Economic impacts of climatic variability and subsidies on European agriculture and observed adaptation strategies

In order to assess agricultural adaptation to climate impacts, new methodologies are needed. The translog distance function allows assessing interactions between different factors, and hence the influence of management on climate impacts. The Farm Accountancy Data Network provides extensive data on farm characteristics of farms throughout the EU15 (i.e. the 15 member states of the European Union before the extension in 2004). These data on farm inputs and outputs from 1990−2003 are coupled with climate data. As climate change is not the only change affecting European agriculture, we also include effects of subsidies and other changes on inputs and outputs of farms throughout Europe. We distinguish several regions and empirically assess (1) climate impacts on farm inputs and outputs in different regions and (2) interactions between inputs and other factors that contribute to the adaptation to these impacts. Changes in production can partly be related to climatic variability and change, but also subsidies and other developments (e.g. technology, markets) are important. Results show that impacts differ per region, and that ‘actual impacts’ cannot be explicitly separated into ‘potential impacts’ and ‘adaptive capacity’ as often proposed for vulnerability assessment. Farmers adapt their practices to prevailing conditions and continuously adapt to changing conditions. Therefore, ‘potential impacts’ will not be observed in practice, leaving it as a mainly theoretical concept. Factors that contribute to the adaptation also differ per region. In some regions more fertilizers or more irrigation can mitigate impacts, while in other regions this amplifies impacts. To project impacts of future climate change on agriculture, current farm management strategies and their influence on current production should be considered. This clearly asks for improved integration of biophysical and economic models.     

不同地区经济增长与环境污染关系的VAR模型分析——基于广州、佛山、肇庆经济圈的实证研究

利用向量自回归(VAR)计量技术对广州.佛山一肇庆(简称"广佛肇")经济圈各城市表征环境污染的指标(工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量和工业固废产生量)和表征经济增长的指标(人均GDP)的时序数据进行脉冲响应函数及预测方差分解分析,研究处于工业化后期的广州、佛山市及工业化前期的肇庆市经济发展与环境污染在时序维度上的关系及其...     

环境保护基础设施投资对经济增长的拉动表现

从理论和实践的角度阐明增加环境投入，加大环境保护基础设施建设投资不会阻碍经济发展，相反会刺激经济妄动和拉动经济增长。环境保护基础设施投资对经济增长的拉动表现主要在对市场的牵动，对结构的优化，对就业的吸纳，对可持续发展的推动等方面。     

浅议环境法的绿色专利

人们通常强调新颖性和经济效用的一个创新,而忽略了对环境造成的影响。这一思想体现到制度设计专利制度。一般来说,如果能够通过三个条件：新颖性、实用性和创新性,可授予专利。这种制度设计制约思维过程中创新者的回报,他们努力发明一件新颖的且有利可图的专利,但是忽略了对环境造成的影响。因此,牺牲的最终是环境。在这项研究中,试图探索一种体制上的补救。在为了改变科技发展的方向,建议完善政策背景下的创新,特别是专利制度。引进一个新的考核标准,绿色专利制度,并探讨其可行性和可能带来的影响。通过把这项环保的关注到专利审查,专利制度可以鼓励创新发明的＂创新,实用和绿色＂的产品以及程序,称之为＂绿色专利＂。     

Innovations in the water chain – experiences in The Netherlands

Innovations in water chain are discussed based on experiences in the Netherlands. The available and new technological options, as well as their dissemination in the Netherlands, are presented for the prevailing system with add-on technologies (elongation), and for the emerging separation system with technologies at the source. Numerous new options are available for both systems but these options are rarely used. The low use is explained using economic theories and with practical examples from the Netherlands. In order to foster innovations, the mainstream, evolutionary, and behavioral theories pinpoint respectively the pricing of common goods, broad support of concerted action, and support for innovators’ entry. These actions may all be needed. Experiences with a stakeholder cluster in water management suggest that markets for high value water use invoke innovations and low-cost technology adaptations. The systematic development of services that foster high value water-based activities is recommended.     

从深圳经济特区透视中国土地政策改革对土地利用效率与经济效益的影响

深圳经济特区是中国改革开放最早的地区之一, 其城市土地政策改革在全国范围内具有超 前性与典型性。论文旨在通过回顾1980 年以来深圳经济特区的土地政策改革过程, 分析中国城市 土地政策改革对经济与社会发展产生的影响。文章首先从土地产权制度和地租、地价体系两个方面 分别回顾了深圳经济特区土地政策改革的过程。在此基础之上, 采用工具变量法对政策变化进行量 化, 并将其与土地利用效率与经济效益进行相关分析, 从而得出土地政策影响土地利用效率与经济 效益的程度。结果表明, 土地政策变化对土地利用效率与经济效益的影响是显著的, 相关系数分别 为0.743 和0.879。这一结果也从侧面说明了中国土地管理体制改革为经济与社会发展带来的积极 推动效应。     

Climate change and the growth of the livestock sector in developing countries

Livestock production systems will inevitably be affected as a result of changes in climate and climate variability, with impacts on peoples’ livelihoods. At the same time, livestock food chains are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture and livestock in particular will need to play a greater role than they have hitherto in reducing emissions in the future. Adaptation and mitigation may require significant changes in production technology and farming systems, which could affect productivity. Given what is currently known about the likely impacts on livestock systems, however, the costs of mitigating and adapting to climate change in the aggregate may not represent an enormous constraint to the growth of the global livestock sector, in its bid to meet increasing demand for livestock products. Different livestock systems have different capacities to adapt or to take on board the policy and regulatory changes that may be required in the future. Vulnerability of households dependent on livestock, particularly in the drier areas of developing countries, is likely to increase substantially, with concomitant impacts on poverty and inequity. The capacity of these systems to adapt and to yield up their carbon sequestration potential deserves considerable further study. Comprehensive frameworks need to be developed to assess impacts and trade-offs, in order to identify and target adaptation and mitigation options that are appropriate for specific contexts, and that can contribute to environmental sustainability as well as to poverty alleviation and economic development.     

数字经济、人才流动与长三角地区高质量发展

数字经济技术在产业转型和经济高质量发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。基于2011—2018年长三角“三省一市”共41个城市数据,测度了长三角地区数字经济和高质量发展的综合水平,分析数字经济对长三角地区高质量发展的影响,创新性地构造了人才流动不平衡指标,并探讨区域内人才流动不平衡对二者关系的调节效应。研究发现：长三角地区高质量发展水平和数字经济规模逐年上升。数字经济发展通过提升生产效率、流通效率和社会便利促进长三角地区高质量发展,非核心区域的正影响强度大于核心区域。人才流动不平衡会逆向调节数字经济对长三角地区高质量发展的正影响程度,但这一调节效应存在区域异质性。此外数字经济对长三角地区高质量发展存在经济距离为权重矩阵的空间负向溢出效应。     

多晶硅光伏组件生产可持续性评价

分别采用了全生命周期评价软件、全生命周期成本法、社会性指数评价法,对我国多晶硅光伏组件生产阶段的环境影响、经济性和社会性影响进行了定量评估.结果表明:多晶硅生产、多晶硅电池片生产、电池组装3个阶段的环境影响相对较大,其中多晶硅生产阶段对气候变化的贡献率在50%以上.经济成本分析显示,原料和劳动力的成本占总成本的70%以上.多晶硅电池片生产阶段的成本在光伏组件生产过程的5个阶段中所占的比重最大.社会性影响分析结果显示,在光伏组件生产中,劳动岗位增加的贡献指数值为0.72,劳动力就业贡献较大,而生产能力提高的贡献指数值仅为0.18,显示生产能力提高的贡献较小.研究显示,为提高多晶硅光伏组件的可持续性,在生产过程中需寻找清洁能源、寻找环保替代材料以降低环境影响;积极鼓励支持企业进行技术研发创新,着力提高电池转换效率以降低生产成本;通过市场良性竞争提高多晶硅光伏行业的社会贡献.      

Environmental performance evaluation of agro-industrial innovations – part 1: Ambitec-Life Cycle,a methodological approach for considering life cycle thinking

As sustainability considerations increasingly dominate the technology development debate worldwide, practical approaches to assess environmental performance of innovations have been warranted. The present study (Part 1) introduces Ambitec-Life Cycle, a method derived from Ambitec-Agro for considering life cycle thinking in the environmental performance evaluation (EPE) of agro-industrial innovations. An agro-industrial innovation case study related to residue recycling is presented, revealing steps in the product life cycle where opportunities are best for technological improvements. In Part 2 (this issue) of this study, a methodological approach for considering the environmental vulnerability of watersheds and to integrate this analysis in EPE methods is presented. This approach is applied to Ambitec-Life Cycle and to the same residue case study, allowing the identification of performance indicators with greater potential to cause impacts at the studied watersheds.     

Climate change policy and water resources in the EU and Spain. A closer look into the Water Framework Directive

Climate change effects are becoming evident worldwide, with serious regional and local impacts. The European Union (EU) has launched and developed initiatives and policies that scratch the surface of water resources impacts. This article presents an introduction of the existing environmental policy and more concisely in the areas of climate change and the interactions with water resources. It also addresses main management tools, and plans linked to policies, recent updates on the Science–Policy Interface, highlighting major results from research and development projects. Establishing appropriate policies to tackle climate change impacts on water is essential given the cross-sectorial and flowing nature and the importance of water in all environmental, social and economic sectors. There are still some pending reviews and updates in the current EU policy and its implementation, as well as at the national level in Spain. This article identifies existing gaps, and provides recommendations on how and where reforms could take place and be applied by decision makers in the water policy sector.     

Unpacking the black box of cleaner technology

This paper scrutinizes the concept of cleaner technology, drawing on both a review of the literature and case study analysis of new data. By analysing the intentions behind innovations as separate from outcomes, a complex relationship between intentions and outcomes, as well as between different motives, is revealed. The paper argues that cleaner technology is not in fact a type of technology, that the concept obscures the role of underlying environmental motives and ambitions and that cleaner technology innovations do not necessarily deliver the economic gains they are normally understood to do.     

稻谷深加工产业应注意的大气环境影响问题及对策分析研究

随着国民经济的发展,中国稻谷深加工企业在各地陆续涌现,稻谷加工业作为食品工业的基础性行业,与人们的生活密切相关,通过加大对稻谷副产品淀粉、米糠、稻壳等的深加工,既发展了粮油经济、延伸了产业链条,也增加了经济收益,但与此同时也存在着一定的环境问题,多集中在对环境空气的影响方面如稻壳灰污染周边环境等,因此应重视稻谷加工生产环节所带来的环境影响,以积极的治理措施去应对.以稻谷深加工典型工艺为例,对工艺环节中主要存在的大气环境问题及治理措施进行探讨,在发展稻谷深加工产业的同时应重视产生的环境影响并采取相应的治理措施,减少稻谷深加工产业发展带来负面的环境问题.     

平板显示器回收的新挑战

显示屏（监视器和电视机）经历了从阴极射线管到平板显示器技术的快速变化。截至目前为止,只有少量的平板显示器已记录在废物收集点。平板显示器的数量越来越多,在未来需要足够的用于回收的基础设施。本文旨在通过液晶显示屏幕的回收对经济影响的案例研究来提供数量、成分、回收利用技术和经验的基本数据。对于组件和材料也适用于其他类型的电子产品,如黑色金属和有色金属,印刷电路板或电缆,回收途径和技术是众所周知的和可用的。目前,液晶显示器（LCD）在欧洲不回收。处置时,例如,通过焚烧,有价值的材料,其成分是不再可用。例如：铟具有重要战略意义的应用,如,太阳能光伏作为一种稀缺资源。液晶显示器在欧洲具有回收基础设施,因此是有用的。     

Technology strategies for sustainable metals production systems: a case study of primary aluminium production in The Netherlands and Norway

Many firms are embracing the environmental challenge by implementing incremental changes in their production systems. Nevertheless, radical innovations are also important for achieving sustainability goals. This paper focuses on the technology strategies leading to radical innovations in aluminium production systems. It conceptualizes the radical nature of innovations, and develops a framework for analysing the technology strategies of two aluminium smelters, Aluminium Delfzijl in The Netherlands and Hydro Aluminium in Norway. From the analysis, policy instruments are proposed for a transition towards sustainable aluminium production.     

Environmental and economic assessment of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips along water bodies

Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage.     

重点区域大气污染防治行动计划实施的社会经济影响对比

基于2007年中国投入产出表建立了包含产业内部关联波及效应和居民消费诱发效应的投入产出宏观闭模型.在此基础上测算大气污染防治行动计划（以下简称"计划"）完全实施所需投资对京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大重点区域GDP、就业的正负效应及重点区域不同行业的影响,并对不同地区社会经济影响结果进行了比较分析.结果表明:在五年期间项目实施将拉动京津冀地区GDP增加35.66×108元,增加就业岗位约40808个;拉动长三角地区GDP增长2782.03×108元,增加就业岗位约238285个;拉动珠三角地区GDP增长852.85×108元,增加就业岗位约74758个.在短期（2013-2017年）内,长三角地区所获总收益远大于珠三角与京津冀地区.从行业影响看,三大地区实施"计划"后受益的行业主要集中于交通运输设备制造业、通用与专用设备制造业等与"计划"直接关联的行业.京津冀与长三角地区服务业所获得的直接效益远大于珠三角地区,侧面反映出珠三角地区服务业水平要整体高于长三角及京津冀地区;而珠三角和长三角地区因对交通行业投资较大,故交通运输设备制造业所获得的经济效益也要远大于京津冀地区.研究显示,不同地区投资所获的效益受到当地产业结构的影响,在未来产业发展中,京津冀地区应大力发展第三产业,对金属冶炼及压延加工业应多考虑产业结构升级优化;长三角及珠三角地区应鼓励发展新能源汽车、环保装备制造等行业.      

交通规划环评的影响识别及案例分析

公路主枢纽、港口、以及城市交通在规划前必须进行环境影响评价。在交通规划环评中,根据其影响性质及影响范围的不同,从而决定影响识别的内容及方法的不同。交通规划本身和规划实施过程中存在着很大的不确定性,交通规划促进了节点城市的经济发展,增加了就业机会,对社会和经济的发展总体上是有利的;但交通规划在自然生态系统和环境质量方面多为负面影响,尤其是在建设初期,但这类影响多是短期的,随着建设期的完工,逐渐会消失。因此,可以通过对交通规划方案的影响分析,识别出主要的环评影响,减缓或消除由于决策失误造成的环境影响,从交通规划源头控制环境问题的产生。     

碳税对我国宏观经济及可再生能源发电技术的影响——基于电力部门细分的CGE模型

本文基于电力行业上市公司年报数据将传统CGE模型中的电力部门细分为7个发电部门,其中包含水电、风电、光伏和生物质电4个可再生能源发电部门.首先基于传统CGE模型和电力部门细分的CGE模型比较了我国引入可再生能源发电技术前后征收碳税对宏观经济的影响,然后分析了单一碳税政策、碳税与可再生能源发电补贴复合政策对可再生能源发电技术发展的影响.研究发现：引入可再生能源发电技术后,征收碳税对宏观经济的负面影响相比没有引入而言将有所降低;征收碳税将促进可再生能源发电技术的发展;在征收碳税的同时如果对特定可再生能源发电技术给予补贴,可能会对未受到补贴且不具备成本比较优势的可再生能源发电技术产生“挤出效应”.     

Integrated environmental assessment: an urban perspective

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