开化悬外向型创汇林业的战略模式

我国森林资源少，消耗量大，林业建设资金短缺。如何发展当前的林业生产、筹集林业建设资金，开化县的外向型创汇林业为我们走出了一条具有中国特色的外向型林业建设道路。本文就开化悬发展外向型创汇林业的优点、出口创汇的主要对策、主要商品、发展潜力及其前景进行了论述，对目前正在探索适合我国国情的、解决我国林业“两危”的战略对策提供了现实的典型范例。     

常德地区发展外向型农业的道路

常德地区位于华中南部的洞庭湖滨,农村经济较发达。该区是典型的内陆地区,外向型农业经济尚处于起步阶段,明显落后于商品经济的发展。因此,本文从本地实际出发,就如何发展以创汇为主的外向型农业作一探讨。     

广西发展造纸速生桉树人工林基地与生态环境问题

通过对广西大面积发展造纸桉树速生丰产人工林基地建设可能引发的生态环境问题的研究,从发展林业、保护生态环境等方面,提出保护生态环境、实现广西林业可持续发展的对策和建议.     

我国林业发展的区域差异分析

采用偏离—份额和区位熵分析法,以2003—2006年为考察期,以全国为参照系,对我国31个省(区、市)的林木培育和种植、竹木采运、林产品的行业专业化程度、产业结构、竞争力的区域差异进行了分析。在上述分析基础上,结合全国和地区的林业发展状况,提出调整和优化林业产业结构、促进林业发展和改善林业经济增长质量的对策及建议。     

我国林业资源与可持续发展

本文简述了我国林业资源发展的现状及发展中存在的问题,并指出了实现林业资源可持续发展的主要途径。     

可持续发展的奥地利林业及其对我国的启示

奥地利森林发展经历了完好、破坏、保护、可持续发展等四个历史阶段.由于政府高度重视,加强投入,用可持续发展的原则指导林业建设,特别是提出了科学的建设近自然林的方针,奥地利林业建设已经走上了健康的可持续发展的轨道.目前奥地利森林覆盖率已达46.2%,有2/3的森林为近自然林,采伐量大大低于生长量.其林业发展理论、法规和政府的扶持政策对我国具有重要的借鉴意义.     

我国森林限额采伐制度的完善

针对目前我国森林限额采伐制度存在的诸如采伐指标缺乏科学性,生态效益和经济效益难以兼顾,经营者林木处置权难以保障,执行难等现实困境,以中国林情分析为切入点,分析完善森林限额采伐制度的契机和动力,从困境根源着手,提出了完善林业税费制度、健全生态效益补偿机制、科学编制森林限额采伐、加强基层林业队伍建设、创新森林资源管理新方式以及强化森林资源监管力度等对策建议。     

塔河流域森林生态建设存在的主要问题及其策略

随着时间的推移,塔河流域生态环境恶化的现实已被越来越多的人们所认识。造成塔河中下游森林退化,生态环境恶化的主要原因除自然因素外,主要是人为不合理的社会经济活动的影响。目前塔河流域森林生态建设存在的主要问题有:第一水资源不合理的利用成为沙漠化和次生盐渍化的主要原因;第二传统的生活方式和掠夺式的生产方式使生态环境遭到破坏;第三耕地的增加,满足不了人口发展的需求,大面积的无序开荒,导致生态环境进一步恶化。为塔河中下游林地植被恢复、建设及防止退化的策略有:塔河中下游生态工程治理的原则;塔河中下游生态环境治理的基本思路;塔河流域生态环境治理的主要对策,合理利用水资源,坚持生产、生态建设并重,确保生态用水;要积极调整农村产业结构,正确处理林业和农业、林业和牧业以及林业和工业发展的关系;大力发展农村能源建设,从根本上解决农村薪材和生态保护之间矛盾;大力保护、恢复、发展荒漠林草植被,大力发展绿洲林业,建立荒漠生态环境和绿洲共同支撑的稳定的生态体系;积极实施林业生态工程和林果工程,建立较为完备和发达的生态和产业体系。     

都兰县林业建设现状及生态环境保护的对策思考

都兰县位于柴达木盆地东南部,亚洲中部荒漠区南部分支的东端,由于深居内陆,气候干旱、植被匮乏、风大沙多,生态环境十分脆弱,林业建设及其生态环境的治理在遏制荒漠化东移的过程中具有重要的地位。文章就都兰县林业生态环境保护与建设现状、存在的问题及生态环境保护的对策进行了探讨。     

新世纪WTO与外向型经济下的区际资源优化--以山东省为例

为缓解加入WTO对我国农业带来的冲击,顺利实现外向型农业经济的转变,以山东省为例,借助Mapinfo 6.5和SPSSV 10.0软件分别从宏观总量和微观效率两个层次对1999年山东省17个市(地)的农业状况进行了差异分析,根据比较优势原理提出了区域资源区际优化的解决思路和对策,为今后我国区域农业发展提供借鉴.     

黔东南州森林分类经营的探讨

在回顾森林分类经营发展历程的基础上，结合黔东南州实际指出了黔东南集体林区森林分类区划中应注意的问题，并对不同森林类型的经营管理提出对策。     

石棉县森林资源地理信息系统的建立

地理信息系统是管理和分析空间数据的科学技术，以GIS技术为核心，结合RS和GPS技术建立完整的县级林业管理信息系统，是林业管理工作的必然要求。在实地调研、资料收集的基础上，以GIS技术为核心，构建了石棉县林业管理信息系统。系统地介绍了石棉县森林地理信息系统的构架、数据库建设的具体步骤与方法、系统的功能和实现，以及对基础地理信息系统的应用等问题，为今后林业管理信息系统数据库的建设提供参考依据。     

脱贫攻坚视角下森林生态产品供给有效路径选择——基于黑龙江省的实证分析

以黑龙江省为例,在脱贫攻坚视角下,选取林业产业总产值、造林面积、林业固定资产投资完成额、林业系统年末从业人数、林业产业结构比例5个有关森林生态产品供给效率的测算指标,通过DEA模型对黑龙江省2001—2017年森林生态产品供给效率进行测算,并运用Tobit模型对该效率的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)黑龙江省森林生态产品供给效率的综合效率总体良好。(2)森林生态产品供给效率的综合效率与规模效率密切相关。(3)林业旅游与休闲服务收入比重和林业生态建设实际到位金额与供给效率显著正相关,而火灾次数与供给效率显著负相关。     

东北地区林业产业结构变动对林业经济增长的贡献

运用数学模型对东北地区林业产业结构变动对林业经济增长的贡献进行了定量测度.基于多部门经济模型,研究1996年以来东北地区及其黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省林业产业结构对经济增长贡献(Z值)的变化趋势得出:Z值在长期波动中呈下降趋势,产业结构稳定性增强;基于偏离—份额分析方法分解1996-2009年Z值的地域差异构成,得出黑龙江、吉林和辽宁林业产业结构变动对当地林业经济增长的贡献地域差异明显,对各省今后林业产业结构调整和林业产业发展的方向、可行措施提出了相应的对策建议.     

Can Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Developing Countries be Sustainable and Promote Sustainable Development? The Shrimp Case

Industrial shrimp farming has been promoted by international development and financial institutions in coastal indebted poor countries as a way to obtain foreign exchange earnings, reimburse external debt, and promote development. The promotion of the shrimp industry is a clear example of a more general trend of support of export-oriented primary products, consisting in monocultures of commodities, as opposed to the promotion of more diverse, traditional production directed to feed the local population. In general, it is assumed that export-oriented aquaculture and agriculture, in a framework of liberalization policies, facilitates economic growth and this is associated with poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. However, it has been shown that the promotion of export-oriented production, mostly in the hands of big corporations, can have detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of local populations and the environment. As a result, international institutions, NGOs, and the industry aim to minimize these impacts by promoting sustainable export-oriented production. But some impacts may remain, since the main issue is the primary focus on international deregulated markets and the search for cheap primary products. To illustrate the relationships between the mainstream concept of development, the environmental and social impact of industrial farming systems, and the promotion of export-oriented production in developing countries, this article analyzes the case of the shrimp aquaculture industry.     

生态开发福建非木质森林资源

森林生态系统中具有丰富的非木质资源,生态开发这类资源可以缓解林业发展的压力,并为山区经济提供新的动力。文章分析了福建非木质森林资源的开发现状、机遇及进一步发展的阻碍因素,并给出了政策建议。     

Framing community forestry challenges with a broader lens: case studies from the Brazilian Amazon

Community forestry initiatives have been shown to reduce rural poverty while promoting the conservation and sustainable use of forests. However, a number of challenges face communities wanting to initiate or maintain formal, community-based forest management. Through a grounded theory approach, this paper uses three case studies of community forest management models in the eastern Amazon to create a framework showing challenges faced by communities at different phases of formal management. The framework shows that, in the development phase, four root problems (land ownership, knowledge acquisition, community organization, and adequate capital) need to be addressed to obtain legal management permission. With this permission in hand, further challenges to operationalization are presented (deterring illegal loggers, maintaining infrastructure, obtaining necessary managerial skills and accessing markets). The interrelatedness of these challenges emphasizes that all challenges need to be addressed in a holistic manner for communities to maintain a profitable and self-sufficient operation. This contradicts current development approaches that only address part of this framework. The framework proposed here can be used as a starting point for community forestry initiatives in other regions.     

Implications of Land Use Changes on Carbon Dynamics and Sequestration—Evaluation from Forestry Datasets, India

Forests and soils are a major sink of carbon, and land use changes can affect the magnitude of above ground and below ground carbon stores and the net flux of carbon between the land and the atmosphere. Studies on methods for examining the future consequences of changes in patterns of land use change and carbon flux gains importance, as they provide different options for CO₂ mitigation strategies. In this study, a simulation approach combining Markov chain processes and carbon pools for forests and soils has been implemented to study the carbon flows over a period of time. Markov chains have been computed by converting the land use change and forestry data of India from 1997 to 1999 into a matrix of conditional probabilities reflecting the changes from one class at time t to another class time t+1. Results from Markov modeling suggested Indian forests as a potential sink for 0.94 Gt carbon, with an increase in dense forest area of about 75.93 Mha and decrease of about 3.4 Mha and 5.0 Mha in open and scrub forests, if similar land use changes that occurred during 1997–1999 would continue. The limiting probabilities suggested 34.27 percent as dense forest, 6.90 as open forest, 0.4 percent mangrove forest, 0.1 percent scrub and 58 percent as non-forest area. Although Indian forests are found to be a potential carbon sink, analysis of results from transition probabilities for different years till 2050 suggests that, the forests will continue to be a source of about 20.59 MtC to the atmosphere. The implications of these results in the context of increasing anthropogenic pressure on open and scrub forests and their contribution to carbon source from land use change and forestry sector are discussed. Some of the mitigation aspects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land use change and forestry sector in India are also reviewed in the study.     

Management Regimes,Property Rights,and Forest Biodiversity in Nepal and India

This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program, and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation practices in place.