好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥具有厌氧颗粒污泥与活性污泥不可比拟的优势,成为目前的研究热点,通过从好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、混凝强化培养、连续培养及好氧颗粒污泥微生物检测与流体CFD模拟等方面进行综述,提出混凝强化与连续培养相结合是快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的发展方向,现阶段高能量测序与CFD技术是研究好氧颗粒污泥形成的重要有效手段.参32.     

混凝体系中水解铝盐的再稳现象的研究

基于铝水解聚合形态产生再稳现象的反应机制,对Al13的再稳现象的成因、影响铝水解形态吸附再稳发生的因素进行了分析,同时从理论上对胶粒表面浓度与凝聚剂剂量、体系随pH变化对混凝效果的影响、颗粒物的扩散传质速率进行了研究．结果表明：再稳现象的产生与凝聚剂剂量与胶体颗粒物表面浓度的相对比值、混凝体系的pH和流体的扩散输送状况有关．尤其是低颗粒物表面浓度下的混凝最易出现再稳．图3,参12．     

强化混凝去除微污染原水胶体颗粒的研究

对珠江水系统进行了强化混凝处理,燕利用准弹性激光散射技术（PCS）对常规混凝和强化混凝前后水中胶体颗粒（小于0.45um)的大小与分布进行了测定,探讨了搅拌条件对混凝效果的影响。     

高浓度絮状颗粒污泥生物处理技术及其传质模型

从宏观角度提出了高浓度絮状颗粒污泥的传质物理模型,该模型指出：利用高分子有机药剂使形成的絮状颗粒污泥,在适当剪切条件下始终雏持”包裹-破裂-再包裹”不断循环的过程,絮状颗粒污泥内部微生物与氧气、有机物等物质的接触、吸附和捕获的几率大大提高,既增加了絮体的比表面积,又提高了其微生物的活性．从而解决了高浓度生物处理技术传质效率低的问题,并通过实验验证了该模型．图5,参16．     

高浓度PASC复合混凝剂的混凝动力学研究

以铝酸钠为碱化剂,合成了具有不同 Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝复合混凝剂(PASC),采用透光率脉动检测技术并结合混凝效能和Zeta电位的测定结果,对PASC以及聚合氯化铝(PAC)、参比PACref在混凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比研究.结果表明,混凝过程中,Zeta电位、剩余浊度以及混凝指数密切相关.采用铝酸钠为碱化剂合成并引入硅酸钠的混凝剂,有利于提高凝聚速度和絮集物颗粒大小.在Si/Al摩尔比为0.10时处理效果达到最佳.     

热析-混凝-气浮工艺处理胶管废水工程实践

基于废水中的污染物在热态、碱性和一定硬度的情况下,从水中析出的特点,探究了温度、pH和硬度对处理效果的影响。在此基础上,提出了热析+混凝+气浮处理工艺,并进行了设计和调试。实际运行结果表明,在水温在65～70℃、出水pH值在7.5～8.5和MgSO4用量在40～65 mg/L范围内的情况下,对析出的污染物进行混凝,再经过涡凹气浮对高温废水中的絮体稳定、高效的分离,CODCr和TP的最低去除率分别为89.4%和90.3%,各项指标完全达到设计要求。     

微波－混凝法处理滇池高藻原水的实验研究

实验采用微波－混凝法处理滇池高藻原水,考察了混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量、进水pH值、微波功率及辐照时间对除藻去浊效果的影响,并与单一混凝的处理效果进行了对比。结果表明：在PAC投加量为80mg／L、进水pH值为8—9、微波功率为600W、辐照时间为1．5min的条件下除藻去浊效果最佳,除藻率达94．4％,剩余浊度可从89NTU降到3NTU左右;微波－混凝法对滇池高藻原水的处理效果明显优于单一混凝,同时可降低混凝剂用量,具有良好的强化混凝效果。     

高浓度聚合氯化铁混凝剂的净水效果

采用共聚方法制备聚合氯化铁混凝剂．试验了它对模拟水的除浊和脱色效果,对高、中、低浊度的地表水以及炼油废水的处理效果．实验结果表明：与FeCl3相比,聚合氯化铁(PFC)具有更好的除浊、脱色效果,COD去除率、除油率的效果大大提高;W／Fe摩尔比对PFC混凝效果的影响不尽相同,在实际水处理中,应根据处理对象的不同,选择合适的参数以达到最佳的混凝效果．     

Al13去除水中腐殖酸的混凝作用机理

研究对比了Al13、不同碱化度的聚合氯化铝(PACl)及工业聚合氯化铝等去除水中腐殖酸的絮凝特征,从Zeta电位、RT(余浊)、UV254等角度分别考察了pH值和投药量的影响,对不同形态组成絮凝剂的混凝效能有了进一步明确的认识,并且对Al13的絮凝机理进行了有益的探索．结果表明,Al13是混凝过程中的优势形态,决定着混凝剂的电中和能力．     

聚合硫酸铝的制备及形态特征

以Al2 (SO4) 3·1 8H2 O为原料 ,采用一次加碱法 ,高速剪切合成聚合硫酸铝 (PAS) ,研究碱化度 (B)对铝离子形态的影响 .采用混凝实验比较AS ,PAC ,PAS的混凝效果 ,测定处理后水中残留铝的含量 .结果表明 :相同B值条件下 ,PAS的Ala 少于PAC的Ala 含量 ,Alb 含量与PAC基本持平 ,Alc 含量大于PAC的Alc 含量 ;PAS的pH适用范围宽 ,絮体沉降性能强 ,残留铝量低 .     

Clamming up: environmental forces diminish the perceptive ability of bivalve prey

The lethal and nonlethal impacts of predators in marine systems are often mediated via reciprocal detection of waterborne chemical signals between consumers and prey. Local flow environments can enhance or impair the chemoreception ability of consumers, but the effect of hydrodynamics on detection of predation risk by prey has not been investigated. Using clams as our model organism, we investigated two specific questions: (1) Can clams decrease their mortality by responding to predators? (2) Do fluid forces affect the ability of clams to detect approaching predators? Previous research has documented a decrease in clam feeding (pumping) in response to a neighboring predator. We determined the benefits of this behavior to survivorship by placing clams in the field with knobbed whelk or blue crab predators caged nearby and compared mortality between these clams and clams near a cage-only control. Significantly more clams survived in areas containing a caged predator, suggesting that predator-induced alterations in feeding reduce clam mortality in the field. We ascertained the effect of fluid forces on clam perception of predators in a laboratory flume by comparing the feeding (pumping) behavior of clams in response to crabs and whelks in flows of 3 and 11 cm/s. Clams pumped significantly less in the presence of predators, but their reaction to blue crabs diminished in the higher velocity flow, while their response to whelks remained constant in both flows. Thus, clam reactive distance to blue crabs was affected by fluid forces, but hydrodynamic effects on clam perceptive distance was predator specific. After predators were removed, clams exposed to whelks took significantly longer to resume feeding than those exposed to blue crabs. Our results suggest that prey perception of predators can be altered by physical forces. Prey detection of predators is the underlying mechanism for trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs), and recent research has documented the importance of TMIIs to community structure. Since physical forces can influence prey perception, the prevalence of TMIIs in communities may, in part, be related to the sensory ability of prey, physical forces in the environment that impact sensory performance, and the type of predator detected.     

Adaptive significance of phytoplankton stickiness with emphasis on the diatom Skeletonema costatum

Diatom aggregate formation was analyzed using coagulation theory. Population dynamics models show that coagulation has an important impact on species succession during diatom blooms. When different species collide and form mixed aggregates this process causes interspecific interference competition within the diatom community. The outcome can be predicted by a set of simple differential equations. For a twospecies system the equations reduce to the Lotka-Volterra two-species competition model. The outcome of this interference competition depends on species-specific growth rates, cell sizes, stickiness and on the species composition of the seeding populations of a bloom. Due to mutual flocculation some species may disappear from the environment. Small and fast growing diatoms are favoured by high stickiness coefficients. The impact of stickiness on species succession was found to be most pronounced in eutrophic and hydrographically isolated environments. The sticking properties of the diatom Skeletonema costatum are discussed in an evolutionary context; we suggest that mutual coagulation increases the abundance of S. costatum relative to other diatom species in coastal areas. The model was tested on field data, and the predicted dynamics of a spring bloom was very similar to that observed.     

浅谈高悬浮物废水处理研究中存在的不足

结合现场实践经验,指出了目前处理高悬浮物废水存在的悬浮物浓度与有机药剂用量不成比例等矛盾.通过分析混凝理论的研究历程,总结出高浓度范围下的絮凝作用机理为包裹机理,目前该机理仅处于定性描述阶段,对其进行定量描述具有重要意义;结合动力学发展过程,了解到以悬浮物浓度为研究对象的动力学模型较多,但特别针对高悬浮物范围下的絮凝动力学方程尚无人研究.并针对高悬浮物废水的处理,提出了今后重点研究方向.     

沉积物再悬浮-重金属释放机制研究进展

水-沉积物界面重金属迁移和转化行为已成为水环境质量研究的热点。因自然、生物、人为活动等驱动的沉积物再悬浮使得沉积物颗粒吸附和结合的重金属可能通过吸附-解吸平衡和氧化还原反应而释放进入上覆水体。随着外在污染源输入逐步得到控制,沉积物再悬浮释放重金属将成为水体重要的内在污染源而对水环境质量和水生生物产生影响。本文综述了最近几年的相关研究文献,对沉积物再悬浮的动力来源及发生机制、再悬浮-重金属释放机制及主要影响因素进行了阐述,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究方向。相关研究发现,当干扰切应力大于沉积物的临界切应力值时,沉积物再悬浮发生,且再悬浮颗粒量随干扰切应力的增强而增大;再悬浮使还原态沉积物暴露于有氧环境,有机质和硫化物的氧化是沉积物结合态重金属释放的主要机理,而沉积物颗粒电性吸附的重金属则通过解吸进入水体;切应力大小、再悬浮水体理化性质、沉积物理化性质以及微生物活性等因素调控着沉积物吸附态或结合态重金属的释放。本文指出再悬浮沉积物释放重金属的去向（再分配机理）以及再悬浮-重金属释放的动力学过程、沉积物悬浮-重金属释放复合预测模型的建立、沉积物悬浮-释放重金属的生物可利用性及生物毒害评价将是本领域需要进一步研究的重点。     

A review of gravity currents formed by submerged single-port discharges in inland and coastal waters

In this paper, the authors review the current state of the science on the dynamics of gravity currents generated by positively and negatively buoyant jet discharges from submerged round outfalls (i.e., a point source) in inland and coastal waters. Specifically, this article focuses on describing gravity currents occurring at both the bottom boundary and the free surface of the receiving fluid. The manmade discharge operations generating both types of gravity currents and their significance to sustainability of the surrounding hydro-environment are first described. The authors then summarize the flow regimes characteristics of these discharges before becoming gravity currents and how those flow regimes influence the dynamics of the gravity currents. The gravity current dynamics in the calm receiving waters are then analyzed. This analysis is followed by an analysis of the influence of the hydrodynamic forces (e.g., currents, turbulence, waves) on the dynamics of gravity currents. Finally, the authors review quantitative modeling approaches for different forms of gravity current, and identify the current knowledge gaps and research needs.     

On force consideration in coupled ISPH framework for sediment transport in presence of free-surface flow

A coupled divergence-free Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) framework for sediment transport is extended for application in generalized free-surface flow situations. The computation of interaction force pair between pure fluid and sediment modules makes the model flexible enough to be applicable for diverse scenarios with variable resolutions. Three scenarios are included to quantify the contribution of individual components in the force pair. First two scenarios with rapid free-surface variation highlight the effect of fluid pressure gradient on granular flow. The third scenario with minimal free-surface variation considers bed movement under a horizontal marine pipeline for a prolonged time period. The framework can simulate sediment transport for generalized problems with slowly/rapidly varying free-surface flow conditions.     

Remediation of soil heavily polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls using a low-temperature plasma technique

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） were removed by low-temperature plasma technique （dielectric barrier discharge） from heavily polluted soil and their intermediate products were analyzed. The removal rate ranged from 40.1 to 84.6% by different treatments, and they were also influenced significantly （P 〈 0.01） by soil particle-size, electric power, gas flow rate and reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions of PCB removal from the soil were obtained experimentally when soil particle-size, electrical power, flow rate and reaction time were 5-10mm, 21w, 120mL. rain and 90rain, respectively. However, decreasing electrical power, flow rate and reaction time to 18 w, 60 mL. min- and 60 min respectively were also acceptable in view of the cost of remediation. This technique was characterized by the additional advantage of thorough oxidation of PCBs in the soil, with no formation of intermediate products after reaction. The technique therefore shows some promise for application in the remediation of soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants in brown field sites in urban areas.     

A methodological framework for integrating computational fluid dynamics and ecological models applied to juvenile freshwater mussel dispersal in the Upper Mississippi River

Interdisciplinary research in hydraulics and ecology for river management and restoration must integrate processes that occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, which presents a challenge to ecohydraulics modelers. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are being more widely used to determine flow fields for ecohydraulics applications. In the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), the mussel dynamics model was developed as a tool for management and conservation of freshwater mussels (Unionidae), which are benthic organisms, imperiled in North America, that are inextricably linked with the hydraulics of river flow. We updated the juvenile dispersal component of the mussel dynamics model by using stochastic Lagrangian particle tracking in a three dimensional flow field output from CFD models of reaches in the UMR. We developed a methodological framework to integrate hydrodynamic data with the mussel dynamics model, and we demonstrate the use of the juvenile dispersal model employed within the methodological framework in two reaches of the UMR. The method was used to test the hypothesis that impoundment affects the relationship of some hydraulic parameters with juvenile settling distribution. Simulation results were consistent with this hypothesis, and the relationships of bed shear stress and Froude number with juvenile settling were altered by impoundment most likely through effects on local hydraulics. The methodological framework is robust, integrates Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frameworks, and incorporates processes over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, from watershed scale hydrologic processes (decades), to reach scale (km) processes that occur over hours or days, and turbulent processes on spatial scales of meter to millimeter and times scales of seconds. The methods are presently being used to assess the impacts of pre- and early post-settlement processes on mussel distributions, including the effects of bed shear stress, and the sensitivity of the location of the host fish when juveniles excyst, on juvenile settling distribution.     

Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Reacting Scalar Fluxes in Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Boundary Layers

In large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, the lumped coefficient in the eddy-diffusion subgrid-scale (SGS) model is known to depend on scale for the case of inert scalars. This scale dependence is predominant near the surface. In this paper, a scale-dependent dynamic SGS model for the turbulent transport of reacting scalars is implemented in large-eddy simulations of a neutral boundary layer. Since the model coefficient is computed dynamically from the dynamics of the resolved scales, the simulations are free from any parameter tuning. A set of chemical cases representative of various turbulent reacting flow regimes is examined. The reactants are involved in a first-order reaction and are injected in the atmospheric boundary layer with a constant and uniform surface flux. Emphasis is placed on studying the combined effects of resolution and chemical regime on the performance of the SGS model. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of the coefficients as function of resolution, position in the flow and chemical regime, leading to resolution-independent turbulent reactant fluxes.     

Integral Model for Turbulent Buoyant Jets in Unbounded Stratified Flows Part 2: Plane Jet Dynamics Resulting from Multiport Diffuser Jets

An integral model for the plane buoyant jet dynamics resulting from the interaction of multiple buoyant jet effluxes spaced along a diffuser line is considered as an extension of the round jet formulation that was proposed in Part I. The receiving fluid is given by an unbounded ambient environment with uniform density or stable density stratification and under stagnant or steady sheared current conditions. Applications for this situation are primarily for submerged multiport diffusers for discharges of liquid effluents into ambient water bodies, but also for multiple cooling tower plumes and building air-conditioning. The CorJet model formulation describes the conservation of mass, momentum, buoyancy and scalar quantities in the turbulent jet flow in the plane jet geometry. It employs an entrainment closure approach that distinguishes between the separate contributions of transverse shear and of internal instability mechanisms, and contains a quadratic law turbulent pressure force mechanism. But the model formulation also includes several significant three-dimensional effects that distinguish actual diffuser installations in the water environment. These relate to local merging processes from the individual multiple jets, to overall finite length effects affecting the plume geometry, and to bottom proximity effects given by a “leakage factor” that measures the combined affect of port height and spacing in allowing the ambient flow to pass through the diffuser line in order to provide sufficient entrainment flow for the mixing downstream from the diffuser. The model is validated in several stages: First, comparison with experimental data for the asymptotic, self-similar stages of plane buoyant jet flows, i.e. the plane pure jet, the pure plume, the pure wake, the advected line puff, and the advected line thermal, support the choice of the turbulent closure coefficients contained in the entrainment formulation. Second, comparison with data for many types of non-equilibrium flows with a plane geometry support the proposed functional form of the entrainment relationship, and also the role of the pressure force in the jet deflection dynamics. Third, the observed behavior of the merging process from different types of multiport diffuser discharges in both stagnant and flowing ambient conditions and with stratification appears well predicted with the CorJet formulation. Fourth, a number of spatial limits of applicability, relating to terminal layer formation in stratification or transition to passive diffusion in a turbulent ambient shear flow, have been proposed. In sum, the CorJet integral model appears to provide a mechanistically sound, accurate and reliable representation of complex buoyant jet mixing processes, provided the condition of an unbounded receiving fluid is satisfied.