基于大数据的中国在用车排放状况研究

以中国28个城市1 000多万条在用车环保定期检验数据为基础,统计分析了不同在用车检测方法的合格率、排放值累积分布及不同品牌车型在用车的合格率。结果表明:(1)中国在用车各检测方法加权平均合格率为89.5%,检测方法及排放限值缺乏适应性,应对各检测方法及排放限值做进一步调整,从而有效提高筛查效率;(2)中国合资与自主品牌在用车合格率存在明显差距;合资品牌间合格率水平差距明显,自主品牌整体水平相当;自主品牌合格率随行驶里程变化明显。为进一步加强在用车排放管理,提高在用车排放控制水平,未来应加快在用车排放标准修订,推广应用简易工况法,加强环保检验信息平台建设及数据统计应用。     

在用点燃式发动机轻型汽车稳态工况法排气污染物排放限值修订方法研究

针对机动车尾气污染物检测现状,提出了对在用点燃式发动机轻型汽车稳态工况法排气污染物排放限值的修订方法,即首先收集在用汽车尾气排放检测数据,依次按照汽车类型、注册登记日期及基准质量进行划分;通过数据整体性分析,确定调整基础、调整档次;再通过各因子不合格贡献率分析,确定检测因子优先调整级别;最后,以江苏省国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ阶段轻型汽车的尾气排放检测数据为例,对提出的修订方法进行了实证研究。结果表明,该方法可很好解决修订排放限值的问题。     

遥感法与ASM5025工况法对照检测尾气排放

在重庆市主城区募集100辆长安SC系列点燃式发动机在用汽车进行遥感法和ASM5025工况法尾气排放状况对照检测实验。结果表明,受发动机负荷与转速的共同影响,多数车辆NOx和HC遥测值比工况值小,而CO则相反。通过对工况值（y）与遥测值（x）的回归分析,得到CO的回归方程为y=0.93x＋115.36,t检验显示方程具有线性（α=0.10）。经大量实验论证合理后,方程可作为制定点燃式发动机在用汽车遥感法CO地方标准排放限值的依据。     

灰水喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的工业试验研究

本文介绍了以灰水作为增湿剂的喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的原理、流程、工程概况和工业试验 ,分析并研究了运行效果 ,探讨了存在的主要问题 ,进行了技术和经济评价     

简讯

过去,采用简易沉淀池来处理杂排水,BOD 的平均去除率仪20～30%。最近,以横滨国立大学工学部岩井良博士为首的研究小组开发了一种对水质变动适应性强的高效简易处理装置——浸入滤床,其特点是滤材使用人工轻骨料。实验结果表明:1.废水中混有的界面活性剂(LAS)在40毫克/升以下时,BOD 去除率接近90%;2.从废水流动方式来看,下对流方式略比上对流方式好;3.高负荷处理时,间歇曝气的 BOD 去除率比连续曝气方式要低得多;     

废水流量简易测定推算法

在环境保护工作中,无论污染源调查、环境评价、废水治理或排污管理,往往都需要知道污染负荷,查明现有废水管渠中排出的废水流量.测定废水流量的办法有很多种,如浮标法、容积-时间法、流速仪法等等.但这些方法大多需要专门的仪器设备和一定的经验技巧,应用时受一定的限制.本文介绍五种废水流量的简易求定法.前三种是流量简易测定法,后两种是简易推算法.     

灰水喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的工业试验研究

本文介绍了以灰水作为增湿剂的喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的原理、流程、工程概况和工业试验,分析并研究了运行效果,探讨了存在的主要问题,进行了技术和经济评价。     

环境中芳香胺类化合物的色谱检测方法研究进展

芳香胺类化合物具有致癌和致突变的作用,是环境优先控制污染物之一。芳香胺类化合物的检测方法很多,其中,色谱法具有分析速度快、线性范围宽、响应灵敏和检出限低的特点,是目前检测环境中芳香胺类化合物的常用方法。对水、土壤和大气三类不同环境样品中芳香胺类化合物的色谱检测方法进行了现状分析,论述了色谱检测方法的研究进展,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望。     

典型铬渣简易掩埋场铬渣及土壤铬污染特征和处置分析

通过钻孔采样分析,研究了典型铬渣简易掩埋场地下铬渣及土壤铬中Cr6 、总Cr的分布特征和污染状况,结果表明,铬渣简易掩埋场铬污染程度严重,引起了周边和地下深部较大面积的土壤污染,深度达到了地下的基岩.铬含量在土壤层剖面中分布呈现规律性变化,即随土壤深度增加,Cr6 、总Cr含量逐渐下降,但绝大多数超过了危险废物毒性鉴别标准.从铬污染程度上看,总体上存在铬渣>土壤>人工填土.在此基础上,提出了铬渣及污染土壤的处置方式,为铬渣污染治理和资源化利用提供科学依据.     

汞化合物的生物检测技术

为了对环境中的汞污染进行现场检测 ,需要开发简便、快速、灵敏的分析方法。生物检测技术是其中的一个重要研究方向。在分析中 ,对现有的汞化合物主要生物检测技术的原理、特点、研究现状及应用前景进行了评价     

Evaluation of a Low-Cost Transient Mass Measurement System in Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Testing: Results of a Gordon-Darby Study

Abstract

A study was performed at a Gordon-Darby centralized inspection and maintenance (I/M) test lane in Phoenix, AZ, in December 1999 for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of production Vehicle Mass Analysis System (VMAS) equipment relative to standard IM240 equipment. Simultaneous transient mass measurements were made on random vehicles using VMAS and IM240 systems on two test lanes during regular I/M testing. Cumulative mass emissions for 846 valid tests were correlated using least-squares regression analysis. Correlation indices were >0.99 for both carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) and 0.93 for hydrocarbon (HC), and the standard errors of regression were 1.38 g/mi, 0.123 g/mi, and 0.245 g/mi for CO, NO, and HC, respectively. These strong correlation results are reflected by high excess emission identification rates of 99.4% for CO, 99.3% for NO, and 94.5% for HC when applying final IM240 cut points with a <2% error of commission for all pollutants.     

Evaluation of a low-cost transient mass measurement system in vehicle inspection and maintenance testing: results of a Gordon-Darby Study

A study was performed at a Gordon-Darby centralized inspection and maintenance (I/M) test lane in Phoenix, AZ, in December 1999 for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of production Vehicle Mass Analysis System (VMAS) equipment relative to standard IM240 equipment. Simultaneous transient mass measurements were made on random vehicles using VMAS and IM240 systems on two test lanes during regular I/M testing. Cumulative mass emissions for 846 valid tests were correlated using least-squares regression analysis. Correlation indices were > 0.99 for both carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) and 0.93 for hydrocarbon (HC), and the standard errors of regression were 1.38 g/mi, 0.123 g/mi, and 0.245 g/mi for CO, NO, and HC, respectively. These strong correlation results are reflected by high excess emission identification rates of 99.4% for CO, 99.3% for NO, and 94.5% for HC when applying final IM240 cut points with a < 2% error of commission for all pollutants.     

Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges

To accurately and precisely measure the carbon in forests is gaining global attention as countries seek to comply with agreements under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Established methods for measuring carbon in forests exist, and are best based on permanent sample plots laid out in a statistically sound design. Measurements on trees in these plots can be readily converted to aboveground biomass using either biomass expansion factors or allometric regression equations. A compilation of existing root biomass data for upland forests of the world generated a significant regression equation that can be used to predict root biomass based on aboveground biomass only. Methods for measuring coarse dead wood have been tested in many forest types, but the methods could be improved if a non-destructive tool for measuring the density of dead wood was developed. Future measurements of carbon storage in forests may rely more on remote sensing data, and new remote data collection technologies are in development.     

Combustion sources of particles: 2. Emission factors and measurement methods

Emissions from the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in ambient outdoor and/or indoor air. It is important to quantify PM emissions from combustion sources for regulatory and control purposes in relation to air quality. In this paper, we review emission factors for several types of important combustion sources: road transport, industrial facilities, small household combustion devices, environmental tobacco smoke, and vegetation burning. We also review current methods for measuring particle physical characteristics (mass and number concentrations) and principles of methodologies for measuring emission factors. The emission factors can be measured on a fuel-mass basis and/or a task basis. Fuel-mass based emission factors (e.g., g/kg of fuel) can be readily used for the development of emission inventories when the amount of fuels consumed are known. Task-based emission factors (g/mile driven, g/MJ generated) are more appropriate when used to conduct comparisons of air pollution potentials of different combustion devices. Finally, we discuss major shortcomings and limitations of current methods for measuring particle emissions and present recommendations for development of future measurement techniques.     

Measuring the Improvements in the Control Aspects of Programs Aided by Federal Grants

Ambient air standards, emission standards, and program activities are considered in a search for appropriate indices for measuring program progress and effectiveness. The authors suggest that such indices can best be based on data related to weight of emissions. Several methods for expression accomplishment are presented for consideration.     

含油污泥中油水含量的3种测定方法比较

利用索氏提取一减量法、减量法和自行开发的高效抽提法，对一系列已知组成的含油污泥进行了油、水含量的测定。测定结果表明，高效抽提法在油、水含量的测定精度方面优于其他2种方法，对于不同组成的含油污泥，由其测定的油含量与含油污泥样品实际油含量的相对偏差均小于5％，由其测定的水含量与含油污泥样品实际水含量的相对偏差均小于7％。在测定效率方面，高效抽提法也优于其他2种方法，40min即可完成10g油一水一固质量比为3：2：5含油污泥中油、水含量的测定。     

Standardization of Methods For Measurement of Air Pollutants

Currently available compilations of methods of air analysis are listed. Collaborative testing is urgently needed to reconcile differences and to demonstrate the accuracy of these methods. The Analytical Methods Evaluation Service of the National Center for Air Pollution Control conducted a survey of the instruments and manual methods of analysis in use. Responses are tabulated from about 80 laboratories, in 28 states and 3 foreign countries. Sulfur dioxide was the most widely measured pollutant. The first collaborative study organized by the Analytical Methods Evaluation Service is described. The purpose was to evaluate the permeation tube technique as a primary standard method for generating known sulfur dioxide concentrations for instrument calibration and methods testing. Although a good beginning has been made, the testing of methods for measuring air pollutants has barely begun.     

含油污泥中油水含量的 3 种测定方法比较简

利用索氏提取-减量法、减量法和自行开发的高效抽提法，对一系列已知组成的含油污泥进行了油、水含量的测定。测定结果表明，高效抽提法在油、水含量的测定精度方面优于其他2种方法，对于不同组成的含油污泥，由其测定的油含量与含油污泥样品实际油含量的相对偏差均小于5%，由其测定的水含量与含油污泥样品实际水含量的相对偏差均小于7%。在测定效率方面，高效抽提法也优于其他2种方法，40 min即可完成10 g油-水-固质量比为3：2：5含油污泥中油、水含量的测定。     

A relationship between Black Smoke Index and Black Carbon concentration

The physical principles of the Black Smoke method for measuring airborne particulate matter are very similar to those of the optical transmission method for Black Carbon, known as aethalometry. A simple quadratic relationship between the two methods can be derived, which could be useful in the interpretation of historical Black Smoke data for human health and climate change studies. Data supporting the relationship from a London kerbside site are presented.