基于能量理论的煤与瓦斯突出机理探讨

为研究煤与瓦斯突出的力学机理和能量来源,根据理想气体状态方程,推导了采场围岩瓦斯突出过程中的瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量与对外做功的关系,基于弹塑性力学,阐明了岩体弹塑性状态转化前后应变能释放机理。研究结果表明:煤与瓦斯突出是瓦斯势能与煤岩体弹性能共同作用并转化为煤岩体动能的结果;瓦斯势能释放值与释放路径无关,而与瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量相关,与煤壁前方塑性区扩展规模相关;将其应用至1次特大型煤与瓦斯突出事故中,核算的突出煤量、瓦斯含量和煤体抛出速度基本吻合于实际结果;基于理论分析提出了煤与瓦斯突出的3项防治措施,一是通过钻孔卸压或瓦斯抽放减小瓦斯压力,二是增加极限平衡区距离或减小截深,三是避免高瓦斯巷道或工作面出现蝶形塑性破坏。     

分段变速加载对含瓦斯突出煤力学特性影响试验研究

为探究采动应力变化对含瓦斯突出煤力学特性的影响，利用RLW-500G煤岩三轴蠕变-渗流试验系统，对新景矿含瓦斯突出煤进行了不同围压和瓦斯压力下的常规三轴和分段变速加载力学试验。结果表明:煤样在2种应力路径下的全应力应变曲线均可分为压密、线弹性、塑性变形、应力跌落和残余应力5个阶段；随着围压的升高或者瓦斯压力的降低，煤体在2种应力路径下的强度和弹性模量均增大；相较于常规三轴，煤体在分段变速加载路径下的强度普遍增大，峰值轴向应变、峰值环向应变绝对值和峰值体积应变绝对值也普遍增大，失稳破坏瞬间应力跌落和能量释放更加剧烈。Mohr-Coulomb强度准则仍然适用于分段变速加载条件下的含瓦斯突出煤，该研究对于认识煤与瓦斯突出的发生机制具有一定的指导意义。     

加卸载下含水率对含瓦斯煤岩损伤变形的影响分析

采用含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服控制渗流试验装置对不同含水状态煤样进行了加卸载下三轴变形与渗流特性的试验研究。研究结果表明:含水率越高,煤样的三轴强度越低,失去抵抗外部载荷所产生破坏的能力越快,且塑性变形增强,脆性破坏减弱,瓦斯流量增加越小;含水率的增加能够使得煤岩破坏时积聚的弹性能减少,并且释放速率更加缓慢,更多的消耗于塑性变形中,这有助于预防煤岩破坏时由于弹性能的突然释放而导致的大型煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生;基于Logistic方程和能量耗散理论,建立了煤岩损伤演化数学模型,通过对试验数据的拟合分析,两者吻合程度较高,能够为煤岩损伤破坏提供预测。研究结果对于具有煤与瓦斯突出危险性的煤层进行注水消突具有理论指导意义。     

煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体层裂演化特征实验研究

为了探究煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体层裂演化特征,利用自主研制的煤与瓦斯突出实验模拟系统,研究突出过程中煤体层裂结构特征、煤体裂隙厚度演化特征和煤体质点运动演化特征。研究结果表明：在轴向应力0.9 MPa、瓦斯压力0.4 MPa时,煤体层裂发展时间持续85 ms,煤体共计出现11处裂隙。层裂从煤体后方的弱构面出现并向前方发展,其位置大多集中于突出腔体中后部,煤体层裂形式均为纵向贯通,在第9处出现最大纵向断裂裂隙。煤体裂隙总厚度约为75.6 mm、单处裂隙平均厚度约为8.4 mm,二者均呈现随时间递增的趋势。层裂过程中煤体单处裂隙厚度并不都是沿程递增的,部分煤体中部裂隙厚度呈现先增大后减小的特征。煤体的运动表现为靠近突出口端的运动速度更快、运动距离也更长。研究结果可为揭示煤与瓦斯突出层裂机制提供参考。     

瓦斯压力对煤与瓦斯射流突出能量的影响

瓦斯压力是煤与瓦斯突出的主要动力源,其与突出能量的关系尚不明确。将煤与瓦斯突出视为煤-瓦斯气固两相射流突出,在分析煤与瓦斯射流突出过程的基础上,建立了煤与瓦斯射流突出数值模型,给出了突出能量表达式。通过理论分析、数值模拟相结合,得到了瓦斯压力对煤与瓦斯突出能量、突出强度、瓦斯涌出量等参数的影响规律。结果表明,突出发生时,突出能量具有波动性,即以突出口为界存在能量集聚骤升区和能量释放衰减区。能量集聚骤升发生在突出孔洞至突出口段,瓦斯-煤两相流突出速度成倍增大;能量释放主要发生在突出口附近和巷道中,瓦斯-煤两相流突出速度逐渐减小。煤与瓦斯射流突出产生强烈涡旋,在顶板、底板处尤为显著,与现场观察到的突出后顶板有摩擦和划痕、底板突出煤粉有分选现象一致。瓦斯压力与突出能量间呈线性增加关系,与突出强度和瓦斯涌出量均呈幂指数增加关系。计算得到的煤与瓦斯射流突出能量量级与前人结论基本吻合,结果可为煤与瓦斯突出能量预测提供参考。     

基于热流固耦合工作面前方瓦斯渗流数值模拟

通过分析温度和地应力对深部煤体瓦斯运移规律的影响，建立了瓦斯渗流热流固耦合模型，以贵州省松和煤矿15#煤层12150采煤工作面为例，利用ComsolMultiphysics软件对深部煤层工作面前方瓦斯渗流进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:受采动影响，在工作面前方“三带”中，卸压区存在大量新裂隙和通道，瓦斯压力梯度最大；在应力集中区至卸压区过渡段瓦斯压力下降速度最快，解释了在该区容易导致瓦斯突出的原因；在应力集中区，瓦斯压力和有效应力较高，压缩煤体，导致煤颗粒排列紧密，渗透率降低；在卸压区，煤体体积形变逐渐变大，产生了很多新裂隙，发生扩容，渗流通道贯通，导致渗透率急剧增加，因此在应力最大处形成了煤层渗透率最低点，随着时间的推移，渗透率最低点逐步远离工作面；在采煤工作面前方，虽然温度升高后瓦斯热运动加剧，有促进瓦斯渗透率的趋势，但由于工作面前方有效应力较大，煤体受热膨胀应力小于有效应力，导致煤体内膨胀，渗流空间减小，造成渗透率降低。     

煤层小褶曲附近采动应力演化特征与瓦斯突出防治

为提高煤层小褶曲构造附近瓦斯突出灾害防治的针对性,以古汉山矿地质条件为背景,通过FLAC3D数值模拟方法开展了小褶曲附近采动应力场演化特征及对瓦斯灾害的影响规律研究。结果表明:工作面从背斜端或从向斜端揭露小褶曲过程中,小褶曲附近应力场大小呈现逐渐增大的变化特征,在揭露褶曲前应力增大至峰值状态;在揭露褶曲时刻,处于峰值状态的应力迅速降低,释放出大量的弹性能,迫使煤体产生剧烈位移,容易诱发瓦斯突出动力灾害。小褶曲附近高应力积累部位对现场瓦斯突出防治工作至关重要,可以在加强小褶曲探测的基础上,结合区域地应力场方向、构造产状特征、开采条件对煤层瓦斯突出的危险部位及发生时刻做出预测,从而制定出针对性的瓦斯突出防治措施。     

Investigation into the nonlinear damage model of coal containing gas

By taking the nonlinear deformation properties of coal into consideration, the nonlinear constitutive equation was founded. And in view of the compressible property of gas, the idea of compressive energy of gas was introduced. According to the continuous damage theory and mesoscopic damage theory, it is assumed that the damage variable has a power function relation with the porosity. By applying the thermodynamics energy conservation laws, a new nonlinear damage constitutive model of coal containing gas was deduced, and the correctness of the new model was verified by comparing with the former experimental results. This model can provide theoretical reference for understanding and solving these dynamic gas disasters such as coal and rock outburst. Moreover, based on this theory, prevention and control measures will be adopted to deal with the dynamic gas disasters according to ever-changing mining conditions.     

The propagation speed of the cracks in coal body containing gas

The destabilization of coal body containing gas that is caused by the quick propagation of the cracks in coal body containing gas and the high pressure gas, which result into coal and gas outburst. Thus, according to the theory of brittleness rupture mechanics the propagation speed calculation formula of the cracks in coal body containing gas is derived under constant stress and the mechanism of the cracks propagation is analyzed. The propagation speed of the cracks in coal body containing gas is calculated by the experimental work. The research results show that gas pressure make the cracks propagation easier, which is consistent with the analysis result of the propagation speed calculation of the cracks. As well as the propagation speed of the cracks increase with the augment of gas pressure.     

石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测的理论分析

目前,我国石门揭煤工作面突出事故仍时有发生。为了研究石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出(以下简称"突出")预测问题,首先,根据工作经验指出我国《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》中2种预测方法(综合指标法、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标法)存在的不足,即预测指标缺乏理论依据、临界值往往难以通过试验考察确定;其次,建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的物理模型,认为突出主要是爆破卸压增渗与瓦斯渗流产生的剪应力达到了煤体的剪切强度所致(突出的必要条件而非充要条件);第三,采用变分法求解强非线性一维平面瓦斯渗流偏微分方程,获得包括非线性特性的自模拟解(近似解析解);最后,利用自模拟解等建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的临界条件,得到了瓦斯压力的临界值p0max与煤的坚固性系数f的平方成正比的结论。介绍了俄罗斯现行防突指南中的临界条件(p0max1.4f2)及有关情况,建议作为综合指标法等的辅助指标用于石门揭煤工作面突出预测,也可供斜井、立井揭煤工作面突出预测参考。     

等压泄压装置测试含瓦斯煤渗吸效应可行性研究

为解决含瓦斯煤渗吸效应测试方法存在弊端、缺陷等问题,利用自制的等压泄压装置对煤样罐内的瓦斯压力进行连续监测,同时对含瓦斯煤在不同吸附平衡压力和不同含水率等压环境下的最大置换量与非等压环境下的最大置换量进行测试。结果表明:等压泄压装置的可行性（R）在98%~99.3%之间,可用于研究外加水分对煤中瓦斯的渗吸效应;等压环境下的最大置换量大于非等压环境下的最大置换量;相同吸附平衡压力下,随着含水率的增加,最大置换量的差值有减小的趋势;相同含水率下,随着吸附平衡压力的增加,最大置换量的差值亦有减小的趋势。因此,等压泄压装置为研究含瓦斯煤渗吸效应提供可靠的工具,使得到的研究结果更具有工程意义,从而为明晰水力化措施防突机理提供理论指导。     

新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出特征及防治措施

为解决新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出影响因素众多和防治难度较大等问题,运用瓦斯地质理论分析了新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出特征及控制因素,并提出了有针对性的煤与瓦斯突出防治措施。研究表明:地质构造是控制新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出分布的主要地质因素;构造应力是控制新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出的主要动力因素;新安煤田煤与瓦斯突出吨煤瓦斯涌出量较大,是增加煤与瓦斯突出发生可能性及危险性的重要因素。基于此,从突出危险性预测、防治突出措施及安全防护措施等三个方面提出了多项煤与瓦斯突出防治措施。     

The influence of gas storage parameters on gas emission rate from borehole

Gas emission rate from borehole is one of the most important indexes for the coal and gas outburst prediction. The mathematical model of gas flow in the coal seam, gas flow into the measuring chamber, gas pressure change in the measuring chamber, and gas flow out of the chamber through the pipe is established. Gas migration in the coal seam, gas pressure in borehole chamber and gas flow in pipe is simulated using the finite difference method. Gas emission rate is obtained under dynamic boundary conditions. The influence of gas storage parameters on gas emission rate from borehole is analyzed. Results show that: the gas pressure and the permeability coefficient have great impacts on the value of gas flow quantity in borehole. The larger the original gas pressure of coal seam and the permeability coefficient of coal seam are, the greater the maximum value of gas emission rate form borehole and the later the maximum appears.     

基于时空分布特征的煤层瓦斯测压准确性研究

为获得真实可靠的现场实测煤层瓦斯压力,实现煤层突出灾害等级科学评价和精准防治,通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场验证相结合的方法,以双重孔隙介质为基础,根据煤层瓦斯流动模型和瓦斯压力恢复曲线,分析煤层瓦斯压力测定的时空分布及准确性,并以桃园煤矿Ⅱ1采区10煤层为例,开展工程验证.研究结果表明:当基质瓦斯压力与裂隙瓦斯压力处于...     

煤层钻孔失稳机理研究进展

高瓦斯松软煤层、软硬复合煤层和突出煤层深孔钻进是公认的世界性难题,已成为制约部分高瓦斯和突出矿井瓦斯治理效果的瓶颈。尽管众多研究者在钻孔施工装备及工艺的改进方面开展了大量卓有成效的工作,但因煤层钻孔失稳机理尚未完全揭示,钻孔成孔工艺缺乏理论支撑,上述难题至今仍未破解。从煤体结构判识及分类、含流体煤力学特性、失稳机理三方面入手,系统介绍了煤层钻孔失稳机理的研究进展,探讨了该领域亟待解决的问题;最后指出,含流体煤卸载过程中,煤层钻孔在流-固-应力耦合作用下的失稳破坏机制研究,是破解煤层深孔钻进难题的重点方向之一。     

Mechanism research on coal and gas outburst during vibration blasting

The coal and gas outburst results from plenty of factors, while vibration is the most important factor among them. Therefore, the influences of vibration acting on gas desorption and coal structure had been conducted. And the mechanism of coal and gas outburst induced by vibration was illustrated through examples. The results showed that the gas desorption accelerates under the action of vibration, and then the gas gradient increases. Meanwhile, vibration would increase and expand fractures in the internal coal body, which aggravates the risk of coal and gas outburst greatly. In conclusion, vibration is a more important factor attributable to coal and gas outburst compared with other coal mining method, mining technology and construction method.     

基于多因素模式识别的煤与瓦斯突出预测研究

采煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出是由煤层自然条件和工程扰动共同作用决定的,充分考虑煤层原始赋存条件和人类工程活动对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,建立多因素模式识别准则和方法,应用VBA技术完成了工作面煤与瓦斯突出危险性动态预测系统开发。以平顶山十矿己15-24080工作面为研究对象,将瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力、采动应力等因素作为工作面煤与瓦斯突出的主要影响因素,运用多因素模式识别方法实现了对工作面煤与瓦斯突出危险性分单元概率预测,且能够随着工作面不断推进进行动态预测和分级管理。研究结果表明:突出危险性预测结果与现场实况有较好的一致性,对煤矿安全开采具有良好的指导作用。     

微波辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性影响实验研究

为了研究微波场连续-间断辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性的影响,通过自制的实验装置,分析研究了微波连续-间断作用10 ,20 ,40 s及无微波作用下的构造煤颗粒瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率变化规律,并采用水浴加热装置模拟微波产生的热效应,研究了微波热效应在促进煤粒瓦斯解吸中的影响。实验结果表明:在微波连续作用时间内,瓦斯解吸量和解吸速率均迅速增大,然而随着时间的延长衰减较快,最终瓦斯解吸量趋向于一定值,微波连续-间断辐照作用下的瓦斯解吸量是无微波加载作用下的1.83～3.93倍;微波产生的热效应对瓦斯解吸影响较为显著,权重达82%以上,然而其非热效应的影响也不可忽视。实验方法与结果可望为促进构造瓦斯解吸、降低煤层突出危险性提供参考。     

Real-time numerical simulations and experimental research for the propagation characteristics of shock waves and gas flow during coal and gas outburst

When coal and gas outburst occurs, high-speed gas flow and air shock wave with high kinetic energy could be created. In this paper, the formation process of outburst shock waves and gas flow has been analyzed firstly. Afterwards, the numerical simulation models of the roadways with right-angled intersection have been established, by which real-time simulation of the propagation of outburst gas flow and the process of gas transport has been conducted. Gas pressure, gas velocity and gas concentration can be simulated and shown. From analyzing the simulation results, qualitative and quantitative conclusions that the characteristics and patterns of the propagation and attenuation of outburst shock waves and gas flow can be arrived at. Finally, experimental models have been carried out to investigate the outburst shock waves and gas flow at the roadways with the similar shapes as the simulated ones. The results indicate that when shock wave and gas flow passes the intersection, most of the shock wave and gas flow will flow into the roadway of section opposite the intersection, and a little of it would flow into the roadway below the intersection. And turbulence will appear, shock wave reflects and diffracts at branches with more influence on the roadway below the intersection.     

煤与瓦斯突出预测的支持向量机(SVM)模型

基于支持向量机(SVM)分类算法,考虑影响煤与瓦斯突出的主要因素,建立了煤与瓦斯突出预测的SVM模型。该模型选取开采深度、瓦斯压力、瓦斯放散初速度、煤的坚固性系数以及地质破坏程度5个指标作为模型输入量,同时将煤与瓦斯突出程度划分为无突出、小型突出、中型突出和大型突出4个等级,进而使其评判结果更为细化。以实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应判别函数对待判样本进行预测。通过算例分析,表明该模型的方法对煤与瓦斯突出预测的合理性与有效性,可以在实际工程中推广。