广东丰溪省级自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力研究

探究景观格局变化及其驱动力是自然保护区景观格局优化、生态保护和建设管理的重要基础。基于广东省丰溪省级保护区2010、2015、2020年的遥感影像数据,借助Arc GIS、ENVI和FRAGSTATS等软件,通过分析动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数等探究景观格局的演变规律,并对其驱动力进行探讨。结果表明,1)保护区土地利用类型以林地为主,约占区域总面积的61.9%;2010-2020年间,林地和水域持续减少,耕地和建设用地持续增多,土地利用综合动态度由1.87%减少至1.75%,整体呈减少趋势,景观格局变化趋于平稳。保护区林地的转出量最大,转出面积有2.03×10³ hm²;草地的转入量最大,转入面积有1.28×10³ hm²;耕地的转入面积约为转出面积的3.3倍,整体增加约800 hm²。2)林地是保护区的主体景观,其斑块优势度最大,破碎度最小,景观连通性较好。2010-2020年间,耕地、建筑用地和水域的破碎度降低,连通度升高;草地的破碎度最大,连通性能减低。2020年,景观...     

珠江三角洲地区高速公路沿线景观格局变化研究

根据1995年和2005年土地利用数据,借助地理信息系统软件和景观生态学方法研究珠江三角洲区域发展轴线——广深高速公路和广珠高速公路运营前后沿线区域的土地利用和景观格局变化,并进一步对比分析相同功能等级道路的生态效应差异。结果表明：（1）高速公路运营后,沿线区域建设用地增加迅速,耕地大量流失且迅速向建设用地转化;（2）公路的建设运营使得沿线区域人工干扰强度加大,景观斑块密度增加、面积减少、斑块形状趋向复杂,景观破碎化加剧;（3）道路途径区域的社会经济条件以及原有的景观格局特征是导致道路生态破碎效应差异的重要原因;（4）公路对自然景观的影响效应远大于其对人工景观的影响效应。     

城市景观空间格局变化的研究方法及实例

航空遥感技术的应用和地理信息系统(GIS)的建立,给城市景观格局的研究带来了新的方法。系统论和信息论中的许多新思想被大胆地引入了景观空间格局的研究。本文以沈阳西郊为例,利用航空像片为原始资料,采用嵌块体的数目和面积大小;景观的异质性;嵌块体的转移矩阵三个指标,讨论了30年来沈阳西郊观格局的显著变化。人类建设活动的干扰作用对景观格局的演化起了决定性作用。本文提出的土地利用城市化指数是景观空间分析的有用指标。     

黑龙江省森林景观的格局变化

运用地理信息系统分析软件ARC／INFO 8．01、ARCVIEW 3．2和基于ARC／INFO的FRAGSTATS 3．0软件，处理了1896年、1949年和1981年黑龙江省森林资源分布图，并用所得到的斑块总面积、平均斑块大小、斑块密度、斑块大小变异系数、平均斑块分数维和平均形状指数对黑龙江省森林景观格局变化和各个斑块类型的变化进行了研究．结果表明，从1896年到1981年黑龙江省森林景观的总面积急剧减少，斑块数量增多，斑块密度加大，平均斑块大小减少，斑块间的毗连程度减弱，但是斑块的形状逐渐趋于相对规则，斑块的边界趋于简单化，所有这些表明，森林景观逐渐趋于破碎化，其中以红松的破碎化最为严重．整个森林的景观多样性和景观类型分布的均匀性逐渐降低．造成这一变化的主要原因是人类的经济活动，另一原因是近一个世纪的气候变化及森林群落的自身演替，但是同人类的干扰作用相比，作用很微弱．图5表2参19     

干旱区农业绿洲景观格局研究

将地理信息系统（GIS）与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS相结合，选取了9个斑类类型指标和13个景观指标，从区域和绿洲2个尺度分析了金塔县及其境内的金塔农业绿洲和鼎新农业绿洲的景观格局。结果显示，区域尺度的景观格局体现了绿洲与戈壁等基质类型景观的镶嵌特征；金塔农业绿洲体现出冲、洪积三角洲的特征，即耕地从扇顶呈放射状与盐碱地相间分布；鼎新农业绿洲显示了沿河绿洲的特点，即景观类型以河道为轴对称分布。指出划定绿洲界限和提高数据分辨率是揭示绿洲景观格局与过程相互作用机制的关键。     

森林景观格局研究中的尺度效应

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,以3S技术为研究手段,从研究区域不同的取样尺度入手,分析了尺度变化对区域景观格局研究的影响.结果表明,研究区景观斑块的数量、最大斑块面积与取样面积之间关系密切.取样面积对景观格局的影响分析显示,在取样面积为研究区面积的70%时,景观多样性最高,平均多样性指数为1.854.当取样面积小于总面积的69%时,景观优势度指数呈增加的趋势.图4表2参16     

青藏高原湿地景观空间格局的变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,以1990年左右的TM、2000年左右的ETM和2006年为主的CBERS遥感影像为主要数据源,利用人机交互目视解译方法获取青藏高原景观数据,运用景观生态学原理,选取景观异质性指数,对青藏高原湿地景观格局及其动态变化进行定量分析.结果表明,(1)青藏高原现有湿地面积131894.18 km2.(2)近16年来湿地总面积先大幅度减少后显著增加,柴达木盆地内的湿地减少量最为明显,长江流域次之;羌塘高原的湿地增加最为显著,塔里木盆地、雅鲁藏布江流域次之.(3)景观格局整体波动较大,多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,优势度指数增加,破碎度指数先增加后减少.     

渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性,景观破碎度和景观分离作为评价指标,分析渤海淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠８个景观要素。     

高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化及其驱动力

基于3S技术,应用Fragstats软件对高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区1990、2000和2007年3期TM解译图进行分析,研究保护区景观格局变化动态及其驱动力。结果表明,退化沼泽为若尔盖国家级自然保护区的景观基底,2007年达保护区总面积的48.05%。保护区建立前后的10 a间(1990—2000年),湖泊、河流、沼泽面积萎缩,主要演变为退化沼泽和草甸,退化沼泽、草甸和灌丛面积分别增加1 978.60、2 559.09和824.27 hm2,斑块数减少,景观破碎度和异质性降低,聚合度和优势度增加;建立国家级自然保护区后(2000—2007年),河流面积小幅恢复,但湿地退化仍是主要趋势,湖泊和沼泽面积持续减小,草场面积持续增加,沙地面积增加1 929.00 hm2,斑块数增加,聚合度和优势度下降,景观破碎度和异质性回升。气候变暖等自然因素和人为排水疏干、过度放牧、无序旅游、基础建设等干扰影响是湿地退化的主要驱动力。     

干旱区农业绿洲景观格局研究

将地理信息系统 (GIS)与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS相结合 ,选取了 9个斑块类型指标和 13个景观指标 ,从区域和绿洲 2个尺度分析了金塔县及其境内的金塔农业绿洲和鼎新农业绿洲的景观格局。结果显示 ,区域尺度的景观格局体现了绿洲与戈壁等基质类型景观的镶嵌特征 ;金塔农业绿洲体现出冲、洪积三角洲的特征 ,即耕地从扇顶呈放射状与盐碱地相间分布 ;鼎新农业绿洲显示了沿河绿洲的特点 ,即景观类型以河道为轴对称分布。指出划定绿洲界限和提高数据分辨率是揭示绿洲景观格局与过程相互作用机制的关键     

Coastal scenic assessment: unlocking the potential for coastal tourism in rural Pakistan via Mediterranean developed techniques

Originally developed within the Mediterranean, a tested coastal management and planning tool was applied outside the region to evaluate its international scope, with particular reference to a less developed country. Seven coastal sites in Pakistan were investigated for their scenic values through a 26 item checklist grouped as physical and human parameters analysed though weighted parameters and fuzzy logic matrices. With respect to a five-class evaluation system, results indicated: Jiwani, Miani Hor and Pasni-Astola Island as extremely attractive natural sites with very high landscape value (classified as Class 1 sites); Mubarak village as an attractive natural site with high landscape value (classified as a Class 2 site); Kaka pir village, Harjana village and Keti Bandar as having little outstanding landscape features or with urban environment and classified as Class 3 sites. Rural and/or urban environmental influences were observed to be critical factors which influenced major human parameters that ultimately affect sites’ scenic classification. However, notwithstanding natural attraction, unless political and social development barriers are tackled in conjunction with recognising areas that possess inherent tourism potential, economic potential is unlikely to be realised.     

西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

探讨了西南岩溶山区景观生态结构与功能以及景观生态过程的不同于其他区域的基本特征，尝试从景观角度认识西南岩溶区生态空间特性与演化过程。受地质地貌和土地利用的影响。西南岩溶山区景观基质脆弱、景观格局分异明显，具破碎化与景观结构粗粒化、景观动态变化范围大且速度快、整体退化明显的特点，以石漠化为特征的景观演化削弱了岩溶生态系统的生态服务功能。岩溶山区的景观生态建设须充分认识岩溶山区资源环境优势，充分利用当地的适生植物资源，协调生态效应和水文效应，促进水土资源的有效保持向高效利用发展，形成新的高效、和谐的人工自然景观。今后应把景观格局与生态过程结合起来、与人文因子和地学背景结合起来，加强小尺度的景观变化研究。     

Characteristics of geological hazards in South China coastal areas and impact on regional sustainable development

Prevention and treatment of geological hazards is important for the sustainable development of human society. Surface geological hazards alone caused direct economic losses of ¥3.47 billion, with 768 deaths and 785 injuries in Guangdong Province, South China, from 1994 to 2005. The major factors causing geological hazards can be categorised into three types: geo-environmental, climatic-meteorological and human activity. Accompanied by rapid economic development and population growth, human activities can cause geological hazards that are as serious as those caused by natural factors. The authors propose some suggestions for prevention and treatment of geological hazards to achieve sustainable development on the Chinese coast.     

Assessing carrying capacities of coastal areas in France

This paper provides the methodological framework for carrying capacity assessment through a set of indicators, as implemented in a French case study. The approach aims to help the State and local governments of coastal areas facing population growth and important touristic flows to undergo a local development strategy that does not imperil their territorial strategic resources. This work shows how situations of dysfunction or saturation points have interlinked consequences on environmental, social and economic resources, justifying a crosswise assessment.     

Tributyltin pollution in sediments from Alexandria's coastal areas

Presence of Tributyltin (TBT) in Alexandria’s coastal water areas has been demonstrated by measuring concentrations of this compound. The TBT was measured in sediments from three docking areas namely: Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour and Abu Qir Bay. The sediment of those areas has been affected by marine traffic and other industrial activities. This is reflected by the distribution of TBT in the sediments nearby the shipyards in the three docking areas of the region where the average values of 258.6 ηg TBT/g for Western Harbour; 126.4 ηg TBT/g dw for Abu Qir Bay and 42.3 ηg TBT/g dw for the Eastern Harbour were recorded. This fact reflects the effect of industry and marine traffic on the marine environments of the Alexandria region.     

Tributyltin pollution in sediments from Alexandria's coastal areas

Presence of Tributyltin (TBT) in Alexandria's coastal water areas has been demonstrated by measuring concentrations of this compound. The TBT was measured in sediments from three docking areas namely: Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour and Abu Qir Bay. The sediment of those areas has been affected by marine traffic and other industrial activities. This is reflected by the distribution of TBT in the sediments nearby the shipyards in the three docking areas of the region where the average values of 258.6 ηg TBT/g for Western Harbour; 126.4 ηg TBT/g dw for Abu Qir Bay and 42.3 ηg TBT/g dw for the Eastern Harbour were recorded. This fact reflects the effect of industry and marine traffic on the marine environments of the Alexandria region.     

PAHs in surface sediments from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and their risks in surface sediments (n = 35) collected from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, were investigated in 2008. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 52.3 to 1,870.6 ng/g dry weight. The greatest concentrations were observed in the Dou River of Tangshan where waste water from small factories is discharged into the river without treatment. At other locations, municipal sewage was the primary contributor of PAHs. Regional differences in concentrations of PAHs in sediments are related to human activities. Concentrations of PAHs were significantly correlated with concentrations of organic carbon in sediments. The patterns of relative concentrations and types of PAHs observed and knowledge of the potential sources, as well as the results of a principal component analysis, are consistent with the primary sources of PAHs in sediments of the northern Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, being derived from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes such as combustion of fossil fuel. While concentrations of PAHs at most locations did not exceed the effects range median stated by the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the United States, concentrations of PAHs at some locations were similar to or greater than the effects range low.     

城市典型工业生产区及附近居住区土壤中PAHs污染特征

用气相色谱法对土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数进行了测定。根据对南京某炼焦厂、某炼钢厂、某芳烃厂、某炼油厂、某化肥厂和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的监测结果,首次报导了南京地区典型工业生产区(厂区)和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的污染特征。结果显示,炼焦厂厂区土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数最高,达到 17638.1 μg/kg,化肥厂最低,仅为 287.5 μg/kg,各行业土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数水平从高到低顺序为:炼焦厂>炼钢厂>芳烃厂>炼油厂>化肥厂。炼焦厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~5 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 96.3%;炼钢厂土壤中 PAHs的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 46.8%;炼油厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 57.1%;芳烃厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 52.2%;化肥厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数为 2 的苊烯、苊,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 24.6%。在本次调查的 5 种类型工业生产区土壤中 PAHs 污染的特