LUCC及气候变化对龙川江流域径流的影响

土地利用与土地覆被变化(Land Use and Land Cover Change,LUCC)及气候变化对流域的径流变化影响巨大。为揭示龙川江流域LUCC和气候变化对径流变化的影响,基于SWAT模型,通过设置不同情景,定量分析了不同土地利用类型和气候要素对流域内径流的影响,并结合RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种气候情景对流域未来径流的变化进行了预估。结果显示,(1)SWAT模型在龙川江流域径流模拟中具有较好的适用性,可用SWAT模型进行流域的径流模拟,率定期的模型参数R~2、Ens分别达到0.73、0.71,验证期的模型参数R~2、Ens分别达到0.75、0.74。(2)从土地利用方面考虑,将农业用地转化为林地或草地,均会导致流域径流量的减少,而将林地转化为草地则会引起流域径流量的增加,农业用地、林地、草地三者对径流增加的贡献大小顺序为农业用地?草地?林地。从气候变化方面考虑,流域径流量与降雨量呈正比,与蒸发量呈反比。(3)2006-2015年间龙川江流域LUCC引起的月均径流增加幅度小于气候变化引起的月均径流减少幅度,龙川江径流的变化由气候变化主导,月均径流量总体上减少1.59 m~3·s~(-1)。(4)预估结果显示,RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下,2021-2050年间龙川江流域径流减少趋势明显,分别为1971-2015年减速的2.65倍、3.43倍。     

三峡库区土地覆被动态变化遥感分析

利用 1 995年和 2 0 0 0年TM卫星影像资料 ,对三峡库区 5年内的土地覆被动态变化进行了分析。结果表明 ,该时期库区土地覆被的变化主要表现为林地向草地和耕地转化 ,以及耕地向建设用地转化 ;其次是林地向建设用地转化 ,有林地向灌丛转化 ,以及草地向林地转化。土地覆被的这种变化说明 ,三峡库区近几年来生态环境在总体上呈现继续恶化的趋势 ,仅局部地区有所好转。     

基于LUCC的密云水库上游流域人为干扰动态变化

人类活动对地球表层的干扰所造成的影响和变化正日益增强,正确估计人为干扰对现在和未来环境变化影响的程度以及叠加在自然变化上的幅度具有重大意义。选择生态系统服务功能突出、人地关系矛盾剧烈的北京市密云水库上游流域为研究区,基于2005和2013年2期SPOT 5遥感影像数据,借助人为干扰度指数和GIS空间分析方法,从结构变化、类型变化、空间变化和人为干扰度4个角度,探讨密云水库上游流域人为干扰时空动态分异及变化特征。结果表明:(1)2005—2013年间,密云水库上游流域景观以林地-耕地-园地格局为主导,土地利用变化速度加快,人类活动对土地资源的集约利用强度增加。(2)农业结构调整、土地开发整理、经济发展、建设占用以及生态恢复工程是流域内土地利用与土地覆被变化的主要因素;旱地、园地、有林地、灌木林地面积减少,菜地、草地、疏林地、建设用地和滩地增加,森林生态系统质量呈退化趋势;工矿用地和未利用土地主要转为园地、林地和草地,生态恢复工程略显成效。(3)半干扰是流域内主导的干扰景观类型,全干扰和半干扰型景观面积增加,无干扰型景观面积减少,流域内景观的人为干扰强度呈现由深山区向浅山区逐渐增强的空间分异特征,交通道路沿线及人类活动活跃地区是人为干扰强度增加最显著的地区。     

基于SWAT模型的淠河流域土地利用变化的水文响应模拟

以淮河南岸最大支流——淠河流域为研究区域,采用嵌套入ArcGIS软件的SWAT分布式机理性水文模型定量评估土地利用变化对降水-径流关系的影响.结果表明,1996-2010年淠河流域的土地利用变化主要表现为水田、旱地向建设用地转化以及林地向园地转化.相较于1996年的土地利用情景,2010年土地利用情景下的多年平均径流增加5.87％,年径流的增加主要表现为汛期径流增加,非汛期径流则呈减少趋势,径流量年内变幅加大.对于不同水文年份而言,平水年对土地利用变化的水文响应最明显,变幅最大,枯水年则略大于丰水年,淠河流域的水源涵养能力呈现减退趋势.     

漾濞江流域土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀效应

采用3S(RS、GIS、GPS)技术手段,获取漾濞江流域土地利用空间数据,采用地理信息系统空间分析与传统统计学分析相结合的方法,对漾濞江流域土地利用图进行栅格转换和地图代数运算,形成具有复合数据结构的新的栅格数据,并进行统计计算,获得研究时段内土地利用变化的转移矩阵以及各地类的土壤侵蚀数据.通过对不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀程度及其变化进行分析确认,结果表明:耕地、林地和草地对土壤侵蚀强度变化的影响较大,土地利用类型向林地、草地类型的转化有利于减轻土壤侵蚀强度,而向耕地类型的转化则加重土壤侵蚀强度.     

三峡库区土地覆被动态变化遥感分析

利用1995年和2000年TM卫星影像资料，以三峡库区5年内的土地覆被动态变化进行了分析。结果表明，该时期库区土地覆被的变化主要表现为林地向草地和耕地转化，以及耕地向建设用地转化；其次是林地向建设用地转化，有林地向灌丛转化，以是地向林地转化。土地覆被的这种变化说明，三峡库区近几年来生态环境在总体上呈现继续恶化的趋势，仅局部地区有所好转。     

近35 a叶尔羌河中下游流域土地利用/覆被时空动态演变特征

基于叶尔羌河中下游流域1982、1990、2000、2010和2017年5期遥感影像数据,利用GIS技术,对该地区近35 a土地利用/覆被变化进行分析。结果表明:1982—2017年研究区耕地和建设用地面积占比不断增加,分别由占研究区总面积的4.92%和0.33%增加到13.06%和0.67%;林地、草地和未利用地面积则分别减少8.43×10~4、4.48×10~4和2.81×10~5 hm~2;湿地和水域面积变化波动较小,但总体上呈减少趋势,减少面积分别占流域总面积的0.08%和0.14%。各土地利用类型中耕地变化速率最大,达4.73%,建设用地次之。林地、草地、湿地和水域面积的减少主要受到年均气温上升,相对湿度下降和蒸发量增大等自然因素的影响;耕地和建设用地面积的增加以及未利用地面积的减少主要受到人口、第一产业生产总值和GDP急剧增长等人文因素的影响。除此以外,政策因素调整也对研究区土地利用/覆被变化产生显著影响。     

三江源土地利用变化特征及因素分析

根据三江源地区1980年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年7期1∶10万土地利用数据集,运用Arcgis 10.0空间统计分析与数理统计方法定量研究了该区土地利用变化特征、规律及趋势,阐明了影响土地变化的主要因素,为三江源地区土地资源的可持续利用及土地管理决策提供科学依据。结果如下,(1)2015年三江源土地利用类型以草地、林地和水域为主,分别占总面积的71.20%、4.28%、5.47%。低覆盖草地主要分布在研究区西北部,中高覆盖度草地以及林地集中分布在东南部,水域在整个源区都有分布。(2)根据土地利用变化重要性指数(C_i),得知35年间三江源土地利用类型之间的转变主要以低中高覆盖度草地、未利用土地与水域之间的转化为主。1980—2015年,低、高覆盖度草地,水域,建设用地面积波动增加,未利用土地面积有明显的减少趋势,35年间减少了17.61%,中覆盖度草地和林地基本保持不变,草地面积总体增加了13.45%。(3)从土地利用变化来看,建设用地增加最快,1980—2015年,建设用地增加了89.54%,它的开发程度也最大,为2.63%;未利用土地的耗减程度最大,耗减率为0.66%。(4)人口、经济结构变化及政策的实施是土地利用变化的主要驱动机制。     

开都孔雀河流域近20年土地利用/覆被变化及景观破碎化研究

根据开都孔雀河流域1990、2000和2010年Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据,结合GIS技术,研究其近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局的动态变化特征及变化原因。结果表明,1990—2010年开都孔雀河流域土地利用类型变化最明显的是耕地、建设用地和水域湿地,年均变化率分别为4.76%、-1.61%和1.45%,而未利用地年均变化率最小,为-0.29%。草地面积的8.71%和未利用地面积的1.73%均转变为耕地,草地面积的2.41%转变为水域湿地,建设用地的54.74%转变为未利用地;林地面积在2000年前减少,主要转变为耕地,而在2000年后耕地和草地转变为林地,又使其面积增加。整个研究时段耕地、水域湿地分布趋于集中,逐渐成为研究区的优势景观类型;在2000年前林地分布破碎化明显,在2000年后趋于集中;1990—2010年,草地面积减少,景观优势度下降,景观形状趋于简单。认为人口的不断增加以及经济利益的驱动使得流域内耕地面积不断扩大,从而严重危及流域的生态环境安全。     

丹东沿海地区土地利用变化对生境质量的影响研究

土地利用变化与生态效应影响研究是全球环境变化的热点。以丹东沿海地区2000—2018年土地利用景观格局为基础,运用GIS技术和In VEST模型对丹东沿海地区生境质量进行定量评估,并结合土地利用变化规律分析了土地利用变化对生境质量的影响。丹东沿海地区作为连接海陆的重要过渡带,研究其土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡生态保护与利用土地资源海陆统筹发展具有重要意义。结果表明,(1)耕地、草地及未利用地面积减少,林地、水域和建设用地面积增加,研究末期林地仍占研究区的62.895%,耕地比重由30.565%降至25.735%,是研究区第二大土地利用类型,其次是建筑用地、水域用地,草地与未利用地占比较小。(2)研究期间,生境质量低值区扩大,较低值区缩小,中等级、较高、高值区面积增加。生境质量呈现自东北向西南递减,自沿海向内陆递减的分布特征。(3)研究区生境质量受土地利用变化影响较大,2015—2018土地利用变化与生境质量变化都较为显著,以林地、河渠为主的土地利用类型受人类活动干扰较小,生境质量较好;沿海地区的建设用地对生态环境造成破坏,生境质量较差。(4)通过空间自相关以及热点分析发现,研究区生境质量分布状况存在空间聚集性,聚集效应近年来有分散的趋势,区域间的生境质量差异扩大。     

China's Grain for Green Program has reduced soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River

Severe soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River is a serious environmental problem in western China. In order to control this soil erosion, the national government implemented the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in Sichuan Province (in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River) and Shaanxi Province (in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) in 1999. To evaluate the effects of the GGP on soil erosion, the present study investigated the relationships between annual precipitation and three parameters, annual runoff, sediment concentration, and sediment discharge, for these rivers. As the area covered by the GGP increased, sediment concentration and sediment discharge both decreased, and the correlation with the GGP area was much stronger than the correlation with annual precipitation. Therefore, China's GGP appears to be controlling soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River.     

Effects of river sediment addition to the beach microbial communities

During the processes of claiming land from the sea, river sediments are used to fill and transform the sea area along the margin of islands and lands into new lands. These activities would probably affect microbial ecosystems of the beach sediment. However, little is known about these effects. In this study, a simulation test was conducted to evaluate these effects. Pyrosequencing technique was employed to assess the effects of river sediment addition to the beach bacterial communities. The used river sediments were collected from different rivers. The results indicated that river sediment addition greatly impacted microbial ecosystems of the beach and caused a clear shift in the beach bacterial community composition. These processes remarkably increased toxic metals and decreased the bacterial diversity in the beach sediment, mainly including the phyla of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes. River sediment addition caused an increase in potentially pathogenic bacterial genera of the beach sediment. Bacterial phylotype richness in the beach without river sediment addition was higher than that in the beach with river sediment input. There were significant differences in bacterial communities between beach sediments with and without river sediment addition, and the most dominant classes were Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria.     

南宁市相思湖湿地公园生态景观调查与分析

相思湖湿地公园是南宁市打造"中国水城"品牌的重要建设项目,既保护了湿地资源,也发挥了巨大的生态环境、经济及社会效益.就已完成景观绿化亮化提升工程的相思湖湿地公园展开相关调查,对其生态多样性进行分析及按照相关标准计算湿地景观特征指数,评价了其现状并提出保护对策.相思湖湿地公园具有丰富的动植物资源,从水域、林地、草地、沼泽、滩涂五种景观类型的数据可以看出:水域面积占到了52.74%,说明湿地功能显著;破碎度最大的是草地跟林地,分别达到了1.29和0.81,说明南宁市生态恢复工程和绿色提升工程效果明显.相思湖湿地公园是保护和利用当地湿地资源的有效措施.     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对土壤特性的影响

在中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站放牧试验场周围,选取了不同利用方式和类型的草地（封育和放牧）、林地（乔木和灌木）和农田（灌溉和非灌溉）为研究样地,调查了0～30cm土层每隔10cm的土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（有机碳和全氮）,分析了土地利用变化对土壤水分质量分数和有机养分的影响。结果发现,垂直空间分布上,无论哪种土地类型样地,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分各土层间均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）,土层垂直变化对土壤特性影响均较小。在不同土地利用方式水平空间分布上,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（土壤有机碳和全氮）灌木林地均显著高于乔木林地（P〈0.05）,而封育草地和放牧草地间以及灌溉农田与非灌溉农田间土壤水分质量分数和有机养分均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）。不同土地利用类型水平分布上,草地土壤水分质量分数显著低于林地和农田（P〈0.05）,而土壤养分质量分数草地显著高于林地和农田（P〈0.05）。分析表明,对沙质草地进行围栏封育和旱作农田退耕还林还草的同时,对水浇农田实行保护性耕作和精细管理,有利于沙地土壤环境改善与生态系统恢复。     

挠力河流域农垦开发中居民地景观生态特征的变化

运用G IS、景观格局分析与聚落分析方法定量分析了挠力河流域在快速农垦开发中居民地分布格局的时空变化,探讨了景观格局形成的机制。景观指数分析表明近50 a来居民地面积和数目激增,居民地斑块面积、聚集度增大,表明人类对挠力河流域景观扰动持续增强。在所有背景地类中,居民地与耕地的邻接比例最高。伴随居民地和耕地迅速扩张,两者邻接比例呈上升趋势,两者相互影响越来越大。不同时期居民地扩张强度高值区分布有所不同,主要分布在早期的耕地新增区,1954—2000年挠力河流域居民地扩张高值区最终主要分布于该流域的西部与中部。虽然居民地数目和面积均激增,各居民地之间的距离亦呈缩短趋势,但居民地最近邻点指数表明,近50 a来挠力河流域居民地分布类型一直为随机分布,农垦经济仍占主导地位,人为规划比城镇发达地区薄弱。     

Anthropogenic Correlates of Species Richness in Southeastern Ontario Wetlands

We examined the relationship between the richness of four different wetland taxa (birds, mammals, herptiles, and plants) in 30 southeastern Ontario, Canada wetlands and two anthropogenic factors: road construction and forest removal/conversion on adjacent lands. Data were obtained from two sources: road densities and forest cover from 1:50,000 Government of Canada topographic maps and species lists and wetland areas from Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources wetland evaluation reports. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the relationships between species richness and wetland area, road density, and forest cover. Our results show a strong positive relationship between wetland area and species richness for all taxa. The species richness of all taxa except mammals was negatively correlated with the density of paved roads on lands up to 2 km from the wetland. Furthermore, both herptile and mammal species richness showed a strong positive correlation with the proportion of forest cover on lands within 2 km. These results provide evidence that at the landscape level, road construction and forest removal on adjacent lands pose significant risks to wetland biodiversity. Furthermore, they suggest that most existing wetland policies, which focus almost exclusively on activities within the wetland itself and/or a narrow buffer zone around the wetland perimeter, are unlikely to provide adequate protection for wetland biodiversity.     

挠力河流域农垦开发中居民地景观生态特征的变化

运用GIS、景观格局分析与聚落分析方法定量分析了挠力河流域在快速农垦开发中居民地分布格局的时空变化，探讨了景观格局形成的机制。景观指数分析表明近50a来居民地面积和数目激增，居民地斑块面积、聚集度增大，表明人类对挠力河流域景观扰动持续增强。在所有背景地类中，居民地与耕地的邻接比例最高。伴随居民地和耕地迅速扩张，两者邻接比例呈上升趋势，两者相互影响越来越大。不同时期居民地扩张强度高值区分布有所不同，主要分布在早期的耕地新增区，1954-2000年挠力河流域居民地扩张高值区最终主要分布于该流域的西部与中部。虽然居民地数目和面积均激增，各居民地之间的距离亦呈缩短趋势，但居民地最近邻点指数表明，近50a来挠力河流域居民地分布类型一直为随机分布，农垦经济仍占主导地位，人为规划比城镇发达地区薄弱。     

Potential effects of forest policies on terrestrial biodiversity in a multi-ownership province.

We used spatial simulation models to evaluate how current and two alternative policies might affect potential biodiversity over 100 years in the Coast Ranges Physiographic Province of Oregon. This 2.3-million-ha province is characterized by a diversity of public and private forest owners, and a wide range of forest policy and management objectives. We evaluated habitat availability for seven focal species representing different life histories. We also examined how policies affected old-growth stand structure, age distributions relative to the historical range of variability, and landscape patterns of forest types. Under the current policy scenario, the area of habitat for old-growth forest structure and associated species increased over time, the habitat for some early-successional associates remained stable, and the area of hardwood vegetation and diverse early-successional stages declined. The province is projected to move toward but not reach the historical range of variation of forest age classes that may have occurred under the wildfire regimes of the pre-Euroamerican settlement period. Ownership explained much of the pattern of biodiversity in the province, and under the current policy scenario, its effect increased over time as the landscape diverged into highly contrasting forest structures and ages. Patch type diversity declined slightly overall but declined strongly within ownerships. Most of the modeled change in biodiversity over time resulted from policies on public forest lands that were intended to increase the area of late-successional forests and species. One of the alternative policies, increased retention of wildlife trees on private lands, reduced the contrast between ownerships and increased habitat availability over time for both early- and late-successional species. Analysis of another alternative, stopping thinning of plantations on federal lands, indicated that current thinning regimes improve habitat for the Olive-sided Flycatcher, but the no-thinning alternative had no effect on the habitat scores for the late-successional species in the 100-year simulation. A comparison of indicators of biological diversity suggests that using focal species and forest structural measures can provide complementary information on biodiversity. The multi-ownership perspective provided a more complete synthesis of province-wide biodiversity patterns than assessments based on single ownerships.     

A model diagnostic study of age of river-borne sediment transport in the tidal York River Estuary

As nutrients and organic matters are transported preferentially in an adsorbed state and tend to bind to the sediments, sediment transport plays an important role on eutrophication processes in the estuaries. The timescale of sediment transport is of significance for studying the retention of pollutants and eutrophication processes in the estuaries. Unlike transport of dissolved substances that is mainly controlled by advection and diffusion processes, the sediment transport is significantly affected by the intermittent settling and resuspension processes. A three-dimensional model with suspended sediment transport was utilized to investigate the transport timescale of river-borne sediment in the tidal York River Estuary. The results indicate that river discharge dominantly determines the age of river-borne sediment in the estuary. High river discharge results in a low sediment age compared to that under mean flow. The intermittent effects of settling and resuspension events greatly affect the river-borne sediment age. Both settling velocity and critical shear stress are shown to be key parameters in determining the sediment transport timescale. The sediment age decreases as settling velocity and/or critical shear stress decrease, while it increases with the increase of settling velocity that prevents the sediment to be transported out of the estuary.     

The Value of Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests for a Neotropical Herpetofauna

Abstract:  Plantation forests and second-growth forests are becoming dominant components of many tropical forest landscapes. Yet there is little information available concerning the consequences of different forestry options for biodiversity conservation in the tropics. We sampled the leaf-litter herpetofauna of primary, secondary, and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Jari River area of northeastern Brazilian Amazonia. We used four complementary sampling techniques, combined samples from 2 consecutive years, and collected 1739 leaf-litter amphibians (23 species) and 1937 lizards (30 species). We analyzed the data for differences among forest types regarding patterns of alpha and beta diversity, species-abundance distributions, and community structure. Primary rainforest harbored significantly more species, but supported a similar abundance of amphibians and lizards compared with adjacent areas of second-growth forest or plantations. Plantation forests were dominated by wide-ranging habitat generalists. Secondary forest faunas contained a number of species characteristic of primary forest habitat. Amphibian communities in secondary forests and Eucalyptus plantations formed a nested subset of primary forest species, whereas the species composition of the lizard community in plantations was distinct, and was dominated by open-area species. Although plantation forests are relatively impoverished, naturally regenerating forests can help mitigate some negative effects of deforestation for herpetofauna. Nevertheless, secondary forest does not provide a substitute for primary forest, and in the absence of further evidence from older successional stands, we caution against the optimistic claim that natural forest regeneration in abandoned lands will provide refuge for the many species that are currently threatened by deforestation .