多针-水电极直流电晕放电染料废水脱色

采用多针-水电极反应器,研究了直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝KN-R染料废水的脱色,考察了放电电压、初始pH值和初始浓度对活性艳蓝脱色的影响,通过对液相活性物质(O3和.OH)浓度的考察探讨了脱色机理.结果表明,多针-水电极直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝脱色效果明显;放电电压、溶液初始pH值对活性艳蓝脱色效果的影响与其对液相O和.OH浓度的影响一致;.OH和O是促使RBB脱色的主要因素.     

Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的研究

利用Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色进行研究,探讨了催化剂的制备方法、铁负载量、投加剂量、反应体系pH值以及焙烧温度对活性艳蓝KN-R催化脱色效率的影响,并考察了催化剂的重复利用性能.结果表明:离子交换法制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂表现出较佳的染料脱色性能.在pH＜3.0,H2O2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·l-1,催化剂投加剂量为4.0g·l-1的条件下,对初始浓度为250mg·l-1的KN-R模拟染料废水,30 min之内脱色率达95%以上.采用有机酸络合铁作为铁源制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的催化活性大幅增强,但催化剂稳定性降低.铁负载量影响染料的脱色反应活性,过量负载会导致染料脱色效率降低;同样,适度增大催化剂用量可促进染料脱色效率,但过量投加不利于染料的脱色.pH＜3.0为该Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的适用pH条件;催化剂重复利用三次后,1h内对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色率仍可达95%以上.     

青霉菌对活性艳蓝 KN-R的吸附作用

研究了青霉菌(Penicillium X5)对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附作用．通过对培养液的波谱分析和宏观现象的观察，结果表明，在72h内，脱色是由吸附引起的．当染料的浓度为100mg/L时，活菌体对染料的吸附率可达88．66％．本实验还研究了对实际应用和吸附过程有影响的几个因素，包括葡萄糖、NaCl、温度和pH.结果表明：葡萄糖浓度在0-20g／L时，随着葡萄糖浓度的增加，菌体的干重相应增加，说明对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附具有促进作用，但浓度在10-20g／L时，吸附作用不显著；而随着NaCl浓度(0-2％)的增加，吸附率却显著降低．最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0．活菌体与死菌体的生物吸附均符合Langmuir方程，活菌体比死菌体具有更好的吸附性能．吸附在菌丝体上的染料可以用甲酵进行洗脱，菌丝球在下次使用前用蒸馏水冲洗至pH中性，此菌丝球可重复使用3次．固8表2参11     

UV-vis/草酸铁/Fenton体系降解蒽醌染料

以活性艳蓝KN—R作为研究对象,考察了处理活性艳蓝KN-R的主要影响因素。在固定染料浓度为100 mg/L时,得到氧化体系的最佳用量比值为ρ(Fe2+):ρ(H2O2):ρ(H2C2O4)为1:15:1.5。在最佳条件下,脱色率达到95%以上,COD和TOC去除率分别达到87.7%和66.8%。活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的动力学模型为拟一级反应模型。     

低传质阻力渗流式纳米电极电化学反应器处理活性艳蓝X-BR

采用渗流式电化学反应器,以碳纳米管和活性碳纤维作为反应器的阳极.选取活性艳蓝X-BR模拟废水作为实验对象,计算电化学过程的传质系数,考察电压、pH值和电解质对活性艳蓝脱色的影响,在优化条件下(电压为8V,pH=2,电解质浓度为1g·l-1),对浓度为200mg·l-1活性艳蓝X-BR的脱色率可达90%以上.     

高含量漆酶食用菌菌渣的筛选及其染料脱色作用

食用菌菌渣(Spent mushroom substrate,SMS)指食用菌出菇后的培养基废弃物,富含菌体蛋白、生物酶、多糖等营养物质,是潜在的生物质资源,用于肥料、饲料、生物修复等领域.我国是全球第一大食用菌生产国,大量菌渣资源一直没有得到科学有效地利用,并造成环境污染.以工厂化、实验室和农业栽培的杏鲍菇、平菇等9种常见食用菌菌渣为材料,进行高产漆酶菌渣筛选,并进一步利用高活性菌渣,对孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝、甲基橙、活性红和活性黑5种染料进行脱色脱毒研究.结果显示,新鲜工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣漆酶活性为7.55×104 U/g.其不同高度菌渣柱对染料脱色的结果显示,15 cm高菌渣脱色效果最佳,对5种染料的脱色率分别为100%、98.60%、72.82%、61.97%和43.73%.全波长光谱扫描显示,孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝经处理后流出液的染料最大光吸收峰显著降低甚至消失.进一步利用其菌渣漆酶粗提物进行染料脱色研究,30℃孵育24 h脱色率分别为81.24%、49.43%、37.62%、26.34%和13.54%.以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为靶标,对酶促染料降解产物进行了毒性研究,结果显示产物毒性均低于未处理染料.本研究表明工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣具有高漆酶活性,能用于孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝等染料废水的脱色、脱毒,具有重要经济和生态价值.(图4表4参43)     

过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni介孔分子筛MCM-41催化剂的制备及其氧化性能

本研究用直接法和后处理法合成了不同过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni)负载的介孔分子筛载体材料MCM-41,并利用Al对分子筛进行了改性,制备了Fe/Al复合催化剂,对上述材料进行了表征.研究了这些非均相催化剂对染料活性艳蓝KN-R的催化氧化脱色,分别研究了催化剂制备方法、过渡金属种类及负载量对KN-R脱色效率的影响,并考察了所制得催化剂的稳定性和重复利用性.结果表明,直接法合成的催化剂具有较高的催化性能及较低的金属溶出量,负载铁(Ⅱ)的催化剂对染料的催化降解性能要远高于钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)负载型催化剂,催化氧化活性随金属负载量的提高而显著升高.Al改性进一步提高了催化剂的活性,在pH=2.5,氧化剂H_2O_2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·L~(-1),催化剂剂量为4.0 g·L~(-1)的条件下,反应30 min,对初始浓度为250 mg·L~(-1)的KN-R染料的脱色率均可达95%以上,矿化率达60%以上.当Al/Si为0.21,Fe负载量为23.6 mg·g~(-1)时,在10 min内可将250 mg·L-1的KN-R完全脱色.经过3次循环使用后,上述催化剂仍能表现出良好的性能,但进一步循环使用,催化活性下降.     

脱色酶和优势菌混合固定化降解染料的研究

本文对分离到的脱色优势菌ＤＮ１的脱色酶特性进行了研究,将脱色酶与苯胺降解菌混合固定化处理染料废水,结果表明,脱色酶在厌氧条件下对染料的脱色效果好,最适条件为３７℃,ｐＨ７．０;固定化酶相比粗酶液有更高的活性,对温度、ｐＨ、氧的要求范围较宽;混合固定化降解染料,脱色率及苯胺降解率分别大于８０％和９０％。     

固定化枝孢霉对铜离子的生物吸附

对固定化枝孢霉(Cladosporiumsp.)吸附Cu2+进行了研究,结果表明,当海藻酸钙浓度为3%,CaCl2浓度为4%,菌量为15%(V:V)时,包埋制得的固定化小球具有较好的机械性能和较高的吸附量。并考察了不同因素如接触反应时间,溶液的pH,温度对生物吸附的影响,结果表明:生物吸附平衡时间为3h左右,固定化空白小球和活菌的最佳pH值分别为3.5和4.0,在15℃～45℃的温度范围内,温度对吸附量变化有一定的影响。在一定浓度范围(30～500mg/L)内,生物吸附随浓度的增加而增加,Langmuir型吸附模式较好描述Cu2+在固定化小球的吸附实验数据,其线性回归系数高达0.99,HCl、HNO3、柠檬酸都是有效的解吸剂,解吸吸附后的海藻酸钙小球,解吸率都在92%以上,其中以硝酸的解吸效果为最好。     

NKY功能化树脂静态吸附混合染料的研究

探讨了NKY功能化树脂对混合染料(活性艳蓝：KN-R和活性艳橙K-GN)的静态吸附行为．结果表明：NKY树脂吸附单组分染料的能力大于其对混合染料的吸附，而且对混合体系中的染料有一定的选择性，吸附KN-R的速率较大．从动力学研究来看，NKY对混合染料的吸附速率其决定步骤是液膜扩散．等温曲线的结果显示，NKY对混合染料中每种组分的吸附行为同吸附单组分体系的类似，同时，随温度的升高，吸附速率常数增大，标准自由能变的绝对值增大。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.