人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd^2＋的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd^2＋初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd^2＋吸附率的影响。结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd^2＋最大吸附量为6．22 mg·g^-1 Cd^2＋去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd^2＋吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4．0-7．5时,pH值变化对Cd2’吸附量的影响不显著。采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd^2＋时,控制溶液Cd^2＋初始质量浓度30mg·L^-1,粒径小于0．25mm,投加水平8g·L^-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1-2h,Cd^2＋去除率可达80％。人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd^2＋的吸附剂。     

黄泥土微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2+的吸附与解吸研究

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组样品,用平衡液吸附法和CaCl2与HCl溶液的连续解吸法研究原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对重金属Cu2 的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,对于Cu2 的吸附,原土用Langmuir方程拟合最佳,而不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组用Freundlich方程拟合最佳。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附量大小顺序为粘粒级>砂粒级>原土>粉砂级>粗粉砂级,这与其游离氧化铁和有机质含量呈显著正相关。原土和不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组对Cu2 的专性吸附质量分数随吸附量增加而减少,而非专性吸附质量分数则相反。不同粒径微团聚体颗粒组吸附总量小于原土,所以传统风干磨细的研究方法可能高估了土壤对铜固持能力。     

酿酒酵母生物吸附Cu2+的动力学及吸附平衡研究

研究了重金属离子Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附特性,内容包括生物吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及pH对生物吸附的影响.生物吸附动力学结果表明,当Cu2 初始浓度为71.6mg/L时,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段为物理吸附,在10min内达到平衡,此后,随着时间的延长,有微量脱附现象发生.Cu2 在酵母上的吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述(R2=0.9984),动力学参数k2为7.65×10-3g mg-1min-1,qe为9.15mg/g.吸附等温线结果表明,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述,最大吸附量qmax为10.2mg/g·pH为5.0时Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的吸附量最大.酿酒酵母可用于处理低浓度含Cu2 的废水.     

普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附特征

主要研究了pH、离子强度、腐殖酸和沉积物有机质对普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,沉积物对普萘洛尔具有一定的吸附能力.在强酸环境下,由于H⁺与带正电荷的普萘洛尔之间的竞争作用使得普萘洛尔的吸附量较小,随着pH的增大,吸附量逐渐增大至基本稳定,但当pH>9时,吸附量明显下降.K⁺、Na⁺和Ca²⁺的存在会减少普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附.在pH 5.8—6.0的情况下,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附量逐渐增加,而后逐渐到达平台期.有机质对普萘洛尔在沉积物上的吸附起到一定作用,普萘洛尔在天然水体中更倾向于吸附到沉积物的无机矿物成分上.普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich吸附模型,拟二级动力学方程能较好地描述普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附过程.     

黄泥土和乌栅中不同粒径微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附与解吸

用平衡吸附法研究了黄泥土和乌栅土的不同粒径微团聚体对Cu2 的吸附和解吸.结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体对Cu2 的吸附特性均符合Freundlich和Langumir方程,最大吸附量介于1667-3333 mg·kg-1之间,以粘粒级和粗砂级为最大,其对Cu2 的固持能力高于其它粒径的微团聚体.随着溶液中Cu2 浓度的升高,吸附率出现不同程度的降低.对同一粒径颗粒的Cu2 吸附量来说,乌栅土高于黄泥土,而解吸量则相反.微团聚体颗粒对Cu2 的吸附容量与有机质、游离氧化铁含量呈显著正回归关系,说明团聚体颗粒对重金属的吸附首先受土壤团聚体胶粘剂的控制.     

低品位硅藻土吸附重金属的研究

硅藻土是一种生物硅质沉积岩,具有较大的比表面积,在工业上常用作吸附材料。但低品位硅藻土不利于直接加工利用,在矿产开发中常被忽视或丢弃。为更好地开发和利用低品位硅藻土,采用静态吸附实验研究了低品位硅藻土吸附四种重金属离子（Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋）的动力学规律,用伪一阶、伪二阶模型及粒内扩散模型（Weber和Morris模型）对其吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,硅藻土对四种重金属离子的吸附均符合伪二阶动力学模型。同时,实验也研究了硅藻土吸附Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋的热力学,并分别用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）方程进行拟合。结果表明,Freundlich和D-R方程都能很好地描述硅藻土对Pb2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Cd2＋的吸附热力学。并且硅藻土对这四种重金属离子的吸附均为吸热反应。     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd2+初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd2+吸附率的影响.结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附过程.Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd2+最大吸附量为6.22mg·g-1.Cd2+去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd2+吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4.0～7.5时,pH值变化对Cd2+吸附量的影响不显著.采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd2+时,控制溶液Cd2+初始质量浓度30mg·L-1,粒径小于0.25 mm,投加水平8g·L-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1～2h,Cd2+去除率可达80％.人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd2+的吸附剂.     

沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附研究

在静态条件下,温度为30℃时,研究了沉积物对重质燃料油吸附的影响.结果表明:沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附平衡时间约为24h,平衡吸附量约为919.26μg·g-1;在吸附达到平衡时,沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附总量随沉积物质量的增加而增加,当沉积物质量约为1.5g时,对油的吸附量趋于平衡;沉积物粒径对油吸附量的影响明显,沉积物对油的吸附量为Ⅱ号＜Ⅲ号＜Ⅳ号,小粒度沉积物具有更强的吸附能力.沉积物对油的吸附量随pH值的增加迅速降低,当pH值大约为9.75时达到最低点;沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程.     

Adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） on rice straw char from acidic aqueous solutions

研究了稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附特征,探讨了Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附机制.结果表明,稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）有很高的吸附容量,Langmuir方程能很好地拟合Cu（Ⅱ）吸附等温线,因此可以描述稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附,其预测的Cu（Ⅱ）在pH 4.5和pH 5.0时的最大吸附量分别为0.628 mol.kg-1和0.763 mol.kg-1.稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量随体系pH升高而增加,但吸附Cu（Ⅱ）的解吸率呈相反的变化趋势.当吸附体系pH≤4.5时,Cu（Ⅱ）解吸率大于55%,说明此时以静电吸附为主;在较高pH条件下Cu（Ⅱ）以非静电吸附机制为主.红外光谱的分析结果表明,稻草炭表面有丰富的—COOH和—OH等含氧官能团,Cu2＋与含氧官能团形成有机络合物导致—COOH吸附峰位移.Cu（Ⅱ）吸附使稻草炭颗粒的Zeta电位向正值方向位移.结果说明Cu（Ⅱ）在稻草炭表面发生了专性吸附.     

环境因子对海州湾表层沉积物中氨氮吸附-解吸的影响

沉积物中的有机质在微生物作用下矿化,产生大量氨氮,大部分氨氮会被沉积物颗粒吸附,影响氮在沉积物中的硝化、反硝化以及厌氧氨氧化等作用,因此,沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸作用是影响沉积物中氮循环的一个重要过程。海湾具有水动力作用强烈,扰动和盐度等物理化学条件复杂多变的特点,研究环境条件变化对沉积物中氨氮吸附-解吸的影响有助于揭示其对沉积物-水界面氮营养盐交换的影响机制。因此,以海州湾表层沉积物样品进行室内模拟实验,通过吸附-解吸动力学和热力学实验,研究扰动大小、粒度分布和盐度等环境因子对氨氮吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,吸附和解吸是一个复合动力学过程,主要在30 min内完成,30 min以后逐渐达到动力学平衡状态;准二级吸附动力学方程和修正的Elovich模型对沉积物吸附氨氮的模拟效果较好,一级反应动力学方程可以较好地描述沉积物对氨氮的解吸动力学过程。热力学模型的拟合结果显示沉积物对氨氮的吸附符合Henry模型,描述解吸过程的最优模型是Langmuir模型。一定范围内振荡频率的增加、粒径的减小、盐度的降低都会提高沉积物对氨氮的吸附能力;一定范围内振荡频率的增加、粒度的增大、盐度的升高都会增强沉积物对氨氮的解吸量。该研究可为进一步认识和理解环境因子变化对氨氮吸附-解吸的影响及机制提供理论依据。     

Adsorption of sulfonamides on lake sediments

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one class of the most widely used antibiotics around the world. Their fate and transport in the aquatic environment is of great concern. In this study, adsorption of four SAs—sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM2)—in single-solute and multi-solute systems on sediments of Dianchi (DC) Lake and Taihu (TH) Lake, China was investigated with batch experiments. In the single-solute adsorption system, the Langmuir model and the dual-mode model described the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. Model fitness was better on DC sediment than on TH sediment. The order of adsorption capacity approximately followed a decreasing order of SDM>SD>SM2>SMZ on both sediments, which was likely attributed to the distinctly different water solubility of the four SAs. In the multi-solute system, the order of adsorption capacity was SM2>SDM>SD>SMZ, which was probably related to the compound speciation caused by the pH values of the experimental solution. In the multi-solute system, both competitive and cooperative adsorption played important roles in the adsorption of sulfonamides on sediments.     

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in heavy metal speciation and distribution in the aquatic environment especially for eutrophic lakes which have higher DOM concentration. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater and a high eutrophic lake in the downstream of the Yangtze River, China. In the lake, frequent breakout of algae blooms greatly increased the concentration of different organic matters in the lake sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected from various part of Taihu Lake to explore the spatial difference in the binding potential of DOM with Cu. The titration experiment was adopted to quantitatively characterize the interaction between Cu（II） and DOM extracted from Taihu Lake sediments using ion selective electrode （ISE） and fluorescence quenching technology. The ISE results showed that the exogenous DOM had higher binding ability than endogenous DOM, and DOM derived from aquatic macrophytes had a higher binding ability than that derived from algae. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that humic substances played a key role in the complexation between DOM and Cu（II） in the lake. However, because of the frequent breakout of algae blooms, protein-like matters are also main component like hnmic matters in Taihu Lake. Therefore, the metals bound by protein-like substances should be caused concern as protein-like substances in DOM were unstable and they will release bound metal when decomposed.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, East China

The BCR (European Communities Bureau of Reference) three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to fractionate heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake. For the determination of total metal concentration of the sediments, sample digestion was achieved by using HF/H2O2/HNO3 (2/1/1) acid mixture in a microwave-irradiated closed vessel system. The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb in various extracts solutions were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results obtained from the BCR three-step sequential extraction indicated relatively high mobility of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni in the sediments while Cd and Cr were poorly mobile. Enrichment of heavy metals was found in the sediments collected in the northern parts of Taihu Lake. In the sediments collected in the southern and western sides of the Lake, heavy metal concentrations were relatively low. The relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals concentrations in the sediments is discussed.     

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Taihu Lake, East China

The BCR (European Communities Bureau of Reference) three-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to fractionate heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake. For the determination of total metal concentration of the sediments, sample digestion was achieved by using HF/H₂O₂/HNO₃(2/1/1) acid mixture in a microwave-irradiated closed vessel system. The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb in various extracts solutions were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results obtained from the BCR three-step sequential extraction indicated relatively high mobility of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni in the sediments while Cd and Cr were poorly mobile. Enrichment of heavy metals was found in the sediments collected in the northern parts of Taihu Lake. In the sediments collected in the southern and western sides of the Lake, heavy metal concentrations were relatively low. The relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals concentrations in the sediments is discussed.     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

不同生态类型富营养化湖泊沉积物中有机质赋存形态

以藻型湖泊(太湖)、草藻型湖泊(南四湖)、草型湖泊(白洋淀)湖泊沉积物为研究对象,采集了11个表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量并利用物理分组方法,研究了3种不同生态型湖及同一湖泊不同区域沉积物中总有机质(OM)、轻组有机质(LFOM)和重组有机质(HFOM)的赋存特征.结果表明,南四湖沉积物中总氮、总磷和总有机质含量显著高于太湖和白洋淀;尽管太湖、南四湖和白洋淀沉积物中总有机质含量较高,但是轻组有机质(LFOM)含量较低,分别占总有机质的0.95%—1.08%、0.21%—1.37%和1.4%—1.78%;重组有机质(HFOM)含量较高,分别占总有机质的83.83%—87.4%、94%—98.98%和88.2%—98.3%,表明3种不同生态型湖泊沉积物中所含有机质绝大部分为难分解的重组有机质,轻组有机质基本矿化分解.相关性分析表明,轻组有机质(LFOM)、重组有机质(HFOM)与总有机质(OM)之间均呈现显著正相关关系.