基于统计分析的长宁河水质时空变化特征研究

长宁河流域为宜宾市重要经济发展区域,其水环境质量是长江经济带"三线一单"重要内容,科学分析其水质现状和变化特征是制定科学管理规划的重要依据。利用单因子评价法对长宁河各监测断面水质类别进行判断,采用统计分析方法对各断面水质指标的时间、空间变化特征进行分析,结果表明,长宁河水质总体较好,翡翠峡断面的TP超标较为严重,有79%的月份其水质类别为V类或劣V类。而水期敏感性分析结果表明在不同水期各断面的水质无明显变化,水量对河流水质影响较小。     

秦淮新河引水量对断面水质达标影响的研究

为了研究秦淮新河节制闸断面、铁心桥断面和外秦淮河七桥瓮断面水质达标情况,基于MIKE11建立秦淮河流域水环境数学模型进行水文水质模拟。计算结果显示,在排水达标区建设初期,污染物削减20%的情况下,秦淮新河节制闸引长江水35m~3/s时,3个断面水质能够达标;在排水达标区建设完成后,污染物削减35%时,秦淮新河节制闸引长江水30m~3/s时,3个断面水质能够达标。     

塔里木河下游工程输水后的生态效益分析

以塔里木河下游为研究区域,分析了生态输水工程实施以来该区地下水埋深、水质、植被生长状况的不同响应程度。研究表明:生态输水工程使得原本较低的地下水位在一段时间内得到抬升,局部生态环境得到改善,尤其在输水中期(2003-2005年),植被物种组成发生变化,物种多样性增加,植被盖度提高,地下水水质有所好转;但2007年以后,尤其是2008年,随着输水的间断,下游地下水位开始回落,草本植物物种数量又开始减少,因此,生态输水工程必须持续进行才能真正挽救塔里木河下游生态环境。     

黄河三角洲湿地环境评价及生态影响

通过对黄河三角洲湿地地区主要河流的调查,并对其2002年和2017年的水文水质进行监测比较。河流断面监测结果表明,黄河三角洲上7条河流水质全部遭受污染,其中神仙沟、小清河、淄河、广利河达严重污染,但随着时间的推进,水质日益好转。黄河三角洲环境污染对湿地生态环境和生态系统组成及稳定性造成了重大影响,主要表现在:因环境污染而导致生境的破坏;因生境破坏或污染物毒害而引起生物多样性破坏;因生境、生物多样性破坏等综合因素引起的生态结构破坏及功能丧失。     

气候变化对地下水资源影响研究的主要进展

地下水作为重要的淡水资源,在当今全球淡水资源严重短缺的条件下,开展气候变化对地下水资源的影响研究对于水资源的可持续开发利用有着重要的意义。本文总结了气候变化与地下水之间的关系以及列举了关于气候变化对地下水影响的研究方法,包括环境示踪剂方法、研究地下水及其沉积物的物理化学指标、地表水-地下水耦合数值模拟技术等;综述了我国华北地区、西北地区、东北地区以及国外部分典型区域气候变化对地下水水位、含水量、补给量、排泄量、泉流量、水温、水质、水化学成分、同位素组成、矿化度等的影响;提出了在气候变化下合理利用和管理地下水资源的若干对策,包括关注气候变化对地下水水质的影响,大力推广抗旱节水技术,减缓温室效应引起的全球气候变暖,充分利用灌区地下含水层的调蓄作用以及定量化研究气候变化和地下水之间的相互关系等。     

鸦岗断面水污染源解析及对策研究

随着中国城市化程度提高,基础设施管网建设落后,部分城市污水直排入河导致地表水质不达标。以广东省鸦岗国家考核水质断面为例,选取COD、氨氮、总磷为主要研究对象,对鸦岗水环境现状进行分析,对主要入河污染物的量进行计算。结果表明,鸦岗断面水质超标的主要因子为氨氮,年均值浓度为1.98mg/L,年入河量为4010t,超出Ⅳ类水(1.5mg/L)目标。污染源主要来自生活污水直排入河,生活源对氨氮的污染贡献率为92%。此外,断面水质还受上游来水水质及感潮河段污染物回荡影响。根据污染源解析结果,提出了具有针对性的建议,为鸦岗断面水质达标及区域水污染控制提供依据和思路。     

孔雀河应急输水后的地下水响应研究

依据输水前后地下水埋深动态来评估孔雀河应急输水工程的实施效果。结果表明,输水显著减小了距河岸0~300m范围内的地下水埋深差异;地下水对应急输水的响应迅速,在输水结束后1周内地下水埋深趋于稳定;输水对地下水的横向影响范围超过垂直河岸300m;输水对地下水位的抬升效果显著,上游普惠区段抬升2.54m,中游尉犁区段抬升3.18m。输水后上游普惠区段平均地下水埋深8.05m,达到了荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳生存的地下水埋深阈值;中游尉犁区段平均地下水埋深为11.69m,天然植被仍无法有效利用,因此孔雀河生态输水必须持续性、常态化已达到生态恢复的目的。     

四川省岷江沱江流域跨界断面水质超标资金扣缴监测浅析

本文通过对2011～2012年间四川省岷、沱江流域实施生态补偿跨界断面水质超标资金扣缴以及水质变化情况进行简要分析,提出了为保护长江水质资源、恢复长江的生态功能而完善流域跨界断面水质监测的建议。     

基于污染溯源分析的汤水河考核断面水质达标方案研究

基于水文、水质和污染源资料,建立了汤水河流域一维水环境数学模型。利用控制断面达标法计算得到汤水河水环境容量,根据水文水质同步监测资料进行了后桥头路桥考核断面污染溯源分析,进而制定出近远期水质达标方案,为汤水河乃至秦淮流域的水环境综合治理提供技术支撑。结果表明:2020年后桥头路桥断面水质稳定达标时,汤水河COD、氨氮、总磷水环境容量分别为197.39t/a、18.50t/a、2.22t/a。后桥头路桥断面污染主要源自于句容市和淳化街道,建议两地协作配合,共同促进汤水河的水环境改善。     

江安河水质特征分析及治理对策研究

采用综合评价与分类评价相结合的方法,分析江安河水质特征,旨在发现影响河流水质的主要污染物和污染源,为江安河水污染防治争水责源利用提供科学依据.2011年10月对江安河全段水质进行了统一标准监测,监潮项目有氨氮、总磷、COD、浊度,共4个项目;2012年4月再一次对江安河全段进行监测,并增加测量其水体中几种重金属含量.总体上,上游和中游断面均属清洁水质,下游断面属污染水质.河流综合污染指数、营养盐类污染指数、重金属污染指数均沿流程顺序增高.主要污染物为化学需氧量、氮磷类污染物.上游多为农业灌溉区,中下游污染较为严重,其中生活源、工业源排放的污水是影响江安河水质的主要污染源.     

塔里木河下游生态输水的效应

根据塔里木河下游的地下水位、植物调查数据,对比分析了塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水位、生物量、物种多样性变化。结果表明：实施生态输水工程后,地下水位对生态输水的响应显著,地下水位逐渐抬升,下降趋势得以控制。草本植物生物量的变化趋势与每次输水量变化趋势基本一致,即随着输水量的增加草本植物的生物量也相应增加,草本植物生物量对生态输水的响应程度与输水的时间、输水量的多少有密切关系。地下水位埋深上升,物种多样性也呈上升趋势,但二者并不是同步,物种多样性上升趋势滞后于地下水位的上升,这表明地下水位的抬升有利于植物多样性的增加,但是地下水位变化对植物多样性的影响是一个渐变的过程。     

GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN A CHESAPEAKE BAY INLET1

ABSTRACT: Surface water, groundwater, and groundwater discharge quality surveys were conducted in Cherrystone Inlet, on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Shallow groundwater below agricultural fields had nitrate concentrations significantly higher than inlet surface waters and shallow groundwater underlying forested land. This elevated nitrate groundwater discharged to adjacent surface waters. Nearshore discharge rates of water across the sediment-water interface ranged from 0.02 to 3.69 liters·m^?2·hr^?1 during the surveys. The discharge was greatest nearshore at low tide periods, and decreased markedly with increasing distance offshore. Vertical hydraulic heads, E_h, and inorganic nitrogen flux in the sediments followed similar patterns. Nitrate was the predominant nitrogen species discharged nearshore adjacent to agricultural land use, changing to ammonium farther offshore. Sediment nitrogen fluxes were sufficient to cause observable impacts on surface water quality; nitrate concentrations were up to 20 times greater in areas of groundwater discharge than in the main stem inlet water. Based on DIN:DIP ratios, nitrogen contributions from direct groundwater discharge and tidal creek inputs appear to be of significant ecological importance. This groundwater discharge links land use activity and the quality of surface water, and therefore must be considered in selection of best management practices and water quality management strategies.     

利用生态池净化玉泉景点富营养化水的研究

在人工湿地的基础上建立生态池，来净化杭州植物园玉泉观鱼景点观鱼池富营养化水质。结果表明该生态池在每年的不同季度内对总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、溶解氧（DO）、浊度（TURB）、电导率（COND）均有较好的改善和净化效果，对硝态氮（NO3-N）的净化能力稍弱；总氮和氨氮的去除率在夏季最高，分别达到26．6％和87．7％，总磷在春季的去除率最高，为56．3％，硝态氮、CODMn和BOD5在秋季去除率最高，分别为8．05％、65．9％和73．9％。生态池的净化出水水质略低于地下水，但可以替代地下水来给养鱼池换水，为解决景区富营养化水质提供了一个好的途径。     

Groundwater risk assessment at a heavily industrialised catchment and the associated impacts on a peri-urban wetland

Industrial and agricultural activities often impose significant pressures to the groundwater quality and consequently degrade wetland ecosystems that depend mostly on subsurface water flow. Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping is a widely used approach to assess the natural protection of aquifers and the associated pollution potential from human activities. In the particular study, the relatively new Pan-European methodology (COP method) has been applied in a highly industrialized peri-urban wetland catchment, located close to Athens city, to map the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer and evaluate the risk potential originating from local land uses. Groundwater analysis results for various parameters, including Phenols, PCBs and nutrients, have been used to validate the vulnerability and risk estimations while a biological assessment occurred to associate the mapping results with the wetland's ecological status. The results indicated that even though the natural protection of the aquifer is relatively high due to the dominant hydrogeologic and geomorphologic conditions, the groundwater pollution risk is considerable, mainly because of the existing hazardous land uses. The water quality of the groundwater accredited these findings and the ecological status of this peri-urban wetland also indicated significant impacts from industrial effluents.     

Reasonable Use?: The Challenges of Transboundary Groundwater Regulation in the Eastern United States

Regulating groundwater in the Eastern United States (U.S.), particularly transboundary aquifers between states, is a challenge given the patchwork quilt of common law, statutory frameworks, and agency rules. Such regulation is made more challenging by the need for better quantification of pumping and use. These dynamics are exemplified through several case studies, including the first ever U.S. Supreme Court case related to groundwater withdrawals (set in the Eastern U.S.). As dynamics such as expanded irrigation, population increases, and ecological considerations influence groundwater use across the Eastern U.S., water use will continue to be an important driver for economic activity and interaction within and between states. To effectively regulate transboundary aquifers, governance solutions must incorporate current science into decision making and be implemented at local, state, regional, and federal scales.     

Factors affecting the spatial pattern of nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater

The elevated level of nitrate in groundwater is a serious problem in Korean agricultural areas. To control and manage groundwater quality, the characterization of groundwater contamination and identification of the factors affecting the nitrate concentration of groundwater are significant. The characterization of groundwater contamination at a hydrologically complex agricultural site in Yupori, Chuncheon (Korea) was undertaken by analyzing the hydrochemical data of groundwater within a statistical framework. Multivariate statistical tools such as cluster analyses and Tobit regression were applied to investigate the spatial variation of nitrate contamination and to analyze the factors affecting the NO3-N concentration in a shallow groundwater system. The groundwater groups from the cluster analysis were consistent with the land use pattern of the study area. The clustered group of a gentle-slope area with lower elevations showed higher NO3-N contamination of groundwater than groups on a hillside with higher elevations. Tobit regression results indicated that the agricultural activity in the vegetable fields and barns were the major factors affecting the elevated NO3-N concentration while the land slopes and elevations were negatively correlated with the NO3-N concentration. This shows that topographic characteristics such as land slopes and elevations should be considered to evaluate the land use impact on shallow groundwater quality.     

The Influence of Road Infrastructure and Traffic on Soil,Water, and Air Quality

Polluting substances are spread as a consequence of the construction and use of roads. This article provides a summary of the substances with which traffic pollutes the environment on a local, regional and global level. The mechanisms of dispersion of pollutants to soil and groundwater are described. Based on environmental quality requirements established in rules and regulations in the Netherlands, the paper discusses mitigating measures necessary to limit the distribution of pollutants along highways. Most of the data in this article come from original research carried out by or by order of the Road and Hydraulic Institute. For comparison, other data from the Netherlands have been included. It is shown that source-oriented measures (volume and technical) will have more effect on environmental quality than measures with regard to treating runoff. The use of porous asphalt instead of nonporous asphalt on highways in the Netherlands has environmental benefits. The article also pays attention to combined use of the roadside verges for treatment of runoff using ecological engineering techniques in the form of natural processes in helophyte filter systems in combination with enhancement of ecological values along highways.     

高海拔地区荒山的开发利用——以开发利用孤老山荒山为例

本文以云南省孤老山为例，介绍了高海拔地区荒山开发利用的经验。孤老山从可持续发展观念出发，以建立生态农业为目标，创建了孤老山果牧综合场，取得良好的经济、社会、生态效益，为高海拔地区荒山开发利用树立了典范     

Operational Indicators for Measuring Agricultural Sustainability in Developing Countries

This paper reviews relevant literature on the sustainability indicators theoretically proposed and practically applied by scholars over the past 15 years. Although progress is being made in the development and critical analysis of sustainability indicators, in many cases existing or proposed indicators are not the most sensitive or useful measures in developing countries. Indicator selection needs to meet the following criteria: relative availability of data representing the indicators, sensitivity to stresses on the system, existence of threshold values and guidelines, predictivity, integratability and known response to disturbances, anthropogenic stresses, and changes over time. Based on these criteria, this paper proposes a set of operational indicators for measuring agricultural sustainability in developing countries. These indicators include ecological indicators involving amounts of fertilizers and pesticides used, irrigation water used, soil nutrient content, depth to the groundwater table, water use efficiency, quality of groundwater for irrigation, and nitrate content of both groundwater and crops. Economic indicators include crop productivity, net farm income, benefit–cost ratio of production, and per capita food grain production. Social indicators encompass food self-sufficiency, equality in food and income distribution among farmers, access to resources and support services, and farmers knowledge and awareness of resource conservation. This article suggests that the selection of indicators representing each aspect of sustainability should be prioritized according to spatial and temporal characteristics under consideration.     

Spatial Variability of Groundwater Depth and Quality Parameters in the National Capital Territory of Delhi

The groundwater quantity and quality scenario is of much concern in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, which necessitates an investigation to envisage the extent of spatial variability of groundwater depth and pollutant concentration levels in this region. Therefore, in this study, an effort was made to generate the spatial variability map of groundwater depth and quality parameters (viz. chloride, electrical conductivity, fluoride, magnesium, and nitrate). Ordinary kriging was used to analyze the spatial variability of groundwater depth and quality parameters, whereas indicator kriging was used to analyze groundwater quality parameters equal to or greater than the pollution threshold values. It was observed that the semivariogram parameters fitted well in the exponential model for water depth and in the spherical model for water quality parameters. The generated spatial variability maps indicated that in 43% of the study area, groundwater depth was within 20 m. The salinity level was higher than 2.5 dS m⁻¹ in 69% of the study area and the nitrate concentration exceeded 45 mg l⁻¹ in 36% of the area. The probability maps showed that about 24% of the area had the highest probability (0.8–1.0) of exceedence of the threshold electrical conductivity value and an area of 2% exhibited the highest probability of exceedence of the threshold value of nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The generated spatial variability and probability maps will assist water resource managers and policymakers in development of guidelines in judicious management of groundwater resources for agricultural and drinking purposes in the study area.