秦皇岛市海水入侵特征

本文在海水入侵勘查、监测成果的基础上，阐述了该区海水入侵现状、分布特征、演化过程和入侵方式，探讨了海水入侵的机理，指出人类活动是海水入侵的诱发因素，超采地下水是海水入侵的根本原因。应用基于GIS的层次分析法进行了危险性评价，从地学角度，提出了海水入侵灾害生态综合防治对策。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及防治对策研究

海水入侵是一种严重的地质灾害,它可引起机井报废、土壤盐渍化、地下管线腐蚀等一系列生态环境问题。秦皇岛市自20世纪80年代开始,在沿海的石河、汤河、洋河、戴河等入海口以及昌黎县、抚宁县灌区,先后发生了海水入侵现象,且有范围越来越广、程度越来越重的趋势,给当地工农业生产带来了巨大影响。通过分析秦皇岛市海水入侵的原因,提出修建沿海防护工程是治理海水入侵的有效措施,合理开采地下水、节约用水、进行污水和雨水资源化、海水淡化等减少淡水开采或补充地下淡水层是解决海水入侵的根本措施。     

基于Visual Modflow的秦皇岛市海水入侵剖面

海水入侵是现代社会所特有的环境问题,已经引起国际社会的广泛关注。秦皇岛的地质环境条件和不合理的人为活动,导致了严重的海水入侵。数值模拟方法目前越来越多应用于各个领域,而由加拿大Waterloo水文地质公司开发的Visual Modflow软件具有系统化和可视化特点以及强大的模拟功能。通过浓度观测井的实测值与模型计算值进行对比,表明模型与实际数据比较切合,因此运用Visual Modflow通过概念模型及边界建立海水入侵剖面,预测评价秦皇岛海水入侵的趋势,能为秦皇岛市的海水入侵治理提供可靠的依据。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及机理浅析

上世纪80年代初,秦皇岛市沿海局部区域发生海水入侵,其中以汤河、洋一戴河下游平原区较为严重,现状调查海侵面积71.75Km2。海水入侵使多眼饮用、农用水井水质变成,也使沿海生态环境受到影响。本文对海水入侵现状,成因机理进行分析,为防治海水入侵灾害发生提供依据。     

黄渤海沿海地区地下水管理与海水入侵防治研究

正沿海地区人口密集,经济发展迅速。地下水开采等人类活动和海平面上升导致许多地区出现了严重的海水入侵问题,引发地下水水质恶化、土壤退化等一系列生态环境问题,严重制约经济社会的可持续发展。科学管理沿海地区地下水,防止海水入侵加剧,已成为亟需解决的重要问题。为此,2016年7月经科技部批复正式立项"黄渤海沿海地区地下水管理与海水入侵防治研究"(2016YFC0402800),以不同类型海岸带的海水入侵发生、演化、防治与地下     

烟气海水脱硫排水水质对周边海域的影响分析

从理论计算和国内外已投运工程的实际运行监测两方面，对海水脱硫排水水质进行了分析，结果表明在采用成熟工艺的前提下，海水脱硫的排水水质包括重金属等指标，全部可以达到我国海水三类标准，绝大部分指标满足海水一类标准，而且通过对国内外已经投运项目的长期监测，也未发现对周围海域的生态环境造成不利影响。     

我国海水腐蚀试验站海水环境因素的获取和监测进展

简述了影响金属腐蚀的海水环境因素,论述了我国海水腐蚀试验站海水环境因素的获取和监测进展情况,指出了海水环境因素获取和监测中存在的问题和注意事项。     

海水脱硫技术及其在秦皇岛热电厂的应用

海水烟气脱硫是利用天然海水作为SO2吸收剂进行脱硫的工艺过程，其工艺成熟可行，脱硫后的海水经处理符合海洋环境水质标准后可以直接排入大海，并且该工艺过程无废物排放和处置问题，适于在邻海发电厂应用。本文通过对秦皇岛热电厂海水脱硫实例的分析，进一步体现海水脱硫工艺在邻海发电厂运用的可行性与价值。     

分光光度法测定海水中叶绿素a的方法研究

海水中叶绿素a指标是评价海水富营养化的一个重要参数,现行标准GB 17378.7—2007《海洋监测规范》中规定海水中叶绿素a的两种分析方法,分别是荧光分光光度法和分光光度法,但是这两种分析方法都没明确检出限、精密度和准确度等方法特征性指标。以GB 17378.7—2007《海洋监测规范》和HJ 168—2020《环境监测分析方法标准制订技术导则》等为依据,采用分光光度法,通过试验确立分光光度法分析海水中叶绿素a的检出限等特征性指标数据,以方便日常工作数据填报以及为其他实验室分析人员提供参考。     

连续流动分析仪与分光光度法测定海水氰化物

按国际标准方法 ISO 14403:2002与《海洋监测规范》GB 17378.4-2007的原理,对海水氰化物的实际样品与加标样品分别使用连续流动分析法和分光光度法同时进行测定。结果显示,两种方法对海水氰化物的测定没有显著差异,但采用连续流动分析法的加标回收率在92.9%~95.6%之间,优于分光光度法(85.9%~91.9%),由此说明连续流动分析法对海水氰化物测定的准确度和精密度优于分光光度法,可以代替常规方法用于海水氰化物的测定。     

Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers1

Liu, Clark C.K. and John J. Dai, 2012. Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 861‐870. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00659.x Abstract: Basal aquifers, in which freshwater floats on top of saltwater, are the major freshwater supply for the Hawaiian Islands, as well as many other coastal regions around the world. Under unexploited or natural conditions, freshwater and the underlying seawater are separated by a relatively sharp interface located below mean sea level at a depth of about 40 times the hydraulic head. With forced draft, the hydraulic head of a basal aquifer would decline and the sharp interface would move up. It is a serious problem of seawater intrusion as huge amounts of freshwater storage is replaced by saltwater. Also, with forced draft, the sharp interface is replaced by a transition zone in which the salinity increases downward from freshwater to saltwater. As pumping continues, the transition zone expands. The desirable source‐water salinity in Hawaii is about 2% of the seawater salinity. Therefore, the transition zone expansion is another serious problem of seawater intrusion. In this study, a robust analytical groundwater flow and salinity transport model (RAM2) was developed. RAM2 has a simple mathematical structure and its model parameters can be determined satisfactorily with the available field monitoring data. The usefulness of RAM2 as a viable management tool for coastal ground water management is demonstrated by applying it to determine the sustainable yield of the Pearl Harbor aquifer, a principal water supply source in Hawaii.     

Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers1

Jang, Cheng‐Shin, Chen‐Wuing Liu, Shih‐Kai Chen, and Wen‐Sheng Lin, 2011. Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 61‐73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00593.x Abstract: The study developed a mass balance model to evaluate the groundwater budget of seawater‐intruded island aquifers using limited available data. The Penghu islands were selected as a study area. As sparse observed data were available in the islands, methods of combining water and chloride balances were used to determine the amounts of groundwater pumping, seawater intrusion, aquifer storages, and safe yields in the shallow and deep aquifers. The groundwater budget shows that seawater intrusion to freshwater aquifers was 1.38 × 10⁶ and 0.29 × 10⁶ m³/year in the shallow and deep aquifers, respectively, indicating that the seawater intrusion is severe in the both aquifers. The safe yield of the shallow aquifer was 14.56 × 10⁶ m³/year in 2005 which was four times higher than that of the deep aquifer (3.70 × 10⁶ m³/year). However, the annual pumping amounts in the shallow and deep aquifers were 4.77 × 10⁶ and 3.63 × 10⁶ m³/year, respectively. Although the safe yield of the shallow aquifer is enough for all water resources demands, only 55% of exploitation amount was extracted from the shallow aquifer due to its poor water quality. Groundwater exploitation in the deep aquifer should be significantly reduced and regulated by a dynamic management of pumping scheme because the annual pumping amounts are close to the safe yield and seawater intrusion occurs continually. Additionally, to alleviate further aquifer salination, at least half of the current annual groundwater abstraction should be reduced.     

The South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project of China: Environmental Implications and Monitoring Strategy1

Abstract: In 2002, China launched the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project after completing a 50‐year feasibility study. By 2050, the three‐route (i.e., East, Middle, and West) project will be capable of transferring 44.8 billion m³/year of water from the water rich Yangtze River to the arid north to alleviate water shortage and help secure a balanced social and economic development across the nation. However, diversion of such a large quantity of water could profoundly change the riverine environment of the upper Yellow River and the lower reach of the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River and the water supplying area of the project’s Middle Route, because of changes in the annual discharge. Secondary salinization seems inevitable in the water receiving areas of the North China Plain, and decrease in the discharge of the Yangtze River will result in seawater intrusion into the Yangtze Delta. This paper describes the project and discusses its environmental implications. Additionally, a long‐term monitoring strategy under the umbrella of the Chinese Ecological Research Network is proposed for environmental monitoring.     

秦皇岛海岸线资源利用与保护对策

伴随着人类对近海资源开发活动的加剧,海岸线遭受破坏的问题日益凸出。通过对秦皇岛海岸线资源利用现状进行分析,总结出秦皇岛海岸线资源利用存在缺少合理规划、海水入侵严重、排污入海缺乏严格监控、跟踪管理不到位等问题,提出规划先行、分区开发、生态保护、加强管理、公众参与等秦皇岛海岸线资源保护与可持续发展利用的对策。     

ADVANCES IN THE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD IN SUBSURFACE FLOW1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores some of the advances of the boundary element method, as applied to ground-water problems, during the last five years. Although the method is still somewhat limited compared to solution by finite elements, the range of solutions has increased considerably. Diffusion and advection-diffusion solutions are done efficiently. These include the incorporation of inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and nonlinear diffusion. The difficult problem of stream-aquifer interaction is an important application as it is much easier to follow a free surface with its multiple configurations. The application must be able to cycle between ground-water connection and disconnection with the stream and include seepage surfaces. Flow in fractured media is a natural application where the flow in fractures can usually be treated without a computational exception in spite of extremely high aspect ratios. The case of seawater intrusion forms a type of free surface problem and thus is a case for which the method has special advantages. For these and other applications the boundary element method provides an inexpensive technique for calculation where the data preparation and setup time is minimal. In most of these cases, programs can and have been written on microcomputers.     

胶州湾水质自动站周边水质及运行效果分析

据2016年胶州湾水质自动监测的数据结果,分析了水质变化趋势,并统计和评价其水质超标情况。结果表明:2016-04—11水质自动站海域溶解氧质量浓度和pH 的日均值均达到二类海水水质标准,达标率为100%;活性磷酸盐年均值为0.023mg/L,无机氮年均值为0.154mg/L,以硝酸盐为主(64.9%);无机氮和活性磷酸盐超标率均为16.7%,而且集中在降雨量较大的8月、9月,营养盐指标超标基本与海泊河的淡水输入有关;叶绿素a质量浓度与溶解氧、pH 和浊度呈显著正相关,浮游植物光合作用对该海域表层海水的水质参数影响较大;自动站监测和人工监测的营养盐在年际变化上呈现较一致的趋势,说明运用水质自动站监测该海域的营养盐变化趋势较为准确。     

Monitoring the dispersal of contaminants by wildlife at nuclear weapons production and waste storage facilities

Professor of wildlife biology in the department of biological sciences, California State University. Dr K. Shawn Smallwood is a systems ecologist and may be contacted at 109 Luz Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Dr Jan Beyea is a physical scientist with Consulting in the Public Interest, 53 Clinton Street, Lambertville, NJ 08530, USA. The US Government produced and acquired approximately 111 t of plutonium in support of its nuclear weapons programme. Verified reports of the loss of nuclear material into the environment, including loss by animals, has raised questions regarding the monitoring programmes in place on the nuclear facilities. Given these concerns regarding the fate of stored nuclear waste, the authors conducted a review of the wildlife monitoring programme used at nuclear weapons and storage facilities by (1) reviewing the key facets of the monitoring used at the facilities, (2) evaluating published and unpublished data from the facilities and (3) incorporating data from personal site visits. The study concentrated on the Department of Energy's Hanford Reservation in rural south–central Washington and the Rocky Flats Plant in central Colorado. Based on the review, it is concluded that an improved and rigorous environmental surveillance and monitoring programme is needed at both locations. The site surveys identified frequent instances of intrusion into burial sites by animals, most of which had gone unreported by Hanford and Rocky Flats personnel. It was apparent that a significant source of potential contamination was not being adequately monitored at the nuclear waste sites. It is recommended that the development of a systematic, well-planned programme of monitoring animal intrusion on burial sites be considered, coupled with improved training for responsible personnel.     

河北省应对水危机加快发展海水淡化的探讨

21世纪水危机严重威胁河北省经济社会发展。海水淡化是解决水危机问题的重要措施,具有良好的综合效益和发展前景。河北省海水淡化条件较好,基础比较雄厚,为此建议尽快编制河北省海水淡化规划,加快建设海水淡化工程,积极发展海水淡化装备制造业,并开展沿海热电厂非采暖季节利用气热淡化海水的实验研究。