Body mass and parental decisions in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica : how long should the parents guard the chick?

In Procellariiformes, the parents guard the chick after it has attained homeothermy. This strategy may reduce the probability that a small chick is taken by predators, but is costly as only one parent can forage at a time. The decision to leave the chick may therefore be a compromise between the chick's vulnerability to predators, the body condition of the parent on the nest and whether the foraging parent returns in time. We studied how the number of days that parents guarded the chick was related to the body mass of the parent at the nest and the time the foraging parent spent at sea in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica. We also examined how the body mass of the parent on the nest and the duration of the foraging trips influenced the chicks' body condition at the end of the guarding period. When the foraging parent did not return to the nest in time to relieve its mate, the number of days the parent on the nest kept guarding the chick was positively related to its body mass on arrival in the colony. The number of days the foraging parent spent at sea was positively related to the body mass of its mate, but those that returned in time had a shorter stay at sea relative to their mate's body mass than those that did not return before their mate had left. Apparently, both the body mass of the parent at the nest and the ability of the foraging parent to adjust its stay at sea to the mate's body mass is important for the number of days the parents guard the chick and also the chick's body condition at this point. The inability to return to the nest before the mate has left may be the result of needing a minimum amount of time at sea to find food, or because some parents having low foraging success and therefore prolong their stay at sea. Received: 10 October 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 March 1998     

排水管道内不同粒径沉积颗粒物冲刷率的分析与计算

为探究和量化在水流冲刷下,排水管道中不同粒径颗粒物冲刷沉积的过程,本文模拟排水管道内沉积颗粒的冲刷过程.冲刷过程中,粒径较小的悬移质颗粒(小于0.1 mm),在管道沿线取样测得水流中悬浮固体质量浓度(SS);粒径较大的推移质颗粒(0.1—2 mm),测得管道沿线不同位置沉积的颗粒质量.并建立两个数学模型分别计算排水管道内两类颗粒物的冲刷率.研究发现,悬移质颗粒,以水流中SS为依据,可计算出输送通量和冲刷率;推移质颗粒,以管道不同位置沉积下来的颗粒质量为依据,拟合出了管道中的沉积分布函数,是以e为底数的指数函数,可计算出冲刷量和冲刷率.模型计算出的冲刷率呈现出规律性:悬移质颗粒被冲刷成悬浮状态,随水流迁移过程中部分会再次沉积,使得悬移质颗粒的冲刷率从管道前段至中后段逐步降低,如初始沉积质量为100 g的0.045 mm悬移质颗粒,在0.30 m·s^-1的冲刷流速下,计算出管道前段冲刷率为78.94%,最终在管道后段降至13.89%;对于两类颗粒而言,颗粒物粒径越小,冲刷流速越大,初始沉积质量越小,冲刷率越高.     

节约型社会提出的现实背景、理论前提及其法律内涵

通过对节约型社会提出的现实背景的阐述,认为节约型社会的理论前提和基础有生态政治理论、环境资源承载能力理论、资源生态经济理论、资源生态化和环境资源化理论等。并对节约型社会的目标、节约型社会的理念、基本原则等进行了探讨。最后在以上分析的基础上对节约型社会的法律内涵进行界定。认为节约型社会在第一层面的涵义是以供定需的发展战略和资源禀赋导向型的发展规划;第二层面的内涵是资源生态承载能力范围内的经济发展道路选择;第三层面的内涵是对自然资源进入社会经济生产的全过程进行规划和调控。     

Natural cyanide degradation and impact on Ili River drainage areas from a Goldmine in Xinjiang autonomous region,China

The Ili River is a very important river to the northwest of China and Kazakhstan. The Axi Goldmine is located in the upstream of a branch of the Ili River. The cyanide from the goldmine effluent is a threat to the downstream areas. According to our study, the natural degradation of cyanide conforms to a negative exponential equation in the tailings impoundment, second wastewater pond and even in the receiving streams if the dilution action from other streams were deducted. In the combined action of dilution and natural decomposing, the cyanide from the goldmine effluent does not pose a hazard to the trunk of the Ili River in the normal producing states. The equations of cyanide degradation in the streams and the hydrology parameters could be used to assess the environmental impact on the downstream areas if accidental discharges of cyanide occurred. The available way of decreasing the cyanide impact on the streams is to increase the rate of recycled water so that the lower the wastewater level in the tailing impoundment and the second wastewater pond, the lower is the amount of leakage of wastewater to the streams.     

外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵对根际土壤有益功能细菌群、酶活性和肥力的影响

通过对紫茎泽兰不同入侵阶段下的实地采样,分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地根际土壤有益微生物菌群和土壤酶活性以及肥力的影响。发现除了全磷、全钾以外,重度入侵土壤的功能菌数量、酶活性、土壤肥力都要显著高于其它土壤区系。根际土中有机磷细菌差异最显著,其重度入侵土中的含量是轻度入侵土中含量的3.0倍,是当地植物土中含量的1.8倍,是空白地区含量的22.2倍。同时,土壤微生物类群、土壤酶活与土壤肥力的相关分析表明,它们之间存在显著相关关系,自生固氮菌与全氮相关性最明显,为0.922。外来植物对入侵地的影响是其入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的重要组成部分,紫茎泽兰入侵提高了土壤功能菌种群和土壤酶活,从而使土壤肥力也发生了相应的变化,这可能促进其养分转化吸收,提高种群竞争力。本文为紫茎泽兰成功入侵的土壤微生物学机制提供理论依据。     

Structure of a dense release produced by varying initial conditions

Buoyancy driven flows such as gravity currents, present in nature and human made applications, are conveyors of particles or dissolved substances for long distances with clear implications for the environment. This transport depends on the triggering conditions of the current. Gravity currents are experimentally simulated under varying initial conditions by combining three different initial buoyancies and five volumes of dense fluid released. The horizontal and vertical structures of the gravity currents are analysed and it is shown that the variation on the initial configuration is conditioning for these. Vertical transport through the gravity current is influenced at the bottom by the solid wall over which the current flows, and at the upper interface by the contact with the ambient water. The relative contribution of shear stress at the bottom and at the upper interfaces are estimated and analysed in terms of the initial triggering conditions of the current; these two compete with the buoyancy, the driver of the current, determining mixing and entrainment. By using a proper parametrization, which accounts for both initial volume of release and location of the observation position relative to the lock, a relation between the resistance at the bottom and at the upper interfaces with the initial conditions of release (i.e. the lock-length) has been found; this is found to be independent of the initial density in the lock. The present study shows that the variation of the initial conditions have consequences on (1) the configuration of the currents and on (2) the hydrodynamics of the currents, including mass and momentum exchanges, which are in addition mutually dependent.     

The economic dynamics of antibiotic efficacy under open access

We analyze the exploitation of an antibiotic in a market subject to open access on the part of antibiotic producers to the common pool of antibiotic efficacy. While the market equilibrium depends only on current levels of antibiotic efficacy and infection of the epidemiological system, the social optimum accounts for the dynamic externalities which relate those levels to the intertemporal use being made of the antibiotic. We show that depending on the parameters of the model, in particular the cost of production and the improvement in the recovery rate that results from antibiotic treatment, the positive steady-state level of antibiotic efficacy to which the system tends under open access can be lower or higher than the level which should prevail in the socially optimal steady state. In fact there are parameter configurations for which the steady states can be exactly the same. However, the paths leading to the steady state always differ.     

Sensitivity analysis of a theoretical energy balance model for water temperatures is small streams

Relative sensitivities were computed to determine the importance of the variables to the system. Sensitivity functions were used to predict the nature of the relationships between water temperature and the variables. Unlike earlier studies, this treats a stream subject to intense solar heating. The consequently elevated water temperatures, cause heat loss components to be significant. Evaporation and conduction are the most important. The analysis indicates that the wind spped, the thermal properties of the streambed, the season, its depth, and the amount of shading are the most important variables. The initial water temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure are less important. The air temperature, the albedo of the streambed, and the annual mean air temperature are of little importance. Neither the amount of turbulence in turbulently flowing water, nor the latitude of the stream has an effect. The model allows the trends of the system to be predicted on the basis of easily measurable variables. Hence, the difficulty of measuring the energy balance components may be avoided.     

Spawning periodicity and habitat of the palolo worm Eunice viridis (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Samoan Islands

The relationship between the phase of the moon and the emergence of the epitokous segments of the palolo worm Eunice viridis Gray has been known to the natives of the Samoan Islands for centuries. They predict the date and time of day when the emergence occurs so that they can be ready to catch the worms. This phenomenon is one of the best known examples of lunar periodicity. It was first described scientifically at the end of the last century. My own investigations concern the occurrence of the worms in the reef, in which they gnaw long tunnels through the massive blocks of coral limestone at levels characterized by the occurrence of symbiotic algae. Apparently the algae are the main sources of nutrition for the worms. The casting off of the epitokous segments occurs at the third quarter of the moon in October or November. An analysis of known dates on which the swarms of worms have appeared permitted a precise method of prediction to be formulated. The causality of this periodicity is discussed.     

Blubber fatty acids of minke whales: stratification,population identification and relation to diet

We determined the fatty acids in the blubber of 10 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the Norwegian Sea and 12 minke whales from the North Sea. The composition of the fatty acids differed between the inner and outer blubber layer. The saturated, the monounsaturated with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and the polyunsaturated fatty acids had higher relative amounts in the inner than in the outer blubber, and the short-chain monounsaturated acids, i.e. with 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms, had the highest relative amounts in the outer layer. The change in relative concentration was steeper in the outer parts of the blubber than in the inner parts. Whales from the two areas had different fatty-acid profiles in both inner and outer blubber layer, although these differences were smaller than the difference between inner and outer layer. The difference between the whales from the two areas corresponds to the management stocks defined by the International Whaling Commission. Determination of the fatty-acid profile may be used for identification of whale populations. The composition of the fatty acids in the blubber differed from that of the main prey of the whales: sand eel for the North Sea whales and herring for the Norwegian Sea whales. These differences between prey and blubber fatty acids were larger for the outer blubber layer than for the inner.     

Implementation obstacles of the ICZM protocol and mitigation efforts

After the signing of the ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean (Madrid, 21 January 2008) its implementation became the main focus of interest for the future. Several obstacles on the way to implementation are briefly analysed, starting with the ratification process, the competence for the implementation and the availability of financial resources to put the Protocol requirements in place. A list of mitigation actions is proposed in order to overcome these obstacles. The ways in which the Centre responsible for assisting the countries can implement this legal instrument (i.e. PAP/RAC) is elaborated in the second part of the paper. This includes the preparation of a stocktaking report to allow for defining the starting point for ICZM in the Mediterranean, elaboration of an explanatory guide of the text of the Protocol, as well as guidelines for the definition of a coastal setback. Equally important is awareness-raising and training for the implementation of the Protocol.     

生态学及其相关学科SCI收录期刊介绍

将SCI收录的76种及中国进入科学引文索引和科学引文索引扩展版的生态学类日核心期刊进行了全面的揭示，包括英文刊名、汉译刊名、山版周期、原版刊号、最新影响因子、国际标准刊号、出版地、出版者、联系地址、最新期刊刚址，期刊描述等全方位的期刊信息。期刊描述内容包括：期刊的创刊年以及期刊的发展。期刊主要内容及使用的话言。网站可免费获取的该刊目次和文摘及全文信息等。     

The impact of the Jonglei Canal on the economy of the local people

The idea of saving the water lost in the ‘Sudd’ swamp through evaporation was conceived by Egypt and Sudan for their own interests, but not for those of the Nilotic peoples living in the flood plain. Concern for the local development was only taken into consideration after the 1974 Juba riots, when three people were killed and 200 arrested. The canal has caused displacement of people from their settlements and is blocking the seasonal movement of livestock and wildlife. Conflict may arise over the use of land for grazing or irrigation. The Nilotics are concerned about the possible negative environmental impact, and the loss of their cultural identity. They maintain that Egypt should pay them monetary compensation for the disruption that the canal has caused to their livelihood.

This paper assesses the impact that the Jonglei canal project will have on the economy of the Nilotics; traces the historical development of the project; outlines the social, political and economic organization of the Nilotics; and assesses the impact the project will have on the local population. The paper concludes by casting doubt on the benefits the canal will bring to the Nilotics.     

广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统生态服务功能价值评估

鹤山丘陵地“林-果-草-鱼”复合农林生态系统是1986年建立在退化丘陵地,利用物质与能量循环流动等生态学原理,进行构建和恢复而成功的实例,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,首次选取复合农林业系统进行评价,首次对广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合农林生态系统的生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明,广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统总体指标显著优越,其服务价值功能达2397.9783万元,在维持大气平衡、固土保肥、涵养水源等方面具有重要的作用。其间接生态服务功能价值远远大于直接生态服务功能价值,比值约为31∶1。而维持大气平衡服务价值是鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的主要部分,占总体服务价值的96.626%,而木材生产等直接经济价值仅占总价值的3.135%。由此,直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护,从长远策划和开发土地来达到长远而合理的利益收获。     

基于经济全球一体化背景的我国会计制度改革

分析了经济全球化对我国现行会计准则、对无形资产会计业务、对固定资产折旧方法、对坏账计提的规定及对人力资源会计业务的影响，充分探讨了这些影响对我国会计改革所带来的不利后果；在此基础上提出会计改革的基本思路，即完善会计准则、拓展无形资产的核算范围、对固定资产采用加速折旧法、提高坏账准备率和应尽快将人力资源会计纳入财务会计系统；最后从进一步转换政府职能，加强会计监管，满足社会公共需要和抓住机遇，积极稳妥地开放会计服务市场，提升我国会计行业的竞争力和整体水平及加强会计法规体系建设，积极开展诚信教育，强化职业道德建设和专业技能培训等方面对会计改革提出了三点意见．     

What affects perceptions of local residents toward protected areas? A case study from Kure Mountains National Park,Turkey

Local residents’ active participation is essential in protected areas to ensure achievement of conservation goals. One of the important steps for ensuring the active participation of local residents is to determine the perceptions and the factors that influence the perceptions of the local residents toward the protected area. In this context, the researchers of this study try to come up with the perception formed among the local residents toward the protected areas and especially toward Kure Mountains National Park (KMNP), the factors that would influence their perceptions and the ways how their perceptions are influenced. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the putative influence of variables on perceptions toward protected areas. According to study results, the survey respondents have displayed a positive perception toward the protected areas in the world and in KMNP. It was determined that the respondents formed a positive perception from their economic, environmental and recreational interaction with KMNP. Also, the outcomes of this study showed that the perception developed by local residents toward the protected areas in the world and KMNP are influenced by gender, the level of satisfaction derived from the national park, duration of their residence in the national park, and that the perception that KMNP conservation are beneficial for the source values of the area, the current protection works in the world, as well as its impacts on their living conditions.     

Comparison of zooplankton community of different areas in Changjiang River estuary北大核心CSCD

To compare the zooplankton communities in the South Branch, North Branch, North Channel and offshore of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary, two cruises were carried out in the autumn of 2009 and the spring of 2010. A total of 27 species of zooplankton were identified in the spring, including 17 in the offshore, 11 in the south branch, 9 in the north branch, and only 5 in the North Channel. In autumn, altogether 71 species were collected, including 6 in the south branch, 11 in the north branch, 8 species in the North Channel area and 63 in the offshore. Either in the spring or autumn, the average species numbers of the offshore were the highest. Additionally, species numbers of the offshore were significantly higher than that in other areas (P < 0.05) for both seasons. There were no significant differences between the species number of the South Branch and the North Branch (P > 0.05). The species number and diversity index of the inner area were lower than that of the offshore. The average diversity index of offshore area was still the highest in both spring (1.69) and autumn (3.73). In spring, the diversity index of the North Channel was the lowest among four areas, while in autumn, that of the South Branch was the lowest (0.49). In spring, Sinocalanus sinensis was the dominant species of the South Branch, North'Branch and North Channel (> 50% of the total collection by number). The dominant species of offshore area were Tortanus vermiculus and Labidocera euchaeta. While in autumn, the dominant species were different for each area. In the South Branch, the most important species was S. dorrii (93.55% of the total collection by number). The main species was S. dorrii in the South Branch area, S. stenellus and T. vermiculusin in the North Branch and Subeucalanus subcrassus in the offshore (< 30% of the total collection by number). Numbers of species and diversity index seemed to vary among different areas of Changjiang estuary. The underline mechanisms of the regional variation in species number were mainly the salinity and suspended sediment concentrations. Generally speaking, zooplankton was more abundant in the polyhaline water. Diversity index was largely affected by both species number and abundance percentage. The zooplankton community was mainly influenced by the Changjiang diluted water and offshore water mass through affecting the salinity. In autumn, the Kuroshio flowed northward carrying polyhaline water, and brought subtropical species to the offshore of the Changjiang estuary. Since the North Channel is located in the estuarine turbidity zone, suspended sediment concentration of that area is higher than the other areas, which might limit the distribution of some species. To sum up, salinity is the most important factor causing the difference of zooplankton community among different areas in the Changjiang estuary. Besides, water masses and estuarine turbidity also influence the zooplankton community.     

Do bearing magnets affect the extent of deflection in clock-shifted homing pigeons?

When released after clock-shift, homing pigeons fail to orient towards the home direction but display a consistent deflection of their initial orientation due to the difference between the real sun azimuth and the computed azimuth according to the subjective time of each single bird. It has been reported that the size of the observed deflection is frequently smaller than expected and a discussion on the possible factors affecting the size of deflection has emerged. Some authors have proposed that the major factor in reducing the deflection after clock-shift is the simultaneous use of both the magnetic and the sun compasses, giving true and erroneous information, respectively, about the home direction. Therefore, a magnetic disturbance, by impeding the use of the geomagnetic information in determining the home direction, is presumed to increase the size of the deflection up to the levels of the expectation. To test this hypothesis, we released three groups of clock-shifted birds from unfamiliar locations (unmanipulated pigeons, pigeons bearing magnets on their head, and pigeons bearing magnets on their back) together with a group of unshifted control birds. As no difference in the orientation of the three groups emerged, we were not able to confirm the hypothesis of the role of the magnetic compass in reducing the expected deflection after clock-shift.Communicated by W. Wiltschko     

The Kyoto protocol: Empirical evidence of a hidden success

How effective was the Kyoto protocol? International Environmental Agreements (IEA) have been on the rise over the past four decades; however, thus far their effectiveness is controversial. In view of the conflicting results found in the related literature, this paper addresses its effectiveness by utilizing for the first time the generalized synthetic control method (GSCM) to compare the emissions of the industrialized countries with a “No- Kyoto” counterfactual scenario that represents the expected emissions in the absence of the protocol. This method facilitates a robust comparison between treated and control countries as done by Almer and Winkler (2017) and account for the multiple treated units as done by Grunewald and Martinez-Zarzoso (2016), so as to capture the collective nature of the protocol. Results show that the protocol was successful in reducing the emissions of the ratifying countries approximately by 7% below the emissions expected under a “No-Kyoto” scenario, confirming the importance of accounting for the collective nature of the agreement.     

江西省肝癌与岩石类型

利用岩石类型资料１０９２个数据，肝癌死亡调查资料１５４４例，研究了肝癌死亡率与人群生存区的岩石类型（岩浆岩、变质岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、红色碎屑岩、第四系松散岩）的相关性。在此基础上，综合评价了与肝癌有相关性的岩石类型对肝癌的产生和发展的影响。