Simulation planning of power supply capacity: an approach to optimal industrial microgrid operation with carbon emission permits

ABSTRACT

Microgrids integrated with distributed generation provide energy intensive enterprises (EIEs) with a solution to cut down their total system costs. However, unreasonable capacity allocation of power supply in industrial microgrid may result in capacity shortage or excess, thus leading to uneconomical solutions. Considering carbon emission permits and renewable energy access on demand side, this paper analyses and evaluates the long-term impacts of power supply capacity on economic benefits and carbon emission. The power suppliers consist of industrial self-generation, wind power generation and power grid. A HOMER software based industrial microgrid model is designed, and time series simulation of the model for a cycle of 10 years is performed to provide numerical analysis. The simulation results with sensitivity analysis show that optimal capacity planning of power supply can lead to considerable economical and ecological benefits under carbon emission permits; besides, it can also be conducive to peak load shedding for power grid.     

一个新的分布式水文模型在鄱阳湖赣江流域的验证

考虑同类模型在模拟大尺度流域时存在的一些弱点，开发了基于单元网格，并且结构较为简单、参数数量较少的分布式水文模型WATLAC。为了验证该模型在大尺度流域长时间序列的模拟效果，选取鄱阳湖流域的最大子流域——赣江流域（817万km2）为验证区域。流域的空间非均匀性由单元网格离散并模拟。根据下垫面数据精度，选取4 km×4 km的离散网格尺寸，并应用ArcGIS等软件建立流域网格信息，生成模型输入数据。采用1960~1989年外洲站和峡江站的实测资料对模型进行了验证。率定期（1960~1969年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在081~093，Ens系数在079~099，年径流统计量相对误差均低于8%；校核期（1970~1989年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在076~092，Ens系数在075~091，年径流统计量相对误差均低于2%。结果显示，模拟的径流量与实测值吻合良好，模型在赣江流域得到了很好的验证。模型对赣江流域具有较强的适用性，在流域水资源管理中具有较好的应用前景。     

基于FY2C卫星数据的藏北高原降水估算研究

如何确切的掌握降水的时空分布,对区域气候、水文和生态应用等至关重要。以藏北高原典型区为研究区,在大量地面实况降水观测数据与对长时间序列FY 2C 影像光谱特征和云图特征分析的基础上,获取卫星降水模拟参数特征集以刻画云降水的发生与发展过程,选用最值归一化方法对不同量纲云图特征参数进行归一化处理。构建基于三层前向型反向传播神经网络的卫星降水估算模型,用于该地域降水估算,并采用多指标体系分析模型的降水模拟精度。结果表明：静止气象卫星红外波段能较精确地揭示云的降水机理,较高时间分辨率遥感图像可以监测云图的变化细节,并获取能够反映云图降水特征的降水模拟参数;人工神经网络能较好地刻画该地域卫星降水特征的非线性规律;三层前向型反向传播神经网络卫星降水估算模型的估算结果与雨量计实测值间的相关性可以达到0.57。模型估算结果系统性的低估偏小,预示着对该地域弱降水强度将有较好的指示性     

一个新的分布式水文模型在鄱阳湖赣江流域的验证

考虑同类模型在模拟大尺度流域时存在的一些弱点，开发了基于单元网格，并且结构较为简单、参数数量较少的分布式水文模型WATLAC。为了验证该模型在大尺度流域长时间序列的模拟效果，选取鄱阳湖流域的最大子流域--赣江流域（817万km2）为验证区域。流域的空间非均匀性由单元网格离散并模拟。根据下垫面数据精度，选取4 km×4 km的离散网格尺寸，并应用ArcGIS等软件建立流域网格信息，生成模型输入数据。采用1960~1989年外洲站和峡江站的实测资料对模型进行了验证。率定期（1960~1969年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在081~093，Ens系数在079~099，年径流统计量相对误差均低于8%；校核期（1970~1989年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在076~092，Ens系数在075~091，年径流统计量相对误差均低于2%。结果显示，模拟的径流量与实测值吻合良好，模型在赣江流域得到了很好的验证。模型对赣江流域具有较强的适用性，在流域水资源管理中具有较好的应用前景。     

基于CLUE-S模型的千岛湖镇土地利用动态模拟分析

基于1993、2004年两期土地利用数据和1〖DK〗∶250000DEM，运用GIS技术，通过Logistic逐步回归分析，在地形、高程、水系、道路交通、城镇和居民点等多种自然和社会经济因素中，筛选出不同时期对千岛湖镇主要土地利用类型空间分布及其变化具有决定作用的驱动因子，并对所得结果进行ROC检验，同时生成相应的土地利用空间分布概率适宜图，然后采用CLUE-S模型，对其2004年的土地利用变化格局进行模拟；并用2004年的土地利用现状图对模拟结果进行检验，结果显示，在基本单元（90 m×90 m栅格）的水平上，模拟的正确率为8471%，Kappa值达到了0825。在此基础上，针对两种政策情景，应用相同模型模拟预测了千岛湖镇2015年的土地利用时空变化。与2004年相比较，变化明显的是城镇工矿用地的扩张和林地的减少，并且城镇工矿用地的扩张多是在原有城镇及工矿用地的基础上向四周扩展，侵占的多是周边的耕地、林地、未利用地。     

Simulating transport of non-Chernobyl (137)Cs and (90)Sr in the North Atlantic-Arctic region

The spatial and temporal distributions of the anthropogenic radionuclides (137)Cs and (90)Sr, originating from nuclear bomb testing and the Sellafield reprocessing plants in the Irish Sea, are simulated using a global version of the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM). The physical model is forced with daily atmospheric re-analysed fields for the period 1950 to present. Comparison of temporal evolution of observed and simulated concentrations of (137)Cs have been conducted for the regions east of Scotland, west of central Norway and at the entrance of the Barents Sea. It follows that the radionuclides from the Sellafield discharge reach the Barents Sea region after 4-5 years, in accordance with observations. The simulation provides a detailed distribution and evolution of the radionuclides over the integration time. For the Atlantic waters off the coast of Norway and in the southern Barents Sea, the atmospheric fallout dominates over the Sellafield release up to the mid 1960s and from the early 1990s, whereas Sellafield is the main source for the two radionuclides in the 1970s and 1980s. It is furthermore argued that model systems like the one presented here can be used for future prediction of radioactive contaminations in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean, for instance under various global warming scenarios.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水温分布特性研究

建立三维水温数学模型，对2007年三峡水库香溪河库湾及部分库首江段的水温分布特性进行了数值研究。根据计算区域的特点，模型采用贴体网格系统，并充分考虑水体与外界的热交换、入流、出流等因素，利用实测资料率定相关参数后进行模拟，结果表明:（1）香溪河库湾属于季节性水温分层型水体，分层期会有温跃层的出现；但在水平方向上水温差异较小，全年水温在111~2914℃变化。（2）库区干流由于水体紊动作用强，模拟时段2007年全年没有发生水温分层现象。（3）库湾在水温分层期间，表层的水温普遍高于干流，底层局部水温则低于干流，香溪河口存在水平及立面环流与潜流现象，呈现极为复杂的三维流动特性。研究结果可为三峡库区生态环境安全管理提供科学依据。     

遥感降水产品在澜沧江流域径流模拟中的适用性研究

以澜沧江流域为研究区域，基于实测降水数据，从日尺度、月尺度到年尺度分别评价了TRMM 3B42 V7、CMORPH CRT、TRMM 3B42 RT、PERSIANN 4种遥感降水产品在格网尺度上的精度，并用实测降水数据和筛选出的精度较高的遥感降水产品驱动SWAT模型进行了径流模拟，以进一步探究遥感降水产品在澜沧江流域的适用性。结果表明：4种遥感降水产品在日尺度上精度都不高，与实测降水的相关系数都低于0.5。从整体看，TRMM 3B42 V7精度最高，月、年尺度下与实测降水的相关系数依次为0.95、0.90，CMORPH CRT精度稍低于TRMM 3B42 V7，其在月、年尺度下与实测降水的相关系数依次为0.89、0.77，TRMM 3B42 RT和PERSIANN精度较差，两者在不同时间尺度下与实测降水的相关系数都较低，基本都维持在0.5以下；径流模拟结果发现TRMM 3B42 V7和CMORPH CRT两种遥感降水产品对流域出口断面日、月径流模拟的能力均不如实测降水，但整体上三者都能够较好地反映出实测径流变化的趋势，三者径流模拟对应的纳西效率系数NS在0.65~0.94范围内；从纳西效率系数NS看，三者对应的数值相差幅度极小，从多年平均径流RE看，三者都表现出低估的情形，但与前两者（低估值在 -4%~-10% 范围内）相比，CMORPH CRT（低估值在 -10%~-20% 范围内）低估的幅度较大；TRMM 3B42 V7在整体上的径流模拟效果优于CMORPH CRT，在澜沧江流域具有更好的径流模拟适用性。     

气候变化对西苕溪流域未来洪水影响研究——Ⅰ.VIC模型评估

可变下渗能力模型VIC是基于单元网格的分布式水文模型，易于与气候模式进行耦合，从而揭示气候变化对水循环的复杂影响，为分析气候变化情景下流域洪水的响应特征提供技术支撑。作为研究工作的第一步，构建了基于5 km×5 km网格分辨率的西苕溪流域VIC径流模拟模型。利用流域出口横塘村水文观测站1990~2000年日流量观测数据并结合西苕溪流域的汇流特点，采用Dag Lohmann汇流模型进行参数率定和验证。模拟结果表明：VIC模型对西苕溪流域日、年径流量的模拟值与观测值吻合良好，率定期和验证期的多年平均年径流相对误差Er分别为077%和343%，模拟日或月流量的确定性系数和Nash Suttcliffe系数都大于075，特别是对洪水年汛期流量过程的模拟，确定性系数均大于080，模型对洪水的模拟可信性较高     

A model for radiological consequences of nuclear power plant operational atmospheric releases

A dynamic dose and risk assessment model is developed to estimate radiological consequences of atmospheric emissions from nuclear power plants. Internal exposure via inhalation and ingestion, external exposure from clouds and radioactivity deposited on the ground are included in the model. The model allows to simulate interregional moves of people and multi-location food supply in the computational domain. Any long-range atmospheric dispersion model which yields radionuclide concentrations in air and on the ground at predetermined time intervals can easily be integrated into the model. The software developed is validated against radionuclide concentrations measured in different environmental media and dose values estimated after the Chernobyl accident. Results obtained using the model compare well with dose estimates and activities measured in foodstuffs and feedstuffs.     

武汉城市圈空间结构演化及影响研究

武汉城市圈是我国资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设的重点示范区，是中部崛起战略实施的重要支点。但就现阶段的发展情况来看，武汉城市圈在空间结构方面存在一些问题，制约了城市圈的总体发展。采用两方面的方法对武汉城市圈的空间结构展开研究。一方面，利用数理分析确定武汉城市圈的城市职能等级体系；另一方面，利用针对历史建成区的图面分析和方格网分析确定城市圈空间结构的演化历程。结合两方面的研究结论，将武汉城市圈的空间结构确定为单核模式，即由一个较大的核心城市和若干个组团城市结合而成的空间结构模式。单核模式有利于培育强有力的核心城市，突出核心城市的辐射带动作用，但不利于组团城市的扩张和城市圈的总体长远发展。在此基础上，提出了优化武汉城市圈空间结构的初步设想，包括联合一些组团城市建设发展中心，突出一些组团城市特色功能等     

城市化发展过程的非线性模拟

模拟城市化发展过程方法提取城市化发展中的人口和经济两个主要因子。根据其相互制约的关系。运用非线性理论构筑城市化发展的非线性模型。并采用定性和定量相结合的方法。进行数值模拟，并构建这一模型。解释城市化发展过程中的部分现象。这一模型是理想状态下实现的。无法取得现实中准确的数值，仍需加以修正才能更精确的模拟城市化发展的现实过程。     

Urban meteorological modelling for nuclear emergency preparedness

The main objectives of the current EU project “Integrated Systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and Population Exposure” (FUMAPEX) are the improvement of meteorological forecasts for urban areas, the connection of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to urban air pollution and population dose models, the building of improved urban air quality information and forecasting systems, and their application in cities in various European climates. In addition to the forecast of the worst air-pollution episodes in large cities, the potential use of improved weather forecasts for nuclear emergency management in urban areas, in case of hazardous releases from nuclear accidents or terror acts, is considered. Such use of NWP data is tested for the Copenhagen metropolitan area and the Øresund region.The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) is running an experimental version of the HIRLAM NWP model over Zealand including the Copenhagen metropolitan area with a horizontal resolution of 1.4 km, thus approaching the city-scale. This involves 1-km resolution physiographic data with implications for the urban surface parameters, e.g. surface fluxes, roughness length and albedo. For the city of Copenhagen, the enhanced high-resolution NWP forecasting will be provided to demonstrate the improved dispersion forecasting capabilities of the Danish nuclear emergency preparedness decision–support system, the Accident Reporting and Guidance Operational System (ARGOS), used by the Danish Emergency Management Agency (DEMA).Recently, ARGOS has been extended with a capability of real-time calculation of regional-scale atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material from accidental releases. This is effectuated through on-line interfacing with the Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA), which is run at DMI. For local-scale modelling of atmospheric dispersion, ARGOS utilises the Local-Scale Model Chain (LSMC), which makes use of high-resolution DMI-HIRLAM NWP model data provided to DEMA by DMI four times a day under operational surveillance and covering Denmark and surroundings. The integration of DERMA in ARGOS is effectuated through automated on-line digital communication and exchange of data. The calculations are carried out in parallel for each NWP model to which DMI has access, thereby providing a mini-ensemble of dispersion forecasts for the emergency management.     

CLUE-S模型对村镇土地利用变化的模拟与精度评价

利用航片、IKONOS和Quickbird影像得到研究区3期（1991、2001和2009年）土地利用历史数据，运用CLUE S模型，基于1991、2001年的土地利用数据对2009年土地利用格局进行模拟预测，并将模拟结果与2009年真实土地利用数据进行比较。类型水平上，选择ROC曲线统计和偏离度指数分别对各地类的Logistic回归拟合精度和CLUE S模型模拟精度进行评价；景观水平上，采用景观指数和Kappa指数系列方法，从综合预测能力、景观格局、数量和空间位置等方面对CLUE S模型的模拟精度进行全面评估。结果表明:①CLUE S模型对各土地利用类型的模拟精度均较高，各地类的Logistic回归的拟合精度随着模拟分辨率的提高而逐渐增加；②随着模拟时间的缩短，CLUE S模型对整体景观格局的模拟精度提高；③该模型对土地利用数量的模拟精度明显优于其对空间位置的模拟精度。总体而言，CLUE S模型在村镇尺度的模拟效果良好，预测精度较高，但在空间位置和景观格局精度方面还有待提高     

电网发展、清洁电源接入与地区能源效率

鉴于我国已经建成全球规模最大的超高压和特高压电网,彻底弥补了电力跨区配置的电网基础设施短板,并且为清洁电源并入电网和跨区消纳提供了完善的基础设施,不仅克服我国电力负荷中心和能源基地的区域布局不协调,而且有益于缓解日益严峻的能源利用率低下和环境污染问题。本文利用1991—2012年全国29个省市面板数据实证研究了清洁电源并网对地区全要素能源效率的影响。为保证实证结果稳健性分别在线性和非线性实证框架下采用系统广义矩估计(SYS-GMM)和面板平滑转换模型(PSTR)两种方法估计了清洁电源接入高压、超高压和特高压电网的地区全要素能源效率异质性效应。实证结果显示:(1)我国电网基础设施对地区全要素能源效率具有明显的增进效应,特别是超高压电网在促进全要素能源效率提升上表现的最为突出,在特高压骨干网架尚未形成的情况下起到了支柱性作用。(2)高压、超高压、特高压与清洁电源交互项的估计系数始终位于负数区间,反映清洁电源并网的能源效率绩效并不明显,受限于并网规模和机制缺陷,还没有发挥出全要素能源效率提升作用。(3)随着人均GDP的不断提高,各等级电网对地区能源效率的益处越来越明显,并且存在着门槛效应。(4)特高压电网对地区能源效率的积极作用主要表现在东部沿海高收入省份,这些省份作为电力消费负荷中心,大规模接入清洁电源对能源效率改善裨益明显。接下来,需要根据地区的能源禀赋结构选择清洁电源的并网模式,完善的电网基础设施、合理的电源结构还需要配置以高效的清洁电源并网机制才能不断增进地区全要素能源效率。     

High-resolution alpha spectrometry under field conditions - fast identification of alpha particle emitting radionuclides from air samples

Alpha particle emitting radionuclides may be released into the atmosphere as a result of a severe nuclear accident, the malevolent use of radioactive material or some other incident. Rapid detection methods are then of crucial importance for carrying out well-timed protective actions. The present paper demonstrates that a method in which an aerosol sample is collected on a filter and directly analysed by high-resolution alpha spectrometry in a vacuum chamber, but without radiochemical sample treatment, is suitable for field measurements. A detection limit of less than 0.1 Bqm(-3) for (239)Pu is achieved assuming 1-h sampling using a glass-fibre filter and 1-h data acquisition. This value is higher than in the case when sampling is performed using a porous membrane filter. A measurement system consisting of standard components is mounted in a vehicle designed for rapid field measurements.     

Re-emission of heavy water vapour from soil to the atmosphere

The re-emission process of tritiated water (HTO) deposited on a soil surface is an important process to assess tritium doses to the general public around nuclear fusion facilities in future. A field experiment using heavy water (HDO) as a substitute for HTO was carried out in the summertime to investigate the re-emission process of HTO from soil to the atmosphere. In the experiment, the time variations of depth profiles of HDO concentrations in soil exposed to HDO vapour and soil mixed with HDO were measured during the re-emission process on the field. The HDO concentrations in soil water in top soil layers of both the exposed and mixed soil rapidly decreased with time during the re-emission. However, the decrease of exposed soil was much greater than that of mixed soil. The re-emission process was analysed using a model including the evaporation of HDO from soil, the exchange between soil HDO and air H2O, and the diffusion of HDO in soil. It was found that the model is applicable to calculating the time variations of detailed depth profiles of HDO concentration in soil water in surface soil layers, using an estimated exchange velocity.     

A new approach to spatial source apportionment of haze pollution in large scale and its application in China

Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM_2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.     

Vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence of climate change: a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut

This paper develops a conceptual model to examine the vulnerability of Inuit food systems to food insecurity as a consequence of climate change. The model illustrates that food system vulnerability is determined by the exposure and sensitivity of the food system to climate-related risks and its adaptive capacity to deal with those risks. The model is empirically applied using a case study from Igloolik, Nunavut. Specifically, the paper focuses on how extreme climate-related conditions in 2006 interacted with the food system to affect food security, using 2006 as a lens to identify and characterize some of the processes and conditions shaping vulnerability, and establishing a baseline for identifying and characterizing processes that are likely to shape future vulnerability. There is a high level of adaptive capacity among Igloolik Inuit, with food sharing mechanisms, hunting flexibility, and store-food access moderating the impact of climatic-risks on food security. However, high fuel and commodity prices, the increasing economic burden of adapting to back-to-back years with unfavorable climatic conditions, underlying community vulnerabilities, and the nature to the climate extremes in 2006, overwhelmed the adaptive capacity of many community members. Those dependent on traditional foods and having limited access to financial resources were particularly vulnerable.     

长江源区基于坡面尺度的土壤水热过程模拟研究

长江源多年冻土区土壤水热传输过程机理与模拟,是广泛关系到高原生态环境保护恢复和区域水文过程的关键科学问题。因此,以GEOtop模型为研究平台,以长江源不同植被盖度下（裸地、30%、65%和92%）高寒草甸的观测数据为基础,检验模型对土壤水热迁移过程的描述与模拟精度。总体而言,GEOtop模型需要率定的参数较少,从而减少模型模拟的不确定性,提高了模拟精度。对不同植被盖度下土壤温度、水分和实际蒸散发模拟的NSE 系数基本达到08,表明模型能准确模拟高寒生态系统土壤的水热传输过程,可以作为长江源区土壤水热过程的有效模拟工具