基于三维图像分析的浮力扩散火焰几何与辐射特性研究

火焰几何特性和辐射特性是刻画火灾规模及其危害的重要参量。利用三维火焰重构技术,获取了丙烷浮力扩散火焰的火焰高度、表面积、体积和火焰面元视角系数的变化规律。结果表明,三维重构的火焰能够表征真实火焰形态的动态变化。平均火焰表面积和体积均可较好地拟合为热释放速率的幂函数,火焰表面积热释放速率随火焰热释放速率的增加趋于常数。平均火焰高度、表面积和体积与火焰外部平均辐射热流之间具有较好的幂函数关系,且拟合指数随着与火源距离的增大而减小。此外,将点源、圆柱辐射模型和火焰面元积分方法得到的辐射计算值与辐射测量值进行比较,发现火焰面元积分方法能够更好地预测火焰外围的瞬时和平均辐射热流分布。     

建筑火灾顶棚射流的数值模拟及火焰扩展长度处理方法

探讨了建筑火灾数值模拟中常用的火焰区域获取方法及其优缺点。通过火灾动力学模拟软件(Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS)对建筑火灾中的顶棚射流现象进行了模拟计算，其中考虑了不同火源热释放速率与不同火源距顶棚高度等条件的影响。分别采用连续图像法和温度阈值法获取了数值模拟中顶棚射流火焰扩展长度的数据，并与文献中基于试验建立的火焰扩展长度预测模进行了对比。结果表明：通过温度阈值法获取的火焰扩展长度数据受阈值取值的影响较大。通过连续图像法获取的火焰扩展长度数据可以较好地反映出火焰扩展在不同火源热释放速率及不同火源距顶棚高度等条件下的动态变化情况，与前人建立的火焰扩展长度预测模型之间的吻合较好，表明通过连续图像法获取的火焰扩展长度数据较为准确。建筑火灾数值模拟中的火焰扩展长度可通过基于单位体积热释放速率的连续火焰图像获取。研究结论可为建筑火灾数值模拟中火焰燃烧区域的确定提供参考。     

基于Matlab图像处理的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播速度研究

基于自制小尺寸试验平台进行不同体积分数瓦斯爆炸试验,运用高速摄像机拍摄爆炸图像,直观分析火焰传播过程。利用Matlab软件对拍摄图像进行数字化处理,求得不同瓦斯体积分数下的爆炸火焰传播速度。结果表明:基于图像处理的方法能够简单准确地计算火焰传播速度,火焰亮度阈值的取值对火焰传播速度计算结果有重要影响;火焰传播速度随时间逐渐增大,当出现"郁金香"火焰后略有降低,随后继续增大;瓦斯体积分数对平均火焰传播速度有较大影响,混合当量比为1时火焰传播速度最大,在混合当量比小于1时,火焰传播速度受混合当量比影响较大,而当混合当量比大于1时,火焰传播速度受混合当量比影响较小。     

N2和CO2抑制煤燃烧火焰特性对比试验研究

为了研究N_2和CO_2气体灭火剂在抑制煤明火燃烧特性方面的不同,通过搭建受限空间煤明火燃烧试验,分别开展了11.97%、16.81%、20.76%的N_2和10.79%、14.89%、20.32%的CO_2作用下煤明火燃烧抑制试验。鉴于火焰表面积变化与热释放速率变化呈正相关,基于火焰图像分析法开展试验研究。试验过程中,首先,通过数码摄像仪记录不同体积分数惰性气体作用下煤燃烧火焰面积的变化,然后利用Matlab软件进行火焰图像特征提取和"对比度增强"预处理,消除图像记录过程中存在的噪声,以便于有效进行火焰目标识别;其次,基于"阈值法"原理,利用Image-Pro Plus软件对预处理过的火焰目标进行识别和计算,进而实时获得试验过程中火焰表面积;最后,使用小波变换理论对火焰表面积变化曲线进行消噪处理,以获得火焰表面积变化趋势及主要波动信息。结果表明,CO_2比N_2具有更好的熄灭煤明火燃烧的能力,CO_2作用下煤火火焰表面积呈现指数下降,而N_2作用下呈现直线下降,且CO_2的灭火时间比N_2缩短了25%以上。该试验结果明确了N_2和CO_2在熄灭煤明火特性上的不同,弥补了CO_2仅比N_2具有更好的抑爆特性的认识。     

基于自动种子区域生长的火焰分割算法

在存在壁面反射的低照度火灾环境中,传统的火焰分割算法如颜色分割、运动检测等,在进行火焰分割时造成过分割现象,分割的效果不理想,影响后续的火灾正确识别。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于自动种子区域生长(Automatic Seeded Region Growing,ASRG)的火焰分割算法。首先将从火灾视频中获取的火灾图像从RGB颜色空间转换到YCbCr颜色空间,在Y通道中采用较大自适应阈值背景减法将火灾图像二值化,分别将可疑火焰像素点的横坐标和纵坐标按大小进行排序,取排序后的中间值作为种子点,再由原RGB火灾图像转换而成的灰度图像中,以该种子点进行区域生长,最后将区域生长后的火焰分割图像与采用较小自适应阈值背景减法得到的火焰分割图像进行交集处理,得到最终的火焰分割图像。实验表明ASRG算法在存在壁面反射的低照度火灾环境中,火焰分割效果好,有效解决了该环境下的火焰过分割问题,同时在其他火灾环境中也有较好的火焰分割效果。     

基于红外热成像的隧道火焰检测技术研究

精准的火焰检测是有效避免火灾发生的关键,针对传统的火灾探测算法在公路隧道等大空间环境中存在及时性与准确性相互制约的问题,通过研究隧道火焰初期在图像中呈现的静态和动态特征,提出了一种基于红外热成像的公路隧道火灾初期火焰检测方法。利用温度阈值获取疑似火焰区域,根据红外图像在引导滤波器作用下降噪,同时利用区域增长法分割疑似火焰区域;从疑似区域中提取的特征值构成特征向量,进行数据归一化提高SVM收敛速度;利用人工蜂群算法优化参数。结果表明:ABC-SVM能够实现公路隧道火灾初期的火焰识别,检测正确率相较于RBF方法提升了2.26%,运行时间缩短了2.29 ms;检测正确率相较于SVM方法提升了0.87%,运行时间缩短了2.22 ms。本方法可以对初期隧道火灾进行快速、有效检测,并有良好的环境适用性。     

障碍物对开敞空间贫燃天然气爆炸特性的影响研究

为揭示贫燃条件下障碍物对开敞空间天然气爆炸特性的影响,试验记录了火焰传播形态和爆炸压力,并对火焰结构和压力空间分布进行了数值分析.结果表明:在无障碍物工况下,火焰近似以球形向外膨胀传播,火焰表面较为连续,火焰传播速度较慢,爆炸压力较低;而在障碍物的湍流扰动下,火焰表面出现较大的"褶皱"结构,火焰燃烧表面积显著增大,火焰传播速度升高,爆炸压力也相应增大.相比于由障碍物引起的火焰加速作用,因流体动力学不稳定性产生的失稳效应可忽略不计.由温度分布可清晰观察火焰表面"褶皱"结构的形成过程,计算所得的爆炸压力达到峰值时间较早,且超压峰值相比试验值较低.     

航空煤油池火脉动频率试验研究

为比较液体燃料池火与前人研究的气体燃料扩散火焰脉动频率的差异,对圆形航空煤油池火的脉动规律进行了试验研究。使用的油盘直径分别为0.1 m、0.15 m、0.2 m、0.3 m、0.4 m和0.5 m 6种。使用电子天平实时记录油盘内燃料质量的变化,作为对油池火是否进入准稳定状态的判断依据。之后应用自编的基于亮度阈值法的Matlab程序,首先对CCD摄像机所记录的准稳定状态下连续火焰图像序列中每一张图像的每一个像素点是否为火焰区域进行判断,完成火焰图像的二值化处理;再由火焰图像二值图计算瞬时火焰高度;最后对火焰高度随时间的变化结果进行快速傅立叶变换(FFT),获得火焰脉动的频域分布。在利用无量纲特征数Strouhal数St和Richardson数Ri分析火焰脉动频率与不同影响因素之间定量关系的基础上,应用试验数据,对油池火焰脉动频率预测方程进行了最佳拟合,得到了油池火脉动频率与油盘直径的经验关系式。对相同尺度的池火而言,依据此关系式计算所得的火焰脉动频率略小于前人以气体为燃料进行研究所得到的结果,且二者之间的差异随油池尺度增加而逐渐缩小。结合火焰形状动态演化的周期性特征对此现象进行了定性分析。因为油盘中的液体燃料接收火焰辐射传热需要一定的时间,导致燃料蒸发延迟,而使火焰脉动频率略有下降。     

密度场干涉测量及其条纹处理计算

本文将普通纹影仪改造成激光差分干涉仪,并用于火焰等密度场的显示与测量。编制了条纹预处理和细化软件系统,并对干涉条纹进行了处理和细化计算。另外,针对细化后的条纹,编制了密度场的计算软件,并对蜡烛火焰和超声速轴对称绕流流场进行了计算,得到了密度场定量的结果。     

典型木材燃料层流扩散火焰碳黑生成特性研究

为了对木材燃料层流扩散火焰碳黑生成特性进行研究,搭建了基于消光法原理的轴对称层流火焰碳黑浓度测量平台, 选用马尾松针、柚木以及红橡木三种典型木材燃料粉碎成针状试样,并堆成直径3.5 cm堆垛,利用酒精引燃后可获得稳定的层流扩散火焰,同时通过电热丝辅助加热延长稳定燃烧。通过对三种典型木材燃料层流燃烧过程的质量损失和火焰碳黑浓度的测量和对比分析,结果显示三种燃料中马尾松针碳黑生成能力最大,这说明木材的碳黑生成能力可能与其碳元素和氧元素的含量有关。     

静止环境中可燃固体表面火蔓延特性的实验研究

本文通过模拟实验方法研究静止环境下可燃固体材料表面的火蔓延特性,应用火焰结构显示技术连续观察和记录了固体可燃物表面火蔓延的火行为,并利用温度示踪技术连续考察和分析了固体可燃物表面的火蔓延过程,同时研究分析了燃烧试样类型对火蔓延速率的影响,所得结查物理上合理。     

Fast and tiny: A model for the flame propagation of nanopowders

To avoid the influence of external parameters, such as the vessel volume or the initial turbulence, the explosion severity should be determined from intrinsic properties of the fuel-air mixture. Therefore, the flame propagation of gaseous mixtures is often studied in order to estimate their laminar burning velocity, which is both independent of external factors and a useful input for CFD simulation. Experimentally, this parameter is difficult to evaluate when it comes to dust explosion, due to the inherent turbulence during the dispersion of the cloud. However, the low inertia of nanoparticles allows performing tests at very low turbulence without sedimentation. Knowledge on flame propagation concerning nanoparticles may then be modelled and, under certain conditions, extrapolated to microparticles, for which an experimental measurement is a delicate task. This work focuses on a nanocellulose with primary fiber dimensions of 3 nm width and 70 nm length. A one-dimensional model was developed to estimate the flame velocity of a nanocellulose explosion, based on an existing model already validated for hybrid mixtures of gas and carbonaceous nanopowders similar to soot. Assuming the fast devolatilization of organic nanopowders, the chemical reactions considered are limited to the combustion of the pyrolysis gases. The finite volume method was used to solve the mass and energy balances equations and mass reactions rates constituting the numerical system. Finally, the radiative heat transfer was also considered, highlighting the influence of the total surface area of the particles on the thermal radiation. Flame velocities of nanocellulose from 17.5 to 20.8 cm/s were obtained numerically depending on the radiative heat transfer, which proves a good agreement with the values around 21 cm/s measured experimentally by flame visualization and allows the validation of the model for nanoparticles.     

基于MATLAB图像处理的层流火焰传播速度研究

为了减小传统本生灯火焰法测定层流预混火焰传播速度的误差,基于MATLAB图像处理技术提出了一种改进火焰图像处理及提取火焰边界线数据的方法。该方法对图像进行优化处理后运用LOG算子检测边缘信息,并为其添加平滑曲线;然后将散点拟合为函数表达式,选用Polynomial逼近方式修正拟合曲线误差;换算为实际坐标后对拟合函数进行面积积分计算,即得更接近真实的火焰外表面积。利用该方法对不同当量比下甲烷燃烧的本生灯火焰图像进行处理,求取其层流火焰传播速度,并与前人结果进行对比。结果表明,传统全面积法所得结果普遍偏高;相比于Vagelopulous利用平面火焰法所得结果,该方法获取的层流火焰传播速度在贫燃侧与之相近,在富燃侧则较之略低。     

Investigation on the suppression effect of high momentum C6F12O (Novec-1230) flow on hydrogen jet flame

This work investigates the suppression effect of Novec-1230 on H₂ jet flame. The suppressants are motivated by N₂ flow to get higher momentum and approach the reaction kernel at flame base. The flame area with Novec-1230 is always smaller than that with water mist at the same condition. Novec-1230 exhibits better suppression effect on reaction kernel. The higher-momentum jet flame is more difficult to be suppressed. This is because that the higher-momentum flame makes the suppressant approach the reaction kernel more difficult. In addition, the high N₂ flow rate containing suppressant could destroy flame temperature structure and decrease it. Results inferred that the temperature of flame with Novec-1230 is higher than that with water mist. Moreover, the lower minimum extinguishing time indicates that the suppression efficiency of Novec-1230 is better than that of water mist. The jet flame is extinguished only when H₂ flow rate is low and N₂ flow rate is high. There are two reasons: one is that the higher-momentum jet flame prevents suppressants to enter flame core. The other one is that the burner nozzle is heated to as igniting source during suppression progress. Furthermore, the burning velocity, adiabatic flame temperature, heat production and free radicals are investigated theoretically at Φ = 1.6, 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6. Results indicate that the burning velocity with Novec-1230 is much lower than that with water mist. The adiabatic flame temperature, heat production and free radicals increase firstly and then decrease with Novec-1230 addition at lean flame.     

Dynamics of explosion venting in a compartment with methane-air mixtures

A series of experiments on explosion venting of methane-air mixtures are performed to scrutinize the pressure evolution as well as the flame dynamics and morphology at various vent conditions. Specifically, a premixed flame is ignited at the center of a polycarbonate cylindrical compartment, with three various vent areas considered (with negligible vent relief pressure). As expected, the highest maximum pressure is observed in the case of the smallest vent area. For all three cases, the pressure evolution experiences two major peaks, associated with the instants (i) when the maximum flame front surface area in the chamber is reached and (ii) when an external explosion occurs due to venting of unburned gases, respectively. For the fuel-rich mixtures, a flashback is observed subsequent to the external explosion, constituting the key outcome of the present work. The flame tip velocities show two general trends, namely, exponential acceleration towards the vent, while a flame propagates towards the blocked side of the compartment with no acceleration, which is important to know in the fire/explosion safety applications.     

Experimental study on CO2/CF3I suppression of methane-air explosion and flame propagation

To explore the inhibitory effects of CF₃I and CO₂ gas on the explosion pressure and flame propagation characteristics of 9.5% methane, a spherical 20 L experimental explosion device was used to study the effect of the gas explosion suppressants on the maximum explosion pressure, maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed of methane. The results indicated that with a gradual increase in the volume fraction of the gas explosion suppressant, the maximum explosion pressure of methane and maximum explosion pressure rise rate gradually decreased, and the time taken to reach the maximum explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure rise rate was gradually delayed. At the same time, the flame propagation speed gradually decreased. Additionally, the time taken for the flame to reach the edge of the window and the time taken for a crack as well as a cellular structure to appear on the flame surface was gradually delayed. The fluid dynamics uncertainty was suppressed. The explosion pressure and flame propagation processes were markedly suppressed, but the flame buoyancy instability was gradually enhanced. By comparing the effects of the two gas explosion suppressants on the pressure and flame propagation characteristics, it was found that at the same volume fraction, trifluoroiodomethane was significantly better than carbon dioxide in suppressing the explosion of methane. By comparing the reduction rates of the characteristic methane explosion parameters at a volume fraction of 9.5%, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure was approximately 4.6 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide, and the inhibitory effect of 4% trifluoroiodomethane on the maximum explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation speed was approximately 2.7 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide. The addition of 0.5%–1.5% trifluoromethane to 4% and 8% carbon dioxide can improve the explosion suppression efficiency of carbon dioxide. This enhancing phenomenon is a comprehensive manifestation of the oxygen-decreasing effect of carbon dioxide and the trifluoroiodomethane-related endothermic effect and reduction in key free radicals.     

Development of a mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plants

A novel mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plant buildings is proposed and developed through a series of field experiments using explosion vessels of different volume sizes. The mitigation system is installed on the outer surface of the vessels, and it comprises flame arrester and explosion air bag. The flame arrester is made by stacking 10–20 sheets of fine-mesh wire screens, and the air bag is connected for holding explosion gas. The successful mitigation mechanism is the sequence of pressure-rise reduction by the air bag expansion, flame quenching by the flame arrester, and the slow burning of the gas mixture sucked from the air bag back into the vessel due to the negative pressure caused by the rapid condensation of water vapor inside the vessel. Necessary conditions for the successful mitigation system are discussed, and the practical unit size of flame arrester sheet is recommended.