附于根系,形成铁锰氧化膜。水芹可稳定水温和pH值,调节DO含量,降低TN和TP含量,但对TP的去除有一定限制。     

干热河谷优势灌木种类的根系结构及碳氮磷元素含量特征

研究干热河谷优势灌木的根系特征,有助于了解植物根系的养分和水分吸收能力、固土作用及对恶劣环境的适应与生存策略,为干热河谷植被恢复和生态环境改善提供理论依据.选取马桑(Coriaria sinica)、坡柳(Dodonaea viscose)和苦刺(Sophora davidii)3种干热河谷优势灌木种类,对其根系的形态结构特征和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量状况进行研究.研究结果表明,马桑、坡柳和苦刺的根长、根表面积、干质量以及部分径级比根长(SRL)和比表面积(SSA)无显著差异,马桑0-2 mm根系的比根长显著高于 2 mm根系,表明其0-2 mm根的养分与水分吸收能力优于 2 mm的根;坡柳和苦刺0-1 mm根系的比根长均显著高于 1 mm根系,表明其0-1 mm根的养分与水分吸收能力显著高于 1 mm的根.苦刺根系的平均C、N、P含量显著高于马桑和坡柳,不同径级的N含量均显著高于马桑和坡柳,这与苦刺为豆科植物具有较强的固氮能力有关.根据N:P判断,苦刺根系受P的限制,马桑和坡柳根系受N的限制. 3种灌木的比根长和比表面积与元素含量基本不存在显著相关性,原因在于比根长和比表面积随径级变化的趋势与根系元素含量的变化趋势不同,造成两者相关性不显著.综上所述,干热河谷3种灌木的根系形态结构特征具有一定的相似性,但元素C、N、P含量以苦刺最高,该结果有助于了解当地植物对土壤养分的利用效率和适应生存策略.(图3表4参51)     

达乌里胡枝子根系形态特征对土壤水分变化的响应

为揭示黄土丘陵区天然草地群落优势种达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica L.)根系生长与土壤水分供应条件间的关系,采用盆栽控制试验,设置高水(土壤田间持水量80%)、中水(土壤田间持水量60%)和低水(土壤田间持水量40%)3个处理后,在现蕾期、开花期和结实期进行阶段改善水分供应条件,生育期末测定和计算了不同土壤水分处理下达乌里胡枝子根系生物量和形态特征.结果表明:达乌里胡枝子根系生长与水分供应条件密切相关,充分的水分供应有利于促进其根系生物量增大和根系长度的生长,但适度水分胁迫有利于增强其根系的吸收能力.其根系生物量和总根长在高水处理下显著最高(P0.05);根表面积、比根长和比根面积以中水处理下显著最高(P0.05);不同水分处理下,其根系平均直径为0.76-0.94 mm,根系生物量、根表面积和总根长间存在显著的正相关关系(P0.05).综上,充足的水分供应有利于促进达乌里胡枝子根系生物量积累和根系形态建成,其根系生物量及其形态特征对水分阶段改变的响应不仅取决于水分供应条件改善的幅度,也与其生育期密切相关.     

根表铁膜对凤眼莲吸收环丙沙星的影响

为探讨铁离子不同浓度处理下水生植物根表铁膜形成及其对环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)吸收的影响,采用室内模拟试验,分析0.1 mg·L-1 CIP胁迫下不同浓度铁离子(0、10、20、50、100和150 mg·L-1)对凤眼莲根系生理生化及CIP富集量的影响.结果 表明,不同浓度铁离子对凤眼莲根系孔隙度和泌氧量无显著影响,而根系活力随着铁离子浓度增加呈上升趋势;铁离子促进凤眼莲根表铁膜形成,150 mg·L-1铁离子处理下凤眼莲根表铁膜量最大,且根表吸附CIP含量最多,而根系中吸收CIP含量显著降低.铁离子对凤眼莲根系生理生化无显著影响,而有利于凤眼莲根表铁膜量增加,促进根系表面CIP的吸附作用,阻碍根系对CIP的吸收作用,降低CIP对植物造成的伤害.     

菊花植株水浸液对生菜幼苗根系形态特征的化感作用

为探讨菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)的化感作用,以生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)为受体植物,采用培养皿法研究了不同质量浓度(0、2、4、6、8mg·m L~(-1))菊花水浸液处理对生菜幼苗根系形态特征的影响。结果表明,质量浓度为4、6、8mg·mL~(-1)处理极显著抑制了总根长的生长,总根长分别比对照减少了15.01%、16.95%、35.72%和37.80%;菊花水浸液对平均根系直径的促进作用达到极显著水平,平均根系直径分别比对照增加了3.38%、18.14%、12.65%和34.85%。质量浓度为8mg·m L~(-1)的水浸液对根系投影面积和总根表面积具有极显著的抑制作用,分别比对照减少了24.66%和24.70%;水浸液对总根体积和根尖数没有显著的影响。研究还表明,水浸液对生菜幼苗根系生长总体上表现出化感抑制作用,且随着水浸液处理质量浓度的增加,综合化感效应指数呈增加趋势,显示出化感抑制作用逐渐增强的趋势。水浸液综合化感效应指数的顺序为8mg·m L~(-1)4mg·m L~(-1)6mg·m L~(-1)2mg·mL~(-1)。不同根系形态指标的平均综合化感效应指数有如下的顺序:总根长(-0.264)平均根系直径(-0.139)总投影面积(-0.134)=总根表面积(-0.134)根尖数(-0.094)总根体积(-0.086)。上述结果表明,菊花具有较强的化感潜力,可为实现现代园艺产业优质、高产、低耗和环保的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23～184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0.92%～14.8%、1.61%～16.3%、2.57%～20.3%、1.52%～17.2%和3.71%～32.8%,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2.55%～31.2%、1.44%～21.4%、1.78%～27.2%、2.16%～23.4%和8.14%～52.9%;此外,23～184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1.0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0.5mmD≤1.0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0.9%～24.3%、1.9%～32.6%、0.4%～33.2%,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

氮肥配施生物炭对旱地土壤养分和玉米根系径级分布的影响

为了缓解玉米连作带来的土壤养分失衡及根系早衰,探讨生物炭对土壤养分、玉米根系生长的主要径级水平、玉米干物质积累的后效作用。采用定位试验,设置不施氮肥、不施生物炭为对照(CK),2个施氮量(常规施N量225 kg·hm~(-2),N1;减氮10%,N 203 kg·hm~(-2),N2),2个生物炭量(8.4 t·hm~(-2),C1;21 t·hm~(-2),C2)共7个处理。在生物炭施用第二年,测定玉米不同径级根系生长及土壤养分含量。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,常规施氮配施低量生物炭(N1C1)和减氮配施高量生物炭(N2C2)显著提高了土壤有机质含量;高量生物炭配施氮肥(N1C2和N2C2)分别提高土壤碱解氮储存量29.9%和9.0%;N1C2和N2C1处理显著提高土壤全氮含量。减氮配施低量生物炭(N2C1)促进大喇叭口期玉米0—2 mm径级根系的根长较CK提高38.9%(P?0.05,下同);低量生物炭配施常规氮肥(N1C1)促进成熟期玉米根系变细13.4%、根系变长32.4%,提高0—2 mm径级根系的总根长37.9%;单施氮肥或配施生物炭对2—3、3—4径级的根长无显著影响;常规单施氮肥(N1C0)较CK显著提高4 mm径级根系根长约40.5%。低量生物炭配施常规氮肥(N1C1)提高大喇叭口期玉米单株干物质积累53.16 g·plant~(-1)。综上,研究结果说明,8.4 t·hm~(-2)生物炭配施225 kg·hm~(-2)氮肥能更好地促进成熟期玉米细根生长。单施氮肥和配施21 t·hm~(-2)生物炭均可促进土壤养分的固持。该研究结果为秸秆循环利用提供科学参考,同时为优化玉米根系结构提供新思路。     

不同锰处理对镉胁迫下2种油菜重金属累积和根系形态的影响

采用水培试验,研究Cd胁迫(10μmol·L~(-1))条件下,不同浓度Mn(0,0.1,1,10,100μmol·L~(-1))处理对2种镉累积能力不同的油菜生物量、Cd和Mn含量以及根系形态参数的影响。结果表明,与正常营养处理Mn1相比,缺Mn和Mn过量处理显著降低2种油菜的地上部和镉低积累油菜"华骏"的根部生物量,而对普通油菜"寒绿"的根部生物量没有显著影响。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下2种油菜的Cd累积总量和"华骏"地上部Cd含量显著降低;Mn过量处理下2种油菜根部和地上部Cd含量均呈升高趋势,2种油菜的Cd累积总量无显著变化或显著降低。随Mn处理浓度升高,2种油菜地上部和根部Mn含量显著升高,缺Mn处理下2种油菜根部的Mn含量低于Mn缺乏的临界值。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下"华骏"的根长、表面积、体积、平均直径和根尖数显著降低;Mn过量处理下"寒绿"的根长以及"华骏"的根系表面积、体积显著降低;缺Mn处理下2种油菜细根表面积所占的比例增加,粗根表面积比例降低;Mn过量时,"寒绿"的粗根表面积比例增加,细根比例降低,而"华骏"则相反。总的来看,缺Mn处理影响油菜根系和地上部生长,减少地上部Cd含量和植株Cd累积总量;Mn过量处理下油菜生长也受到抑制,但是油菜地上部和根部Cd含量有所升高;2种油菜的根系形态学参数在不同Mn处理下变化规律不同,表现出不同的响应策略。     

覆盖模式和小麦根系对土壤拮抗性放线菌分布的影响

采用常规分离培养和琼脂块拮抗性测定法,研究了西北旱作农业区不同覆盖模式和根系对小麦田土壤中拮抗性放线菌分布的影响.结果表明:①小麦田土壤拮抗性放线菌比率随覆盖模式而异.在SDSA培养基上以覆盖模式较高,常规对照最低,拮抗性放线菌比率由高到底顺序为垄沟(49.1%)>覆膜(41.5%)>覆草(37.5%)>常规(25.0%),垄沟、覆膜和覆草分别较对照提高96.4%、66.0%和50.0%.②小麦根系生长和分泌物对拮抗性放线菌比率有显著影响.在3种覆盖和常规对照条件下,拮抗性放线菌总数的比率、抗细菌和抗真菌的拮抗放线菌比率均表现为根区高于根外,其中覆膜模式下抗真菌放线菌的比率在根区土壤中约为根外的4倍.图1表2参19     

川西亚高山3个优势树种细根形态特征

林木细根(直径2 mm)拥有庞大而复杂的分枝系统,在森林生态系统养分循环过程中发挥重要作用,因此研究不同树种细根构型形态对树种地下生态位分离、共存和森林生态系统功能过程具有重要意义.选取川西亚高山3个优势树种——岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperate)和红桦(Butula albosinensis),采用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,依据根序分级方法,测定细根形态参数(直径、根长、比根长和比表面积).结果表明:细根形态在不同根序间差异显著,3个树种细根直径、根长随根序的升高而升高,比根长和比表面积随序级的升高而降低.不同树种间细根形态也表现出极显著差异,岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦细直径变化范围分别为0.31-0.85 mm、0.29-0.65 mm和0.23-0.55 mm,两个针叶树种(岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉)直径与根长均大于红桦.红桦的比根长和比表面积则高于两个针叶树种.综上所述,低级别根吸收能力更强而构建消耗更低;红桦比岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉根系吸收能力更强.     

溶氧条件对美人蕉和风车草根系泌氧特征的影响

采用标准氧化染色法研究了美人蕉和风车草在水培畜禽废水自然、缺氧和好氧3种溶氧状态下根系径向泌氧（Radial oxygen loss,ROL）类型的变化和特征,采用显微镜明暗场观察了相应的根系横截面特征。结果发现美人蕉在3种溶氧状态下根系径向泌氧类型分别为均匀强泌氧、根尖强烈泌氧和不泌氧3种;风车草的径向泌氧类型则分别...     

Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Temporal variations and correlations between radial oxygen loss (ROL), iron (Fe) plaque formation, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation were investigated in two rice cultivars at four different growth stages based upon soil pot and deoxygenated solution experiments. The results showed that there were significant differences in ROL (1.1–16 μmol O₂ plant^?1 h^?1), Fe plaque formation (4,097–36,056 mg kg^?1), Cd and As in root tissues (Cd 77–162 mg kg^?1; As 49–199 mg kg^?1) and Fe plaque (Cd 0.4–24 mg kg^?1; As 185–1,396 mg kg^?1) between these growth stages. ROL and Fe plaque increased dramatically from tillering to ear emergence stages and then were much reduced at the grain-filling stage. Furthermore, significantly positive correlations were detected between ROL and concentrations of Fe, Cd and As in Fe plaque. Our study indicates that increased Fe plaque forms on rice roots at the ear emergence stage due to the increased ROL. This stage could therefore be an important period to limit the transfer and distribution of Cd and As in rice plants when growing in soils contaminated with these toxic elements.     

Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes

• Sediment desiccation alters morphological characteristics of aquatic sediment. • Alternation in morphological properties of sediment limiting root characteristics. • Fibrous-rooted macrophytes root properties extra favor nutrients removal. • Thick-rooted macrophytes exhibit higher life-span in two sediment types. Purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of constantly wet and dried-rewetted sediments on root functional traits of emerged macrophytes and their nutrients removal abilities. It is based on the hypothesis that root characteristics and nutrients removal abilities of plants will be altered in the course of sediment desiccation. Four emerged macrophytes including two fibrous-root plants (Canna indica and Acorus calamus) and two thick-root plants (Alocasia cucullata and Aglaonema commutatum) were investigated for their root functional traits and rhizoperformance in both wet and dried-rewetted sediments. Results showed that sediment desiccation followed by rewetting substantially altered the root functional traits (root surface area, radial oxygen loss, and root activity) of plants due to adverse changes in morphological characteristics (porosity, bulk density, particle density) of dried-rewetted sediments than by wet sediments. Consequently, limited plants growth and removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recorded in dried-rewetted sediments and their pore water than in wet sediments. Radial oxygen loss from plant roots correlated positively with root functional traits, plants growth, and removal of N, P and DOC from pore water and sediment in both sediment types. Among the macrophyte species, the fibrous-root plants having advantages root functional traits, greatly influenced the rhizospheric conditions (pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential), and demonstrated higher N, P and DOC reduction from both sediment types. While, the thick-rooted plants with thick diameter roots (D > 1 mm) and higher rhizome exhibited longer life-span in both sediment types.     

Laboratory and field measurements of aquatic productivity made by a minicomputer employing a dual oxygen electrode system

Rates of change in oxygen concentration can be measured in the laboratory and in natural waters by using a measuring system consisting of two independent oxygen electrodes sending readings to a minicomputer ten times per second. Laboratory and experimental measurements were made under the control of the minicomputer, and differ from those made using standard approaches in two regards. First, the computer removes some of the statistical fluctuation in the data by selectively saving readings only when both electrode readings have changed in the same direction. Second, the computer alters the frequency at which data points are collected during the experiment. A predetermined number of data point pairs consisting of oxygen concentration values and time are collected by the computer. A linear regression analysis is conducted and the values of slope, intercept, sums of squares, and linear correlation coefficient are calculated and printed out. Next, the average of the absolute displacement of the data points about the regression line is calculated. Using the previously acquired value of slope, the computer calculates the length of time required for the change in oxygen concentration to be twice the average dispersion of data points about the regression line. This length of time over which n data points are to be collected is divided by (n-l) to give the waiting period between the samplings in the next round of data acquisition and linear regression. By employing a minicomputer to dynamically alter the experimental sampling frequency and to select the data points to be retained for the subsequent linear regression, it is possible to routinely obtain respiration rate estimates smaller than 20 M (O₂) h^-1 with associated linear correlation coefficients exceeding 0.97. This system has enabled us to measure the rates of oxygen production and consumption in nearshore water samples using light/dark incubations. On 24 March 1981, it was found that following the influex of the kelp Ecklonia radiata (C. Ag.) J. Agardh to nearshore waters off Perth, Western Australia, the rates of oxygen evolution and consumption by the particulate fraction (nominal diam<124 m) increase exponentially for the first 10 h. Subsequently, the rate of change of oxygen in the light decreases to the same negative value as that measured in the dark incubation. This time-varying dark respiration rate, if analyzed as an exponential function, has a doubling time of 8.2 h, a value consistent with bacterial growth rates at the ambient water temperatures (19° to 20°C).     

Seasonal variations in nitrogen-fixation (acetylene reduction) and sulphate-reduction rates in the rhizosphere of Zostera noltii: nitrogen fixation by sulphate-reducing bacteria

Nitrogen-fixation (acetylene reduction) rates were measured over an annual cycle in meadows of the seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem in the Bassin d'Arcachon, south-west France, between March 1994 and February 1995, using both slurry and whole-core techniques. Measured rates using the slurry technique consistently overestimated those determined on whole cores, probably due to the release of labile organic carbon sources as a result of root damage during preparation of the slurries. Thus, the whole-core technique may provide a more accurate estimate of in situ activity, since disturbance of physicochemical gradients of oxygen, sulphide, nutrients and the relationship between the plant roots and the rhizosphere microflora is minimised. Rates measured by the whole-core method were 1.8- to 4-fold greater (dependent upon season) in the light than those measured during dark incubations, indicating that organic carbon diffusing from the plant roots during photosynthesis was an important factor in regulating nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere. Additions of sodium molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) inhibited acetylene-reduction activity by >80% as measured by both the slurry and whole-core techniques throughout the year, inferring that SRB were the dominant component of the nitrogen-fixing microflora. A mutualistic relationship between Z. noltii and nitrogen-fixing SRB in the rhizosphere, based on the exchange of organic carbon and fixed nitrogen is proposed. Acetylene- and sulphate-reduction rates showed distinct summer peaks which correlated with a reduced availability of ammonium in the sediment and the annual growth cycle of Z. noltii in the basin. Overall, these data indicate that acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity in the rhizosphere of Z. noltii was regulated both by the availability of organic carbon from the plant roots and maintenance of a low NH ₄ ⁺ concentration in the vicinity of the plant roots due to efficient assimilation of NH ₄ ⁺ by Z. noltii during the growth season. Nitrogenfixation rates determined from acetylene-reduction rates measured using the whole-core technique ranged from 0.1 to 7.3 mg N m^-2d^-1, depending on season, and were calculated to contribute between 0.4 and 1.1 g N m^-2yr^-1, or 6.3 to 12% of the annual fixed nitrogen requirement of Z. noltii.     

Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on behavior and predation rates on red sea bream Pagrus major larvae by the jellyfish Aurelia aurita and by juvenile Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius

A shift in outcomes of predator-prey interactions in plankton community may occur at sublethal dissolved oxygen concentrations that commonly occur in coastal waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate how a decline in dissolved oxygen concentration alters the predation rate on fish larvae by two estuarine predators. Behavior and consumption of larval fish by moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita (103.1±12.4 mm in bell diameter) and by a juvenile piscivore, Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius (30.1±2.1 mm in standard length: SL), were observed under four oxygen concentration treatments (1, 2 and 4 mg l^–1 and air-saturated: 5.8 mg l^–1). Larvae of a coastal marine fish species, red sea bream Pagrus major (7.21±0.52 mm SL), were used as prey for the experiment. Bell contraction rate of the jellyfish did not vary among the oxygen concentrations tested, indicating a tolerance to low oxygen concentration. Gill ventilation rate of the Spanish mackerel increased and swimming speed decreased as the oxygen concentration decreased, indicating that oxygen concentrations 4 mg l^–1 are physiologically stressful for this species. The number of larvae consumed in 15 min. by jellyfish increased whereas those consumed by Spanish mackerel decreased with the decrease in oxygen concentration. Low oxygen concentrations that are commonly observed in coastal waters of Japan during summer have the potential to increase the relative importance of jellyfish as predator of fish larvae and to change the importance of alternative trophic pathways in estuarine ecosystems.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate     

Symbiont photosynthesis increases both respiration and photosynthesis in the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis

Dark respiration of the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis (Forskäl) was observed to increase by 34% when anemones were exposed to hyperoxic sea water (150% oxygen saturation) overnight, and by 39% after exposure to 6 h in the light at a saturating irradiance of 300 E m^-2 s^-1 at normoxia (100% oxygen saturation). No increase due to light stimulation was observed in aposymbiotic control anemones. In darkness, the oxygen concentration of the coelenteric fluid was hypoxic. However, within 10 min of anemones being illuminated, coelenteric fluid was hyperoxic, and it remained elevated throughout a 12 h light period. When measured over a 24 h period (12 h light: 12 h dark), the dark respiration rate increased gradually over the first 6 h of the light period until it was 35% above the dark night-time resting rate. It remained elevated throughout the remaining light period and for 2 h into the following dark period, after which it fell back to the resting rate. Gross photosynthesis (P ^gross) increased significantly when anemones were exposed to either hyperoxia (150% oxygen saturation) or 300 E m^-2 s^-1 at normoxia. This increase was not observed when symbiotic anemones were illuminated at a low-light intensity of 100 E m^-2 s^-1. The results of this study suggest that respiration in the dark is limited by oxygen diffusion and that normal respiration is restored in the daytime by utilisation of the oxygen released by photosynthesis. Furthermore, it appears that the increased respiration following exposure to high-light intensities provides a CO₂-rich intracellular environment which further enhances the photosynthetic rate of the zooxanthellae.     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.     

Diffusive boundary layers and photosynthesis of the epilithic algal community of coral reefs

The effects of mass transfer resistance due to the presence of a diffusive boundary layer on the photosynthesis of the epilithic algal community (EAC) of a coral reef were studied. Photosynthesis and respiration of the EAC of dead coral surfaces were investigated for samples from two locations: the Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat (Israel), and One Tree Reef on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Microsensors were used to measure O₂ and pH at the EAC surface and above. Oxygen profiles in the light and dark indicated a diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness of 180–590 μm under moderate flow (~0.08 m s^?1) and >2,000 μm under quasi-stagnant conditions. Under light saturation the oxygen concentration at the EAC surface rose within a few minutes to 200–550% air saturation levels under moderate flow and to 600–700% under quasi-stagnant conditions. High maximal rates of net photosynthesis of 8–25 mmol O₂ m^?2 h^?1 were calculated from measured O₂ concentration gradients, and dark respiration was 1.3–3.3 mmol O₂ m^?2 h^?1. From light–dark shifts, the maximal rates of gross photosynthesis at the EAC surface were calculated to be 16.5 nmol O₂ cm^?3 s^?1. Irradiance at the onset of saturation of photosynthesis, E _k, was <100 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1, indicating that the EAC is a shade-adapted community. The pH increased from 8.2 in the bulk seawater to 8.9 at the EAC surface, suggesting that very little carbon in the form of CO₂ occurs at the EAC surface. Thus the major source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) must be in the form of HCO₃ ^?. Estimates of DIC fluxes across the DBL indicate that, throughout most of the daytime under in situ conditions, DIC is likely to be a major limiting factor for photosynthesis and therefore also for primary production and growth of the EAC.