密相半干法低温同时脱硫脱硝影响因素

针对90~160℃的低温条件下，SO₂对钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响进行了实验研究，分析了烟气温度T、含氧率、含湿量等对SO₂促进钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响。实验结果表明，当烟气中SO₂浓度的升高可促进钙基吸收剂对NO_x的吸收；同时，维持反应系统在9.2%的含湿量；保证烟气温度在结露点以上，使系统在90~100℃的温度区间；控制系统漏风率，防止含氧率的升高；保证前端电除尘效率的同时，将一部分电除尘捕集到的灰尘作为钙基脱硫剂的添加剂，并使之参与脱硫反应器内的钙基吸收剂循环过程中；可较多地脱除烟气中的污染物质。     

水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的污染物排放研究

通过重庆某水泥厂的工业试验，测定了水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的烟气参数及污染物排放指标，分析了并行处理污泥对旋窑烟气的影响程度及各项指标之间的相关性。结果表明：①在污泥添加速率增大时，烟气流速、排气量、含氧量、空气过剩系数、HF和SO₂等排放浓度均随之增加，粉尘、NO_x排放浓度基本保持不变，HCl排放浓度下降，CO排放浓度先剧增后缓慢下降，而总烃排放浓度无明显规律；②污泥添加速率与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与排气量、含氧量与空气过剩系数、总烃浓度与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与总烃浓度呈显著正相关，污泥添加速率与HCl浓度、SO₂浓度与HCl浓度、NO_x与总烃浓度呈显著负相关；③烟气排放的污染物主要来自煤的燃烧，各指标之间的相关性主要表现为煤耗量增加而引起的连锁效应，但污泥本身在高温条件下燃烧产生的污染物较少，由污泥燃烧产生的污染物之间的相关性较小；④污泥添加速率达到2.4 t/h时，水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水处理厂污泥过程中所有指标均满足国家及相应的控制标准，但其参数优化及污染物控制极为复杂，该方法处理污泥需要进行深入研究才能在工业上应用。     

煤化工企业火炬 NOx排放的模拟燃烧实验简

针对煤化工企业火炬气燃烧特点，设计了一套模拟燃烧装置，分别研究液化气添加量及燃烧温度对NO_x的影响，并对火炬系统NO_x的排放系数进行核算。结果表明，火炬系统NO_x排放浓度和排放量随液化气添加量的增加而增大；同时研究发现，NO_x与燃烧温度之间成正比关系，即温度升高有利于NO_x的产生。根据核算结果，火炬系统NO_x排放系数在0.099~0.185 kg/t之间，平均为0.139 kg/t。     

尿素/三乙醇胺吸收烟气NOx的实验研究

以尿素作为吸收液，与NO_x反应生成N₂和CO₂，脱除烟气中的氮氧化物。以一套双级串连的填料塔为主体反应器，分别对气速、液气比、反应物浓度、添加剂浓度和反应温度等参数对尿素溶液吸收NO_x反应的影响进行了实验研究，获得了优化实验工况，研究结果显示，在气速为0.1 m/s、液气比为16 L/m³、三乙醇胺为0.01%(质量比)、尿素浓度为13%（质量比）工况下, 反应温度为30~70℃，脱硝总效率可达50％以上，且随着NO_x体积分数增加而提高。     

燃油锅炉燃烧过程SO2的生成与排放特征

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一，对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生非常重要的影响。以62台燃油锅炉（≤10.5 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和SO₂排放实测数据为基础，通过统计分析方法，研究了燃油燃烧过程中燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α对硫的转化率、SO₂排放因子和排放浓度的影响，获得了基于燃料消耗量、燃料发热量的SO₂排放因子EF_C、EF_H以及SO₂标态折算浓度C′_SO2与硫含量S间的关联式。结果表明，在过量空气系数α＞1的燃油燃烧过程中，EF_C、EF_H、C′_SO2与燃油硫含量S呈现出显著的线性正相关性，而与过量空气系数α无关，其关系式分别为：EF_C=18.86602×S，EF_H=443.78751×S ，C′_SO2＝1 509.28337×S；硫转化率η和基于燃料硫含量的SO₂排放因子EF_S则与燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α无关，其平均值分别为96.3％和1.93 kg/kg。     

小型燃油锅炉NOx的排放特征与管理控制

以68台燃油锅炉（≤10.5 MW）NO_x排放实测数据为基础，通过统计分析方法，研究了NO_x的排放特征；通过对比分析，探讨了我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放控制与管理现状，讨论了进一步加强我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放管理控制的可能性与可行性，并提出了相应的管理控制建议。结果表明，NO_x平均排放浓度为318.2 mg/m³，     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO₂的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L/G、转速N、气体中SO₂浓度CSO₂,in、吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率η影响的实验研究。结果表明,η随L/G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,η增加越明显;受G和CSO₂,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99%以上,出口SO₂浓度低于100 mg/m³。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99%以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO₂废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

河北廊坊地区大气污染物变化特征与来源追踪

为了解河北省廊坊地区大气污染水平、变化特征以及污染物来源，2009年7月—2010年6月对该地区大气中NO、NO_x（NO_x=NO+NO₂）、O₃、SO₂和PM₁₀进行了连续在线观测，并用统计方法和后向轨迹模拟对所获数据进行分析。结果表明，一次污染物NO、NO_x、SO₂和PM₁₀浓度具有相似的季变化和日变化，冬季浓度最高，季节日均值分别为（57±53）、（127±84）、（69±340）和（181±129）μg/m³；二次污染物O₃夏季浓度最高，日小时均值最高值季节日平均为（99±39）μg/m³。一次污染物浓度日变化呈早晚双峰型，冬季，变化幅度最大；二次污染物日变化为单峰型，最大值出现在夏季午后。夏季受东南气流影响，往往造成该地区O₃超标；冬季，廊坊和天津污染具有较高一致性，出现区域性大气复合污染。廊坊地区大气污染除受本地排放影响，还受到周边地区污染物输送的影响，其在京津两大城市间对大气污染的缓冲作用也不可小觑。     

等离子体协同光催化去除模拟烟气中SO2的实验研究

近年来,低温等离子体技术以及纳米TiO₂光催化技术在烟气脱硫中的应用越来越引起人们的关注。利用填充床反应器将这2种技术有机地结合起来，进行了大量脱硫实验研究。研究结果表明，等离子体协同光催化去除烟气中的SO₂与单独采用等离子体技术相比，其SO₂的去除率可提高5%～20%。同时，探讨了等离子体协同TiO₂光催化剂的脱硫机理，分别研究了外加电压、气体流量和SO₂初始浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。实验结果表明，当SO₂初始浓度为800 mg/m³，输入电压为17.5 kV，气体流量为0.2 m³/h时，SO₂脱除率可以达到77.6%。     

粗MnSO4溶液中MnS2O6的去除条件研究

用软锰矿吸收SO₂生成MnSO₄时会伴随有副产物MnS₂O₆生成。产品中MnS₂O₆的存在会降低硫酸锰产品质量，同时会缓慢释放出SO₂气体污染环境。本文用单因素实验方法研究了粗MnSO₄溶液中MnS₂O₆的最优去除条件。研究结果显示，软锰矿用量为12.2 g，硫酸加入量为20 mL、反应温度100℃、反应时间3 h、搅拌速度500 r/min，MnS₂O₆的去除率可达91%以上。其最终产品能达到GB1622-1986一级品标准。     

垃圾焚烧过程中水分促燃脱氯效果的研究

分别在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中,研究了水分对垃圾焚烧及钙基脱氯效果的影响.研究结果表明,垃圾焚烧过程中一定量水分的存在能促进垃圾焚烧效率,提高钙基氯剂的脱氯效率.同时,分析水分促进垃圾焚烧率和脱氯效果提高的原因,这是由于水分能强化焚烧过程的传质传热,能活化脱氯剂,改善脱氯剂的物理和化学性质,这些研究结果将为垃圾焚烧技术在我国的进一步推广提供科学依据.     

垃圾焚烧过程中水分促燃脱氯效果的研究

分别在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中，研究了水分对垃圾焚烧及钙基脱氯效果的影响。研究结果表明，垃圾焚烧过程中一定量水分的存在能促进垃圾焚烧效率，提高钙基氯剂的脱氯效率。同时，分析水分促进垃圾焚烧率和脱氯效果提高的原因，这是由于水分能强化焚烧过程的传质传热，能活化脱氯剂，改善脱氯剂的物理和化学性质，这些研究结果将为垃圾焚烧技术在我国的进一步推广提供科学依据。     

新型转式垃圾焚烧炉焚烧技术研究

研究了新型转式焚烧炉稳定燃烧工艺和有机垃圾在新型转式焚烧炉中焚烧过程HCl和NOx释放和控制特性。结果表明,新型转式焚烧炉采用二次燃烧技术,能有效控制和降低二次污染物的生成。     

Dechlorination and destruction of PCDD,PCDF and PCB on selected fly ash from municipal waste incineration

The potential of fly ash to dechlorinate and destroy PCDD, PCDF and PCB was tested under oxygen deficient conditions in the laboratory. Specifically, two types of fly ash were compared, originating either from a fluidized bed incinerator using Ca(OH)₂ spray (FA1), or a stoker incinerator without Ca(OH)₂ impact (FA2).

Results from the present study indicate that on FA2 type fly ash, the degradation processes of OCDD, OCDF and D₁₀CB occurred primarily via dechlorination/hydrogenation up to temperature settings of 340 °C. In contrast, FA1 type fly ash was found to effect both dechlorination and destruction of these compounds already at temperature settings of 260 °C.

The dechlorination velocity of PCDD and PCDF did not differ significantly. However, the first dechlorination step of OCDF in the 1,9-position occurred faster compared to the first dechlorination step of OCDD.

The isomer pattern resulting from the dechlorination processes was quite similar on both FA1 and FA2, indicating that differences in alkalinity or elemental composition of the two types of fly ashes do not have a significant influence on the position of dechlorination. PCDD and PCDF dechlorination of the 2,3,7,8-positions was not favoured over dechlorination of the 1,4,6,9-positions on either type of fly ash. In contrast, dechlorination of PCB occurred predominantly on the toxicological relevant 3- and 4-positions.

The dechlorination/destruction processes were completed on both types of fly ash at 380 °C within one hour, which correlates well with results obtained from actual plant operation practices.     

Destruction of dioxins and furans adsorbed on flyash in a rotary kiln furnace

The paper deals with the use of a rotary kiln furnace for thermal destruction of dioxin combined with a baghouse filter for the recycling of entrained flyash and an activated carbon filter for adsorbtion of dioxin traces transported by gas phase.Measurements performed at a pilot plant with a throughput of 200 kg flyash/hr revealed 99.5 % destruction of dioxins and furans. Furthermore, the destruction of all organics, 95 % desorbtion of mercury and quantitative elimination of peripheral (located at the surface) Chromium (CrVI) were achieved.An activated carbon filter placed in the fluegas stream of an municipal waste incinerator was started up to investigate the influence of interfering constituants like SO₂, HCl etc. on the filter performance. Loading data, removal efficiency and make up performance were collected.     

Field Testing and Computer Modeling of an Oxygen Combustion System at the EPA Mobile Incinerator

The LINDE® Oxygen Combustion System has been demonstrated successfully at the EPA Denney Farm site as part of the modified EPA mobile incinerator. This paper describes the field testing results and computer modeling of the LINDE system. The oxygen system enables the EPA unit to incinerate dioxin and PCB contaminated soil at a consistent rate of 4000 lb/h—200 percent of the original maximum capacity. The pure oxygen combustion system improved the thermal efficiency of the incinerator by over 60 percent and reduced the flue gas volume dramatically. Therefore, the dust carryover problem was mitigated. The destruction and removal efficiencies of hazardous wastes exceeded EPA requirements.

The design of the proprietary burner allows the use of up to 100 percent oxygen in place of air for incineration with improvements over conventional oxy-fuel burners. As a result, the temperature distributions in the rotary kiln are uniform and NO_x emissions are low.

The oxygen combustion system, controlled by a programmable controller, provided much better response and flexibility than conventional air based systems. The system generated a stable flame and responsed well to the transient conditions of the rotary kiln. Kiln puff occurrence was virtually eliminated in the operation of the mobile incinerator.

A computer model of the incinerator was developed and used for the process design of the LINDE system. The model predicted the test results reasonably well. This model can be a useful tool in the design and operation of rotary kiln incineration systems.     

Formation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), which are among the members of persistent organic pollutants, and PCDEs have been determined in a number of environmental samples. The main possible sources are the technical production of chlorinated phenols and all processes of incomplete combustion. PCDEs were observed in the fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator (MWI). It was speculated that the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes occurred via PCDEs to form polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Nevertheless, PCDEs formation from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes has not been confirmed by experimental observation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the formation mechanism of PCDEs from the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes. The results are expected to be helpful in understanding the formation of PCDEs and in controlling and abating PCDEs emissions from MWI. METHODS: The pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and/or polychlorobenzenes (PCBz) was carried out in a sealed glass tube. The reaction products were extracted and purified with K2CO3 solution. The samples were concentrated and then cleaned up on an alumina column. GC/MS was used for identification and quantification of reaction products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results showed that the pyrolysis of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 340 degrees C for 6 h led to the formation of decachlorodiphenyl ether (DCDE) (2.41 microg/mg) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD) (0.24 micropg/mg), while the pyrolysis of PCP yielded DCDE (13.08 microg/mg) and OCDD (180.13 microg/mg). In addition, the amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of the mixture of PCP and HCB was 4.65 times higher than the total amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of HCB and PCP, respectively. This indicated that PCP and HCB were prone to condensation and formation of DCDE. DCDE was the main congener of PCDEs from condensation of PCP with HCB at 340, 400 and 450 degrees C. A small amount of nonachlorodiphenyl ether (NCDE) was formed by dechlorination reaction at 450 degrees C. The condensation of PCP with 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (Cl4Bz) formed 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octachlorodiphenyl ether (OCDE). Small amounts of heptachlorodiphenyl ether (HpCDE) and hexachlorodiphenyl ether (HxCDE) were detected at 450 degrees C. Meanwhile, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and PCDFs were detected from the condensation of PCP and PCBz. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies clarified the behavior of the formation of PCDEs from condensation of polychlorophenols and PCBz. The condensation of polychlorophenols with PCBz formed PCDEs through elimination of HCl between polychlorophenols and PCBz molecules. Another pathway of PCDEs formation was elimination of H2O between two polychlorophenol molecules. In addition, dechlorination processes had caused the specific homologous pattern of PCDEs under higher temperatures.     

超临界水无害化共处理PVC和医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰的可行性探讨

采用超临界水氧化降解PVC同时无害化处理医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰,利用PVC脱氯形成的中间产物盐酸提取医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属,达到飞灰无害化的目的。结果显示,超临界水可以将飞灰颗粒打碎,从而提高盐酸提取重金属的速率和效果,但是在超临界水中还存在重金属的固定过程,过长的反应时间和过高的反应温度都会降低重金属的提取效率。在提取过程中,Cu和Zn优先于Pb被盐酸浸出,而Pb被浸出后很容易被超临界水进一步固定。综合考虑重金属在超临界水中的变化特性,总结出超临界水处理飞灰和PVC的最佳条件为:PVC与飞灰质量比0.5:1,温度400℃,提取时间90 min。处理后的飞灰再次经过水洗后,其重金属浸出浓度低于USEPA规定的限制值。本研究为飞灰的无害化处理提供一条新的思路。     

Influence of temperature on PCDD/PCDF desorption from waste incineration flyash under nitrogen

A municipal solid waste incinerator flyash was heated to between 200 and 400 degrees C under nitrogen in a bench-scale, static bed reactor for 4 days soak time. The influence of temperature on the levels of PCDD and PCDF remaining in and desorbed from the ash were investigated using GC-MS/MS. PCDD and especially PCDF formation was seen on the flyash between 225 and 300 degrees C. Large increases in the I-TEQ of the treated ash relative to the increase in its overall PCDD/PCDF content indicated that the formation of 2378-substituted congeners was favoured over that of other substitution patterns. In the absence of a source of gaseous oxygen, formation was mainly attributed to de novo reactions involving solid phase oxygen. Dechlorination of the PCDD/PCDF in flyash became increasingly important above 275 degrees C. Maximum desorption was seen at 325 degrees C, with the equivalent of 35 wt% of the PCDD/F in the original flyash being recovered from the exhaust traps at this temperature. The desorbed species were mainly M(1)CDD/CDDF-T(3)CDD/CDDF resulting from dechlorination of higher chlorinated PCDD/PCDF, with consequently low I-TEQ values.     

喷消石灰脱除垃圾焚烧炉尾气中HCl和SO2的试验研究

在日处理200t进口流化床垃圾焚烧炉上,进行烟气喷水降温加上喷消石灰粉末脱除尾气中的酸性气体HCl和SO2的试验研究,HCl和SO2浓度由布袋除尘器出口的在线气体分析仪测得,结果表明HCl和SO2的去除率在Ca/Cl摩尔比等于9时分别为80%和20%,说明该法消石灰利用率较低,宜改为半干法脱除HCl和SO2酸性气体,以便降低吸收剂用量,提高运行的经济性.