北京市植被生态需水量与生态服务功能的关系

植被是城市生态系统中重要的组成部分,研究植被的生态需水、以及由生态缺水导致的服务功能变化具有重要意义。采用面积定额法,估算出北京市植被的最小生态需水量为37.4亿m3;采用情景分析方法,分析了不同植被类型、人均生活用水增加、人口增加情景下生态缺水量及其导致的生态服务功能变化。污水、中水回用、植被蓄水与雨水收集是缓解生态缺水的有效措施。     

华东传统矿业城市生态网络重构研究

传统矿业城市生境碎片化严重,重构生态网络对提升区域生态系统服务和维护生物多样性及景观多样性具有重要意义。以徐州市中心城区为对象,采用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)和景观指数方法,提取对维持城市生态系统健康具有重要价值的生境作为源地,利用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)构建阻力面并提取潜在生态廊道,并结合电路理论、图论和网络结构分析等方法定量评价和优化生态网络,重构徐州市中心城区生态安全网络。结果表明,徐州市中心城区生态源地共237个,面积为6 421.49 hm~2,主要分布于西南部;尚需添加70块小生境和192条新的生态廊道,才能弥补现有生态网络的不足;重构后的生态网络使徐州市中心城区景观破碎化程度和分离度大幅度降低,斑块连通性和斑块结合度提高,区域景观格局和生态安全显著改善。该研究可为传统矿业城市转型、低效用地再开发以及国土空间规划提供科学依据。     

基于景观生态风险评价的白洋淀流域景观格局优化研究

流域景观生态风险评价是景观格局优化的现实依据,景观格局优化是流域生态环境修复和维护的有效途径之一。以白洋淀流域为研究区,从自然、人类活动和景观因素3个方面选取11个指标,采用空间主成分分析法对流域景观生态风险进行评价,识别出面积大于0.001 km²的水体和面积大于0.005 km²的林地作为生态源地,基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和网络结构评价法对流域景观格局进行优化。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖度、径流量等自然因素对白洋淀流域景观生态风险的影响最强烈,景观因素对生态风险的影响最小。(2)白洋淀流域景观生态风险较大,高风险区域位于研究区东南部和西北部,低风险区域零星分布在西部林地中。提取的生态源地总面积为11 319.85 km²,占流域总面积的35%。(3)构建了由39条生态廊道和21个生态节点组成的生态网络格局,形成道路型廊道、河流型廊道、绿带型廊道,优化后景观格局网络闭合度、节点连接率、网络连接度较高,景观格局连通度得到明显提升。基于景观生态风险评价的景观格局优化研究,可为全面推进白洋淀流域生态环境维护和修复提供决策...     

基于最小累积阻力模型的山地石漠化地区生态安全格局构建:以重庆市南川区为例

基于源地-廊道模式构建生态安全格局,对提升区域生态安全水平意义重大。从生态本底与人类需求的视角出发,以典型山地石漠化地区重庆市南川区为例,基于生态系统服务功能重要性、生态环境敏感性以及居民生态需求程度进行核心型生态源地识别;采用多因素综合决策法,从自然环境因素、人为干扰因素以及生物因素方面构建生态源地扩张综合阻力评价指标体系;将最小累积阻力模型和水文分析相结合识别生态廊道,进而构建全区生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)核心型生态源地以林地景观为主,面积达389.25 km~2,总体呈现出由中部向南北方向递减的趋势;(2)生态廊道表现为以关键生态廊道为主,潜在生态廊道为辅的特征,并呈"渔网状"分布,中部密集,两极稀疏,关键生态廊道呈"三横三纵"格局,"三横"贯穿东西,"三纵"连接南北,潜在生态廊道沿生态环境较好的山地丘陵地区分布,与关键生态廊道共同构成了区域物种迁移和能量流通的网络;(3)建议搭建"一轴连两翼"的生态网络框架,加强区域生态安全格局的构建。     

滨海新区规划对区域生态网络结构的影响分析

以滨海新区2008年卫星影像、《滨海新区城市总体规划（2005-2020）》和《滨海新区城市空间发展战略研究（2005-2050）》为基础,在GIS技术下运用景观格局分析、网络结构分析及斑块间的相互作用力分析法研究了滨海新区规划对区域生态网络结构的影响。结果表明：滨海新区2008年生态网络景观破碎化严重且连通性差;《总体规划》侧重于斑块间的廊道连接,但大尺度斑块比例小;《战略研究》侧重于大尺度斑块的构建,但连通性较差;根据景观生态学原理,提出了滨海新区的生态网络结构改进建议。     

重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建

科学评估重要生态功能区的生态服务是管理者制定相关政策的基础,对促进重要生态功能区维护区域生态安全、支撑经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。依据生态服务的空间转移特性,探索提出了重要生态功能区典型生态服务的概念与内涵,并在此基础上综合运用频度分析法、专家咨询法和层次分析法,构建了重要生态功能区水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护和洪水调蓄等典型生态服务的评估指标体系。结果表明：在指标体系中,影响水源涵养服务的主要是土壤质地和降水量;影响土壤保持服务的主要是植被覆盖度和丰富度指数;影响防风固沙服务的主要是植被覆盖度和大风时速;影响生物多样性服务的主要是植被景观多样性指数;影响洪水调蓄服务的主要是湿地容积和降水量。土壤、植被、地形和气候等生态因子是重要生态功能区典型生态服务产生与发挥的重要基础。     

人工封育区沙化草地植被生态位研究

采用样线和样方结合法对宁夏人工封育草原进行野外调查,运用重要值、Levins生态宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数对封育外围区、边缘区、核心区3种不同措施下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行分析,以揭示人工封育区沙化草地植被生态位变化规律。结果表明：在整个人工封育区,重要值之和较大的为黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica Krasch.）和刺沙蓬（Salsolaruthenica IIjin.）,分别为689.53、455.83。外围区与边缘区生态位宽度最大的均为黑沙蒿,生态位宽度分别为0.846、0.790,核心区生态位宽度最大的是阿尔泰狗娃花（Heteropappus altaicus（Willd.）Novopokr.）,生态位宽度为0.640,是人工封育区的优势种。生态位重叠计测结果表明,植被的生态位宽度和生态位重叠并不存在直接的线性关系;生态位重叠度平均值和重叠对百分数表现为外围区〉核心区〉边缘区。不同封育措施间生态位宽度和生态位重叠度的差异表明适度封育有利于草地植被恢复,但随着封育时间延长,植物的再生和幼苗的形成会受到一定程度抑制。     

粤港澳大湾区生态功能网络构建及对策

生态安全格局构建是快速城市扩张背景下缓解生态保护和土地开发矛盾、保障区域生态安全的有效途径。生态源地识别与空间阻力面构建一直是生态安全格局构建中的技术难点。以粤港澳大湾区为研究对象,利用1980、1995和2010年3期遥感影像数据,分析土地利用景观格局变化,提取生态源地,采用最小累积阻力模型判定生态廊道,从而综合构建生态功能网络。结果表明:(1)研究区土地利用景观格局变化剧烈,林地始终保持较大优势度,耕地、林地的斑块结合度和聚集度不断下降,破碎化程度有所增加,景观整体趋于不稳定。(2)湾区生态源地总面积约为2 638. 3 km~2,潜在生态廊道长约705 km,整体生态环境有所改善,但是珠江口东部地区生态连通性差。(3)基于保障自然生态系统的需求,生态源地建设应以北部连绵山体生态屏障和南部海岸等为基底,建设高质量的连片森林,统筹协调跨区域的山林屏障带建设,改善生态源地连通度并提升区域生态系统服务,建设世界级森林城市群。     

基于Phillips滞留模型的洪泽湖生态缓冲带边界划定

生态缓冲带在统筹湖泊生态环境治理与修复方面具有重要作用。以面源污染阻控为目标,利用Phillips滞留模型,结合Sentinel-2卫星数据,对洪泽湖生态缓冲带边界进行划定,并通过景观生态风险评价比较未划定、固定和非固定宽度缓冲带对生态环境的贡献。结果表明：(1)洪泽湖生态缓冲带宽度集中分布在2～60 m,其占比为85.50%,且在该区间内分布较均匀。(2)参考《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》,将湖滨带分为植被良好型、农田型、养殖塘型、村落型、城镇型和河口型6种类型,并分别提出57.62、34.05、32.79、40.18、38.99和22.99 m的优化生态缓冲带宽度值。(3)单一地表覆盖类型构建下,非固定宽度生态缓冲带对洪泽湖湖滨带生态风险具有降低作用,而固定宽度缓冲带的生态风险却有所提升。影响洪泽湖生态缓冲带缓冲效率的关键因子为坡度和土壤条件,因此地方政府划定缓冲带时应适当进行地形调整和土壤改良,优先考虑非固定宽度的缓冲带划定,并在确定固定宽度时及时进行生态风险评估。     

宁夏盐池不同封育措施下的植物生态位研究

运用Levins生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池柳林堡人工封育草场不同措施（老封育区、新封育区、对照区）下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠度进行计算,从生态位角度揭示不同措施下的植被恢复情况。结果表明：老封育区、新封育区和对照区的主要建群种生态位宽度均有较大的差异,老封育区宽度值最大的是耐旱性极强的阿尔泰狗哇花（Heteropappus altaicus（Willd.）Novopokr.）、丝叶山苦荬（Lxeris chinensis var.graminifolia（Ledeb.）H.C.Fu）、叉枝鸦葱（Scorzonera divaricata Turcz.）,说明随着封育时间的延长,封育区植被有旱生化方向发展的趋势;新封育区的优势种是丝叶山苦荬、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica Krasch.）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）、刺沙蓬（S.ruthenica Iljin）,且4种植物生态位宽度接近,对资源环境的利用更为均衡;对照区的优势种是黑沙蒿、苦豆子、刺沙蓬,宽度值分别为0.729、0.666、0.540。同时,3种措施的生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠指数,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠度之间并不存在直接的线性关系。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

扬州生态市建设中景观生态规划的应用

在扬州根据景观生态规划的原则，通过对自然、经济和社会条件的分析，形成市域范围内的生态敏感地区分布图，并提出相应的发展对策；在沿江地带，根据自然演变和经济发展，提出扬州沿江地带保护自然发展动力轴线、强化经济轴线的总体布局；根据城市发展目标和廊道建设情况，提出在中心城区沿润扬大桥北接线建设1km的环城绿色廊道，建设城市东西方向的3条绿色廊道和南北方向的两个楔形开放空间，同时沿主要的水网建设沿岸防护廊道，形成作为城市冷桥的绿色网络结构，把城市和郊区联系在一起，加强空气的流通并减轻、预防热岛效应和其他城市弊端。     

武夷山风景名胜区风景廊道时空分异特征及其生态影响

为了解遗产旅游地风景廊道时空变化特征及其生态影响,以武夷山风景名胜区为例,在3S技术支持下,分析了1986年、1997年和2009年风景区建设发展的3个关键时期风景廊道(包括游览步道与行车公路)格局时空变化特征;在样地调查的基础上,构建廊道干扰指数并结合廊道指数探讨廊道对风景区动物、植物及景观环境的影响规律.结果表明:1986年、1997年、2009年风景区风景廊道总长度分别为94.218 km、156.715 km、197.574 km;1986~1997年风景廊道增加以公路为主(增加了64.659 km),而1997~2009年公路增加程度放缓(增加了22.172 km),步道明显增加(增加了18.687 km);1986~2009年间风景区公路建设率从0.31增至0.60,廊道密度从1.34 km/km2增至2.81 km/km2,曲度从1.19增至1.56,不同时期各功能景区风景廊道特征指标各有特点;1986~2009年风景区线点率、连通度和环通度均呈现增加趋势,风景区网络结构趋于复杂,山北景区尤为明显,2009年山北景区的线点率(1.387)、连通度(0.494)及环通度(0.228)均为各景区最大;步道长度、曲度、密度、公路建设率与垃圾量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、植物Simpson多样性指数、植物均匀度指数(E2)、景观重要值存在显著相关关系,而网络结构指标与生态环境指标不相关.最后对武夷山风景名胜区风景廊道进行功能分区,并就各分区提出规划设计要点与建议.     

Conserving Connectivity: Some Lessons from Mountain Lions in Southern California

Abstract: Habitat corridors can be essential for persistence of wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. Although much research has focused on identifying species and places critical for conservation action, the conservation literature contains surprisingly few examples of corridors that actually have been protected and so provides little guidance for moving from planning through implementation. We examined a case study from southern California that combines monitoring of radio‐collared mountain lions (Puma concolor) with an assessment of land‐protection efforts to illustrate lessons learned while attempting to maintain ecological connectivity in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. As in many places, conservation scientists have provided science‐based maps of where conservation efforts should focus. But implementing corridors is a business decision based not solely on ecological information but also on cost, opportunity cost, investment risk, and other feasibility considerations. Here, the type and pattern of development is such that key connections will be lost unless they are explicitly protected. Keeping pace with conversion, however, has been difficult, especially because conservation efforts have been limited to traditional parcel‐by‐parcel land‐protection techniques. The challenges of and trade‐offs in implementation make it clear that in southern California, connectivity cannot be bought one parcel at a time. Effective land‐use plans and policies that incorporate conservation principles, such as California's Natural Communities Conservation Planning program, are needed to support the retention of landscape permeability. Lessons from this study have broad application, especially as a precautionary tale for places where such extensive and intensive development has not yet occurred. Given how limiting resources are for biodiversity conservation, conservationists must be disciplined about where and how they attempt corridor protection: in rapidly fragmenting landscapes, the opportunity for success can be surprisingly fleeting.     

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach

Abstract: The effectiveness of corridors in maintaining dispersal in fragmented landscapes is a question of considerable conservation and ecological importance. We tested the efficacy of corridors as residual landscape structures in maintaining population structure in the red-backed vole ( Clethrionomys gapperi ), a closed-canopy specialist, and the deer mouse (   Peromyscus maniculatus ), a habitat generalist. In coniferous forests managed for timber production in northeastern Washington, we sampled pairs of populations in three landscape classes: (1) contiguous landscapes, in which sites were located completely within a matrix of closed-canopy forest; (2) corridor landscapes, in which sites were connected by a corridor of closed-canopy forest; and (3) isolated landscapes, in which sites were separated from one another by clearcut or young regeneration stands. For each species, we used four microsatellite loci to quantify genetic distance between population pairs. Nei's genetic distance (   D _s  ) increased from smallest to largest in the order of contiguous, corridor, and isolated landscapes for C. gapperi. For P. maniculatus, genetic distances across landscape configurations were not significantly different. The differences between the two species indicate that they respond differently to the presence of forest corridors. In managed forests, corridors between unlogged habitats appear to maintain higher population connectivity for C. gapperi than landscapes without corridors.     

Landscape network congruency at the ecoregion scale: can we expect corridor ‘umbrellas’?

Conservation planners are faced with numerous choices regarding ‘what to connect’ when modeling landscape networks on an ecoregion scale. A simplifying assumption is often that coarse-scale corridors may provide overlapping or ‘umbrella’ effects for multiple conservation scenarios. To examine this, we assessed differences in connectivity models arising from four different conservation scenarios for the transboundary Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion (330,000 km²). Models resulted in networks comprised of varying levels of connectedness, suggesting the presence of local connectivity at several sub-ecoregion scales, but diminished ecoregion-scale connectivity. Our results also indicate that selecting ‘what to connect’ at the ecoregion scale strongly influences the location and extent of modeled corridors. Further, our evidence suggests that landscape networks derived for one scenario are not likely to produce far-reaching corridor umbrellas or highly coincident landscape networks for alternative conservation scenarios with varying goals. As a result, alternative landscape networks should not be considered functionally equivalent.     

Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological Flow Control: Lessons from Rivers and Streams

Abstract: Landscape boundaries and corridors are areas of small spatial extent relative to their large effects on ecological flows. The trend in ecological literature is to treat corridors and boundaries as separate phenomena on the landscape. This approach, however, misses a fundamental aspect they have in common: their strong influence on ecological flows. Corridors and boundaries exist at opposite ends of a permeability gradient, differing in their effects on rates and direction of flow. The position of landscape structures along this permeability gradient depends on attributes of both the flow and of the structure itself. We discuss boundaries and corridors in terms of mover specificity, scale, and effects on different levels of ecological organization, using rivers and streams to illustrate our points. We predict which structures will act as boundaries or corridors and at what spatial and temporal scales they are likely to be relevant. Considering the function of landscape structures across the boundary-corridor continuum will provide researchers and managers with a more complete, holistic viewpoint and will allow better strategies to attain conservation goals.     

Urban ecological security assessment and forecasting,based on a cellular automata model: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Forecasting changes in urban ecological security could be important for the maintenance or improvement of the urban ecological environment. However, there are few references in this field and no landmark research work has been reported, particularly quantitative research. A forecasting model for ecological security based on cellular automata (CA) was developed using preliminary spatial data from an ecological security assessment of Guangzhou conducted previously (1990–2005). The model was constrained using transformation rules based upon proposed planning for 2010–2020. A simulation accuracy of 72.09% was acquired. Using a one-bit assessment grid for 2005 as the starting state for the simulation, the model was used to forecast ecological security for 2020. This revealed that although the ecological security status would be improved relative to current trends, there would still be an overall decline in ecological security over the next 15 years. Even if new urban plans were implemented, landscape pattern analysis suggested a more scattered and homogenous distribution in the urban landscape of Guangzhou and significant variation in landscape characteristics among districts. This suggests that further measures must be adopted to reverse the current trends in Guangzhou's ecological security. The model highlights the need to make ecological protection an integral part of urban planning. This study demonstrates the potential of CA models for forecasting ecological security. Such models could make an important contribution to decision-making for regional governors and to the development of urban planning incorporating assessment and prediction of ecological security.     

Defining Forest Fragmentation by Corridor Width: The Influence of Narrow Forest-Dividing Corridors on Forest-Nesting Birds in Southern New Jersey

In studies of forest fragmentation, a fundamental inconsistency exists in the distance criterion used to define the discreteness of forest fragments. We examined three types of ubiquitous, narrow, forest-dividing corridors for effects that influence the relative abundance and community composition of forest-nesting birds. Fixed-radius (100-meter) point counts were conducted on 54 transects established along three width classes of corridors: unpaved roads (8 meters wide), paved roads (16 meters wide), and powerlines (23 meters wide). Transect locations were distributed equally among corridor edge, forest margin 100 meters from corridor edge, and forest interior 300 meters from corridor edge. Forest-interior species of Neotropical migrants had significantly reduced relative abundances on edge transects along 16- and 23-meter corridors, compared with 8-meter corridors and with forest interior points along all three corridor-width classes. At a landscape scale, the consequences of apparently small reductions in forest area by the presence of narrow forest-dividing corridors may be cumulatively significant for abundances of forest-interior species. Brown-headed Cowbirds were more abundant than 20 of 21 forest-interior Neotropical migrants. We found surprisingly high abundances of cowbirds associated with narrow forest-dividing corridors, especially those with mowed grass. Corridor widths as narrow as 8 meters produce forest fragmentation effects in part by attracting cowbirds and nest predators to corridors and adjacent forest interiors. The most serious implication of this study is that narrow forest-dividing corridors may function as ecological traps for forest-interior Neotropical migrants. We suggest that these widespread corridors may be inconspicuous but important contributors to declines of forest-interior nesting species in eastern North America.     

Trade‐offs and efficiencies in optimal budget‐constrained multispecies corridor networks

Conservation biologists recognize that a system of isolated protected areas will be necessary but insufficient to meet biodiversity objectives. Current approaches to connecting core conservation areas through corridors consider optimal corridor placement based on a single optimization goal: commonly, maximizing the movement for a target species across a network of protected areas. We show that designing corridors for single species based on purely ecological criteria leads to extremely expensive linkages that are suboptimal for multispecies connectivity objectives. Similarly, acquiring the least‐expensive linkages leads to ecologically poor solutions. We developed algorithms for optimizing corridors for multispecies use given a specific budget. We applied our approach in western Montana to demonstrate how the solutions may be used to evaluate trade‐offs in connectivity for 2 species with different habitat requirements, different core areas, and different conservation values under different budgets. We evaluated corridors that were optimal for each species individually and for both species jointly. Incorporating a budget constraint and jointly optimizing for both species resulted in corridors that were close to the individual species movement‐potential optima but with substantial cost savings. Our approach produced corridors that were within 14% and 11% of the best possible corridor connectivity for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolverines (Gulo gulo), respectively, and saved 75% of the cost. Similarly, joint optimization under a combined budget resulted in improved connectivity for both species relative to splitting the budget in 2 to optimize for each species individually. Our results demonstrate economies of scale and complementarities conservation planners can achieve by optimizing corridor designs for financial costs and for multiple species connectivity jointly. We believe that our approach will facilitate corridor conservation by reducing acquisition costs and by allowing derived corridors to more closely reflect conservation priorities.     

Value of Semi-Open Corridors for Simultaneously Connecting Open and Wooded Habitats: a Case Study with Ground Beetles

Abstract:  To counteract habitat fragmentation, the connectivity of a landscape should be enhanced. Corridors are thought to facilitate movement between disconnected patches of habitat, and linear strips of habitat connecting isolated patches are a popular type of corridor. On the other hand, the creation of new corridors can lead to fragmentation of the surrounding habitat. For example, heathland corridors connect patches of heathland and alternatively hedgerows connect patches of woodland. Nevertheless, these corridors themselves also break up previously connected patches of their surrounding habitat and in so doing fragment another type of habitat (heathland corridors fragment woodlands and woodland strips or hedgerows fragment heathlands). To overcome this challenge we propose the use of semi-open habitats (a mixture of heathland and woodland vegetation) as conservation corridors to enable dispersal of both stenotopic heathland and woodland species. We used two semi-open corridors with a mosaic of heathland and woody vegetation to investigate the efficiency of semi-open corridors for species dispersal and to assess whether these corridors might be a suitable approach for nature conservation. We conducted a mark-recapture study on three stenotopic flightless carabid beetles of heathlands and woodlands and took an inventory of all the carabid species in two semi-open corridors. Both methodological approaches showed simultaneous immigration of woodland and heathland species in the semi-open corridor. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a clear separation of the given habitats and affirmed that semi-open corridors are a good strategy for connecting woodlands and heathlands. The best means of creating and preserving semi-open corridors is probably through extensive grazing .