徐州市城区公园绿地土壤重金属污染及其评价

通过对徐州市泉山、云龙、鼓楼、九里4个城区的公园绿地土壤进行系统采样测定,对其土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该城区表层土壤中5种重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)含量均高于中国土壤元素背景值,其中Cd单因子富集指数为30.00,污染指数为14.56,富集程度较高,污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr单因子富集指数和污染指数均接近1,富集程度较低,无污染或轻度污染。     

土壤酶活性对沙地樟子松人工林衰退的响应

采用时空互代法对辽宁省章古台地区10—60 a林龄的典型沙地樟子松人工林标准地土壤酶活性进行了测定,分析了土壤酶活性在时间(不同林龄)、空间(不同土层深度)的变化规律,及养分指标与土壤酶活性的关系,为分析樟子松人工林土壤退化问题及本研究区域土壤酶的后续研究提供参考.结果表明,该区域樟子松人工林土壤蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性随林分年龄的增长而增高;土壤磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性先增高后降低趋势,在30 a林龄时分别达到最高值;土壤脲酶活性随林分年龄的增长呈先降低,30 a后保持稳定的趋势.5种土壤酶活性均随土层的加深而降低,且表层土壤酶活性显著高于20 cm以下土层土壤酶活性.随林龄和土层的递增,土壤酶指数与理化指标的变化趋势相似,说明土壤理化性状对土壤酶活性高低起重要作用.相关性分析表明,各土壤酶活性与养分因子间呈极显著相关,可用其表征林地土壤肥力状况.综上所述,可以从改善林地土壤理化性状入手,减缓樟子松人工林的提前衰退,而评价该区域林地土壤综合质量可采用测取土壤酶活性的方法.     

两种等级喀斯特石漠化地区生物结皮对土壤养分恢复的影响

生物结皮是喀斯特生态系统中重要的地表覆盖植被,在石漠化土地恢复和生态治理工程中扮演着关键角色。通过土壤农化学分析方法研究不同石漠化等级下各类型生物结皮对其下层土壤理化性质的影响,对于探索喀斯特生态脆弱区土壤的形成发育及土壤环境的稳定至关重要。研究结果表明:在结皮层中全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、土壤有机碳、土壤田间持水量、土壤孔隙度均表现为苔藓结皮混生结皮地衣结皮藻类结皮(P0.05),土壤容重则表现为藻类结皮地衣结皮≥混生结皮≥苔藓结皮(P0.05)。生物结皮下0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层理化性质的变化规律与结皮层相似。整体上看,生物结皮在潜在-轻度和中度-强度这两种典型石漠化区域内,对下层土壤理化性质改善有较好的影响,土壤恢复指数体现为苔藓结皮混生结皮地衣结皮藻类结皮,不同类型的生物结皮对下层土壤理化性质的影响随着土层的加深而减小。在撒拉溪研究区中,对比空白组,苔藓结皮、混生结皮和藻类结皮的土壤养分恢复指数分别为25.1%、18.6%、10.4%和6.3%;而在花江研究区中,苔藓结皮、混生结皮和藻类结皮的土壤养分恢复指数分别为25.8%、18.9%、7.6%和5.7%。除pH值外,不同类型的生物结皮各土层间土壤理化性质均呈显著相关。生物结皮能有效改善土壤的理化性质,增加土壤养分含量,提升土地承载力与抗侵蚀能力,加速石漠化地区土壤养分的积累及恢复,平衡土壤环境稳定,为植被的生长发育提供良好的先决条件。因此研究并掌握喀斯特石漠化地区生物结皮对土壤理化性改良机理及其与土壤环境的交互机制进而对研究喀斯特生态系统的生物多样性建设,物质能量循环及石漠化生态治理措施等意义重大。     

微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响

微塑料作为一种新污染物普遍存在于各类环境介质中,土壤环境中的微塑料污染已受到全球的广泛关注。该研究围绕农田土壤中微塑料污染这一主题,在总结分析国内外最新研究进展的基础上,综述了微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量以及微生物群落结构与功能的影响。通过农业活动等途径进入农田土壤的微塑料会在非生物和生物作用下发生风化和降解,并对土壤理化性质、养分循环和污染物相互作用产生影响,进而影响微生物生物量、微生物群落结构与多样性、土壤酶活性,以及碳、氮循环和污染物降解等土壤生物地球化学过程,且微塑料对上述指标的影响与微塑料自身性质、土壤类型和暴露条件等多种因素有关。最后,对未来土壤微塑料的研究方向做了展望,以期为后续研究提供参考和思路。     

西北干旱区植被恢复的土壤养分效应

通过对西北干旱区植被恢复过程中不同退耕模式下土壤养分的变化、土壤各养分的时空分布及各养分间的相关性分析,系统研究了干旱区植被恢复过程中土壤环境变化特征和规律。结果表明,在西北干旱区,进行植被恢复能明显改善土壤肥力状况,但不同植被恢复方式对土壤的腐殖化作用差异显著,依次为侧柏＋灌木＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋灌木〉侧柏,而且随着植被恢复年限的持续,土壤中各养分质量分数明显增加。不同养分对植被恢复的响应程度从高到低表现为：速效磷〉速效氮〉速效钾〉全氮〉有机质〉全磷〉全钾。同时,相关性分析表明,土壤有机质的变化与全氮、速效氮呈现出显著的相关性,R2为0.867和0794,并且各养分具有明显的表聚性,尤以有机质、速效磷和速效氮表现明显。     

生物炭对农业面源污染氮、磷流失的影响研究进展

综述了近年来国内外应用生物炭削减农田氮、磷养分流失的研究进展,从生物炭的作用机制和对土壤环境效应的影响2个方面出发,重点阐述了生物炭对土壤中氮、磷养分的吸附与转化,生物炭的作物效应以及生物炭对土壤淋溶过程的影响。生物炭不仅能够改善土壤环境,提高土壤氮、磷养分的有效性,促进作物的吸收和生长,而且由于其特殊的结构和理化性质,可以吸附土壤中未被作物利用的水分和养分,延缓养分释放,减弱其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,最终实现减少土壤氮、磷养分流失的目的。最后,着眼于当前相关研究的薄弱之处对今后研究重点和方向进行展望,供相关研究者参考。     

汶川地震对龙门山地区山地土壤理化性质的影响

采用对比研究的方法,研究了汶川地震后龙门山东、西坡及过渡区域典型山地滑坡体土壤理化性质以及土壤养分含量的变化.结果显示:与未破坏的原生土壤相比较,3个区域滑坡迹地土壤砂粒含量均显著升高;土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、总矿质氮、土壤粉粒和粘粒含量显著降低;滑坡体土壤pH值在东坡和过渡区显著升高,西坡升高不明显;东坡和过渡区滑坡体土壤氨态氮含量与矿质氮/全氮比值显著降低,而西坡差异不显著;土壤碳/氮比值在过渡区显著下降,东坡和西坡差异不显著.此外,3个研究区域滑坡体土壤全钾含量变化不显著.滑坡迹地表征土壤质量的指标(土壤质地、有机质和矿质元素含量等)总体上呈现下降的趋势,表明地震对滑坡体土壤产生了明显的破坏作用;土壤的碳损失率大于氮损失率,并有可能会进一步加剧土壤的碳缺失.地震对龙门山区域土壤理化性质的影响仅有氨态氮存在扰动与空间区域的交互作用,其余理化指标的扰动结果均不受空间区域差异均的影响.这暗示地震有可能是通过对土壤剖面层次的破坏和扰动而影响土壤理化性质,生态气候类型差异对于滑坡迹地土壤理化性质的改变效应可能是一个比较长期的过程.     

基于最小数据集的周至县猕猴桃园地土壤质量评价

周至县是陕西省猕猴桃种植的重要基地,也是我国猕猴桃之乡,其土壤质量的好坏严重制约着猕猴桃的质量与产量。在综合分析周至县猕猴桃产业带土壤理化性质基础上选取18个指标,建立最小数据集,对猕猴桃园地土壤质量进行评价,并分析不同种植年限园地土壤质量。结果表明,研究区土壤质量评价的最小数据集为总孔隙度、全磷、速效氮、Mg2+、全钾、有机质、含水量、速效磷和物理性黏粒9个指标。随着猕猴桃园地种植年限的增加,土壤质量呈先增长后稳定再增长的趋势。有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮和速效磷等是制约研究区土壤质量的指标,在土壤质量评价中总权重占比达53%,而研究区土壤养分含量总体偏低;同时随种植年限的增加,土壤孔隙度和通气度逐渐降低,易形成土壤板结。因此提高猕猴桃产量与质量需要提高土壤养分质量,改变施肥结构,改善土壤结构。     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土上的农用价值与利用原理

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物作为废弃物对环境的潜在威胁,促使人们对其资源化利用研究的重视。文章针对红壤地区土壤普遍缺乏营养元素的问题,通过分析盆栽和田间试验结果,探讨燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土壤上的农用价值与利用原理。结果表明,燃煤烟气脱硫副产物富含作物所需的营养元素,而红壤地区土壤又普遍缺乏这些元素;它具有独特的形态特征和理化性能,在酸性土壤中可以产生协同效应,因而具极高的农用价值。在酸性土壤上适量施用,可以提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤供肥性能和持水能力,促进作物对养分的吸收,从而达到废弃物农业资源化利用的目的。     

合肥城市绿地土壤特点

以合肥市一环内绿地土壤和近郊蜀山森林公园土壤为对象,研究了土壤表层0~10 cm的理化特性,分析了全磷与速效磷,速效磷与潜在酸度之间的关系。结果表明,市区绿地土壤的容重平均值为1.41 kg/cm3,土壤电导率显著高于近郊森林土壤;城市绿地土壤pH值多在7.51~8.50之间,与森林土壤相比,碱性化趋势明显;城市土壤具有明显的富磷和贫氮特征,其全氮含量平均值为1.44 g/kg,全磷含量平均值为792.0 mg/kg、速效磷含量为50.6 mg/kg,分别是近郊森林土壤的0.64倍、2.9倍和5.1倍;城市土壤全磷与有效磷含量呈显著的正相关(r=0.79,p=0.000);潜在酸度与有效磷含量呈显著负相关(r=0.65,p=0.000)。     

南京市中心城区道路绿地土壤中重金属含量及污染评价

为了解不同绿化时间段道路绿地土壤中重金属的含量特征,采集了南京市中心城区不同绿化时间段道路绿地土壤0～5cm、5—20cm土样共50个。土壤经微波消解后,用原子吸收分光光度计分别测定土壤中cu、zn、Pb、cd和cr的全量。结果表明,南京城市土壤中cu、zn、Ph、cd和cr的全量分别为38．8±14．3、113．4±25．5、53．1±27．7、0．114±0．06、51．8±8．9mg／kg,最高值约为最低值的2．4～18．5倍。从变异系数来看,除zn、cr元素的变异系数在20％左右,其它重金属元素均在35％～55％之间。2000年前绿化的道路绿地土壤中重金属含量显著高于2000年后的绿地土壤（P〈0．05）。Pb、Cu和Zn存在不同程度的污染,Pb和cu在2000年前绿化的道路绿地土壤中达到中度污染水平,Cr处于警戒限水平,cd处于清洁水平。由于受交通和人为活动的影响,绿地表层土壤中重金属出现积累。     

Denitrification mitigates N flux through the stream-floodplain complex of a desert city

The Indian Bend Wash (IBW) flood-control project relies on a greenbelt to carry floods through Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. The greenbelt is characterized by a chain of shallow artificial lakes in a larger floodplain of irrigated turf, which has been protected from encroaching urban development. As such, this urban stream-floodplain complex can be divided into three subsystems: artificial lakes, channelized stream segments, and floodplain. We conducted experiments to evaluate which, if any, of these subsystems were important sites of denitrification, and to explore factors controlling denitrification rates. Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) bioassays were conducted on sediments from eight lake and six stream segments as well as soil samples from eight floodplain transects. Mass-specific potential denitrification rates were significantly higher in lakes than in streams or floodplains. Nutrient limitation bioassays revealed that nitrate (NO3-) limited denitrification in lake sediments, a surprising finding given that NO3(-)-rich groundwater additions frequently raised lake NO3(-) concentration above 1 mg N/L. Experiments on intact lake cores suggested that denitrification was limited by the rate NO3(-) diffused into sediments, rather than its availability in overlying water. Floodplain denitrification was limited by water content, not NO3(-) or C, and irrigation of soils stimulated denitrification. We constructed a N budget for the IBW stream-floodplain complex based on our experimental results. We found that both lakes and floodplains removed large quantities of N, with denitrification removing 261 and 133 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) from lake sediments and floodplain soils, respectively, indicating that lakes are hotspots for denitrification. Nevertheless, because floodplain area was >4.5 times that of lakes, floodplain soils removed nearly 2.5 times as much N as lake sediments. Given the desert's low annual precipitation, a finding that floodplain soils are active sites of denitrification might seem implausible; however, irrigation is common in urban landscapes, and it elevated annual denitrification in IBW. Based on our results, we conclude that construction of artificial lakes created hotspots while application of irrigation water created hot moments for denitrification in the stream-floodplain complex, demonstrating that management decisions can improve the ability of urban streams to provide critical ecosystem services like N retention.     

湘南4个矿区稻田As污染状况的初步调查

通过实地调查以及土壤和水稻样品分析,研究了湘南郴州柿竹园铅锌矿、郴州界牌岭锡多金属矿、衡阳水口山有色金属矿、衡阳龙王山金矿4个矿区稻田的As污染状况.结果表明:4个矿区的稻田土壤和水稻植株均已受到严重的As污染.矿区稻田土壤As含量范围为30.0～225.7mg·kg-1,超过国家土壤环境质量3级标准;水稻根系、秸秆、谷壳、糙米As含量范围分别为115.6～588.2、4.19～20.88、1.388～5.374、0.214～0.892mg·kg-1,除部分糙米样品外,均超过我国食品中As限量卫生标准.矿区稻田土壤同时受到As和重金属的复合污染,综合污染指数(P)范围为0.76～13.12.矿区稻田的As污染主要由矿产的开采和冶炼造成,其中,水口山有色金属矿区和龙王山金矿区As污染以及As和重金属复合污染最为严重,柿竹园铅锌矿区污染面积较大,界牌岭锡多金属矿区由于发生过地质灾害改变了地表面貌,污染情况更为复杂.     

中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩及石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量的纬向分异

在中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩和石灰岩地区布设91个采样点,采集土壤剖面和母岩样品,测试13种微量元素的含量,研究其纬向分异规律及影响因素。结果表时：（1）土壤微量元素含量顺序为：玄武岩土壤＞石灰岩土壤＞花岗岩土壤;（2）花岗岩和玄武岩上土壤微量元素含量与母岩接近,石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量远高于母岩;（3）花岗岩上土壤微量元素的含量由北向南呈降低趋势,而玄武岩和石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量由北向南均呈增高趋势,且与游离氧化铁含量的增高同步;（4）微量元素含量与氧化铁含量在玄武岩土壤中的相关性大于这两者在花岗岩土壤中的相关性。     

广东省土壤硒空间分布及潜在环境风险分析

利用广东省260个土壤剖面数据,开展区域尺度下的土壤总硒（Se）质量分数的空间分布研究。结果表明,研究区内土壤硒含量变异性较强,符合对数正态分布特征,其几何质量分数为0.23 mg·kg-1,高于全国平均水平。表层土壤硒基线质量分数范围为0.13到0.41 mg·kg-1,处于硒缺乏与中等含量水平之间。土壤硒的空间分布格局与区域成土母质密切相关,表现为：高硒质量分数的土壤主要位于石灰岩和砂页岩区域,而低硒质量分数的土壤主要位于紫色页岩和花岗岩地区。土壤硒缺乏可能是影响研究区人体健康的重要问题。此外,研究区由土壤退化和土壤侵蚀引发的流入周边水体的土壤硒每年可高达23 t。     

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of elephant geophagic soils in Udawalawe National Park,Sri Lanka

Geophagy or deliberate ingestion of soils was observed among Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Udawalwe National Park, Sri Lanka, for several years. The geochemical and mineralogical composition of the clayey soil layers which are purposefully selected and eaten by elephants in the park were studied, in order to identify the possible reasons for elephant geophagy. The concentrations of major and trace elements were determined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in 21 soil samples from eight geophagic sites and six soil samples collected from four non-geophagic sites. The mineralogical composition of selected soil samples was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These geochemical analyses revealed that geophagic soils in the study areas are deeply weathered and that most of the elements are leached from the soil layers under extreme weathering conditions. The XRD data showed that the soils of the area consisted mainly quartz, feldspar, and the clay minerals kaolinite, Fe-rich illite, and smectite. Although no significant geochemical differences were identified between geophagic and non-geophagic soils, a clear difference was observed in their clay mineralogical content. Soils eaten by elephants are richer in kaolinite and illite than non-geophagic soils, which contain a higher amount of smectite. It is suggested that elephants in Udawalawe National Park ingest soils mainly not to supplement the mineral contents of their forage but to detoxify unpalatable compounds in their diet.     

Distribution patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils collected from Zhejiang province, east China

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface soil samples from Zhejiang Province, east China. Concentrations of total PCBs ranged widely from 7.50 to 263 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 45.4 ng kg⁻¹ (dry matter basis). In general, concentrations in soil samples from the southern part of the test area and especially from some sites near hills tended to be higher than those from other sites. The prevailing winds may have been the main factor influencing the spatial distribution of PCBs in soils. Other factors may have included the distribution of residential areas and land use variables. In this paper we also discuss the relationships between OCPs and PCBs in soils and relationships between these and land use variables as revealed by correlation analysis.     

京北城区公路绿化带土壤重金属污染

为了解北京市公路绿化带土壤的环境质量,对北部城区环线公路附近不同植被类型土壤重金属的含量和污染指数进行了分析。研究表明:土壤Zn和Pb在不同公路绿化带中的分布极不均匀,变异系数分别达到了108.79%和99.56%。北二环路公路带土壤Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Mn、Co的含量均显著高于北五环区域土壤的重金属含量,而北四环和北五环各土壤重金属含量无显著差异。不同土壤重金属种类的污染程度不同,土壤中的Pb处于清洁水平,Cr和Cu处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Co处于中度污染水平,而Ni和Mn处于警戒限水平。综合来看,土壤重金属的综合污染指数为1.81,土壤环境质量达到了轻度污染的程度。     

Soil arsenic surveys of New Orleans: localized hazards in children’s play areas

Arsenic (As) ranks first on the 2005 and 2007 hazardous substances priority lists compiled for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This study describes two New Orleans soil As surveys: (1) a survey of composite soil samples from 286 census tracts and (2) a field survey of soil As at 38 play areas associated with the presence of chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA)-treated wood on residential and public properties. The survey of metropolitan New Orleans soils revealed a median As content of 1.5 mg/kg (range <0.2–16.4) and no distinctive differences between the soils of the city core and outlying areas. Play area accessible soils associated with CCA-treated wood (N = 32) had a median As of 57 mg/kg and 78% of the samples were ≥12 mg/kg, the Louisiana soil As standard. The field survey of play areas for CCA-treated wood (N = 132 samples at 38 sites) was conducted with a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Seventy-five of 132 wood samples (56.8%) were deemed CCA-treated wood. Of the 38 play areas surveyed, 14 (36.8%) had CCA-treated wood. A significant association (Fisher’s exact p-value = 0.348 × 10⁻⁶) was found between CCA-treated wood and soil As (N = 75). At one elementary school CCA-treated woodchips (As range 813–1,654 mg As/kg) covered the playgrounds. The situation in New Orleans probably exists in play areas across the nation. These findings support a precautionary program for testing soils and wood for hazardous substances at all play areas intended for children.     

Determining soil quality in urban agricultural regions by soil enzyme-based index

Urban agricultural soils are highly variable, and careful selection of sensitive indicators is needed for the assessment of soil quality. This study is proposed to develop an index based on soil enzyme activities for assessing the quality of urban agricultural soils. Top soils were collected from urban agricultural areas of Korea, and soil chemical properties, texture, microbial fatty acids, and enzyme activities were determined. The soils belonged to five textural classes with the highest frequency of sandy loam. There was no clear correlation between the soil chemical properties and soil microbial properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis were applied to microbial groups for identification of microbial community variation in soils. Two soil groups, namely group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), based on microbial community abundance were examined by PCA, and those were more prominent in factor analysis. The G1 soils showed higher microbial community abundance than G2 soils. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the enzyme activities of sandy loam soil to develop an index, and the index validation was confirmed using the unused soils and published data. The high-quality soils in published literature assigned the high valued index. Microbial fatty acids and soil enzyme activities can be suitable indicators for soil quality evaluation of urban agricultural soils.