沉积物高强度扰动下生物有效磷的变化规律

采用室内试验研究了沉积物扰动下悬浮物上赋存形态磷的变化规律以及生物有效磷(BAP)的变化规律.结果表明:扰动过程中,悬浮物上不同形态磷发生了明显变化.和扰动初期比,弱吸附态磷(NH4 C1-P)与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/A1-P)下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)先上升后下降,残余磷(Res-P)增加,说明扰动促进悬浮物中易释放态磷向难释放态磷转化.上覆水藻类可利用磷(AAP)明显增加,分别从0.026 mg/L升至0.044 mg/L(梅梁湖)、0.032 mg/L升至0.051 mg/L(月亮湾),而梅梁湖、月亮湾悬浮物可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)先上升后下降,最高值分别达到207、171 mg/kg.说明扰动导致悬浮物上的形态磷有着相互迁移转化的趋势.     

南京玄武湖沉积物生物可利用磷的研究

采用连续提取法(SMT法)和化学提取法,研究了南京玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的垂向分布,探讨了玄武湖不同深度沉积物的潜在释磷能力和生物可利用磷的来源.结果表明,玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP含量分布差异较大,且与人类活动密切相关.沉积物中铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)对生物可利用磷的贡献巨大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险.     

盐碱地区沉积物磷释放特性及影响因素

为研究沉积物磷释放对盐碱地区景观水体富营养化的影响,以天津滨海新区泰达河道为对象,应用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试方法（SMT）,分析了沉积物中磷的形态;研究了沉积物中磷的解吸动力学,并探讨了水力扰动、pH和盐度对沉积物中磷解吸的影响。结果表明,无机磷（IP）为沉积物中磷的主要形态,总量为0.637 mg/g,IP中又以钙磷（Ca-P）为主,约占IP的80%,而铁/铝磷（Fe/Al-P）仅占20%。0-4 h为磷的快速解吸阶段,4-24 h为慢速解吸阶段,并逐渐达到平衡。泰达河道沉积物对磷具有一定的吸持能力,不易解吸。增强水力扰动的强度会促进磷的解吸,但影响不大;在碱性条件下,增加pH对磷的解吸没有显著影响;增加水体盐度,能促进磷的解吸。     

粒径和底床地形对沉积物中有机磷释放的影响

主要研究了2种沉积物粒径(35μm和130μm)及底床微地形对沉积物中内源溶解性有机磷释放的影响。选取某浅水湖泊沉积物为研究对象,对其人工污染溶解性有机磷別用室内循环直流水槽顶盖驱动流模拟风生流,考察静态和风生流作用下不同粒径沉积物及底床微地形对溶解性有机磷释放的影响。实验结果表明:在20 cm·s~(-1)及38 cm·s~(-1)2种驱动流速条件下35μm粒径沉积物实验组中沉积物有机磷释放速率均大于130μm实验组。对于35μm粒径沉积物实验组在20 cm·s~(-1)驱动水流扰动下,沉积物有机磷的平衡释放量为0.44 mg·L~(-1),在38 cm·s~(-1)驱动水流扰动下为0.49 mg·L~(-1);对于130μm粒径沉积物实验组在20 cm·s~(-1),和38 cm·s~(-1)2种扰动下的沉积物有机磷平衡释放量分別为0.29 mg·L~(-1)、0.30 mg·L~(-1);驱动流速的提高促使达到平衡状态时的释放量提高小粒径沉积物提高驱动流速更利于平衡释放量的提高且高驱动流速缩短达到释放平衡所需的时间。在底床微地形(对地形的描述采用:y=O.1sin2πx)实验中发现,静态条件下波峰处上覆水有机磷浓度首先逐渐降低至0.18 mg·L~(-1),其后升高至0.40 mg·L~(-1)并达到平衡而波谷处则不断上升至极大值0.87 mg·L~(-1)其后下降至0.77 mg·L~(-1)并达到平衡;而在20 cm·s~(-1)的驱动水流扰动下,波峰波谷处上覆水有机磷浓度变化较为_致均逐渐增长至极大值0.39 mg·L~(-1)和0.45 mg·L~(-1)后达到平衡状态。此外,在静态和动态条件下,波谷处上覆水中有机磷含量始终高于波峰处。     

背角无齿蚌对养鱼水体的净化效果

通过建立微型生态系统,研究了不同养殖密度和处理时间条件下,背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对大宗淡水鱼养殖水体理化指标和营养盐的影响及净化特征。研究结果表明,背角无齿蚌对水体p H、CODMn和NH+4-N的影响不明显;电导率、总固溶物、NO-2-N、DTP、PO3-4-P和DOC呈升高的趋势;DO随蚌养殖密度和时间的增加而降低;能够显著降低水体的浊度、Chl-a、TN、NO-3-N和TP含量(P0.05),最大去除率分别为90.9%、90.8%、24.1%、23.1%和23.4%。响应面优化分析显示,蚌养殖密度和处理时间分别为21 ind./m3和15.35 d、25 ind./m3和10 d时,对NO-3-N、TP的去除率可进一步提升至42.6%和35.0%。本研究表明,背角无齿蚌可以用于养鱼水体的水质净化。     

背角无齿蚌净化养殖水体中的重金属

通过建立微型生态系统,研究不同养殖密度和处理时间的背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对大宗淡水鱼养殖池塘水体中重金属的净化效果。结果显示,背角无齿蚌对重金属的净化效果受到处理时间和养殖密度的显著影响(P0.05)。其对Mn、Cu、As和Cd的影响总体不明显,Ba的含量增加(P0.05),然而能够显著降低Al、Cr、Fe、Ni、Zn和Mo的含量(P0.05),最大去除率分别为63.0%、78.0%、12.7%、100%、80.6%和4.8%,而且响应优化分析显示,蚌养殖密度和处理时间的配比分别为31 ind./m~3和22.77 d、40 ind./m~3和19.78 d时,对Cr和Zn的去除率可提升至80.3%和81.8%。本研究表明背角无齿蚌有潜力用于养鱼水体重金属的净化。     

底泥扰动状态下内源磷释放过程模拟研究

为了揭示底泥扰动对内源磷释放的影响,通过室内实验模拟了底泥多次扰动状态的整个过程。结果表明,底泥扰动刚结束(0 h),溶解态磷(DIP、DTP)显著降低;底泥扰动结束后(1、6和24 h),溶解态磷发生"滞后释放"。第1 d,在1、6和24 h采样时段,DIP、DTP的"滞后释放量"最大,分别达到20.0 1mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,16.85 mg/kg和17.21 mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,9.69 mg/kg。第2 d,该释放量分别降低了44.80%~57.87%和42.52%~61.24%。随着底泥扰动次数的增加,溶解态磷的"滞后释放"逐渐转变为"负释放",同时,DIP/TP和DTP/TP逐渐降低。这说明,底泥扰动应该是促进了上覆水中溶解态磷向底泥的迁移和强化了底泥对磷的固定作用,同时降低了水体中磷的可生物利用性。因此推测,底泥扰动延缓了水体富营养化的发展进程。     

太湖不同营养类型湖区沉积物磷的形态与吸附行为的比较

选择太湖不同营养类型的湖区开展了沉积物磷形态与磷吸附行为的研究,结果表明,位于藻型湖区梅梁湾的T1点表层沉积物中的总磷(TP)含量高于位于草型湖区T2点的相应值,且沉积物吸附能(K)值与TP含量显著负相关(p0.05),即沉积物自身的高磷含量可加速磷向水柱释放的风险。有机质与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)显著正相关(p0.05),同时DPS与K值显著负相关(p0.05),总之,有机质通过沉积物磷吸附饱和度间接的影响沉积物磷吸附行为。T2点沉积物吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)值随深度递增,大型水生植物的存在促使表层沉积物维持磷汇的功能,T1点沉积物距表层10~15cm处EPC0值最低,故相应疏浚深度宜为10~15cm,这一结果为富营养化湖泊的修复提供了理论依据与技术参数。     

超声波工作参数对污泥中磷释放的影响

若能有效释放与回收污泥中的磷,对缓解磷资源短缺有重要意义.为获得较好的磷释放效果,本研究以剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了超声波法处理污泥过程中超声波作用时间和声能密度对磷释放的影响.实验结果表明,在超声波作用60 min内,污泥中的磷释放量随超声波作用时间的延长而明显增加;磷释放随声能密度的提高呈现先快后慢的上升趋势,声能密度在0.2～1.2 W/mL范围时,其对磷释放的贡献度随超声波作用时间的提高而降低;污泥所释放的磷以PO3--P为主,占所释放TP的59.5％ ～87.2％;污泥中磷的释放量随超声能量增大而提高,上升趋势为先快后慢,在相同超声能量下,低声能密度长超声波作用时间下的磷释放效果优于高声能密度短时间下的释放效果.     

城市富营养化水体底泥净化磷效果

以城市富营养化水体底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了扰动状态下底泥对外源磷的净化效果。结果表明,扰动状态下,200 g湿底泥从上覆水中共吸收外源磷19.92 mg,而静止状态下,200 g湿底泥仅吸收了13.61 mg。然而,厌氧状态下,前者内源磷释放量仅占吸收磷量的43%,而后者则高达63.4%。说明底泥扰动不仅强化了底泥对外源磷的吸收,而且也强化了内源磷的固定能力。这与扰动状态下外源磷在不同形态磷间的数量分布有关。底泥扰动和静止状态下,难释放态磷(HCl-P、闭蓄态Fe/Al-P)的增加量分别占底泥吸收外源磷量的36%和21%。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.     

利用发光菌和大型蚤对北方某城市再生水急性毒性的调查

利用发光菌和大型蚤作为受试生物测定了北方某城市5个再生水原水(城市污水厂二级出水)和2个再生水处理系统的各工艺出水的急性毒性.结果表明,各再生水原水对大型蚤和发光菌具有不同程度的毒性效应,其中工业废水占较大比例的K和B厂再生水原水的大型蚤48 h总抑制率分别高达90%和100%,发光菌发光抑制率分别达到74.2%和46...     

Bioindicators for toxicity assesment of effluents from a wastewater treatment plant

The discharge of effluents and toxic compounds into aquatic systems represents a growing environmental problem involving an impact on water ecology and potential effect on human health. Most municipal wastewaters are complex mixtures; their complexity led as to carry out a hazard assessment using chemical analyses and biological tests.This study investigates biochemical alteratiobns in two sentinel organisms, the Anodonta cygnea mussel and the Xenopus laevis frog exposed for different lengths of time to various concentrartion of wastewater of the S. Antonino Ticino treatment plant. The results point out the long-life of toxic compounds.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸铜作用研究

为研究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)对铜浸出的作用,从某煤堆积水中分离得到A.f菌,利用该菌对铜进行浸出实验,设置3个处理,3个处理的浸出液分别为9 K培养基(简称S),成熟菌液(简称MS)和过滤除菌液(简称FS)。结果表明,3个处理中铜都得到了浸出,浸出铜浓度按S、FS和MS依次递增分别为4 433、5 377和6 296 mg/L;浸出初期,MS中的铜,浸出速度最快,过滤除菌液中次之,而培养基中的速度比较稳定,比前两者均慢,24 h后三者浸铜速度趋近一致;三者中pH、Eh变化相似,pH均先升高至3.4左右保持相对稳定,Eh均先迅速下降至280 mV后保持稳定。由实验可知,氧化亚铁硫杆菌主要在浸出初期促进了铜的浸出,且菌液中溶解氧氧化Fe2+以及酸性条件下氧化Cu0对铜的浸出作用不容忽视。     

污泥堆肥施用于草坪草栽培:Zn和Cu的分布特征简

为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤-植物系统中的积累与转移特性,通过温室盆栽实验,分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况,研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量,在0~6 kg/m²的污泥堆肥施用量范围内,草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大,85%以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收,随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加,草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大,但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时,草坪草吸收Zn和Cu不再增加,甚至减少;对于不同的草坪草,这一阈值有所不同。植物对Zn和Cu的吸收量只占土壤中Zn和Cu减少量的5%左右。根据生物富集系数（BCF）的计算结果推测,污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积Zn和Cu的影响。     

Marine macroalgal community structure, metal content and reproductive function near an acid mine drainage outflow

Marine macroalgal communities were examined near the outflow of acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Britannia Mine, British Columbia, Canada. No marine algae were present within 100 m of the mouth of Britannia Creek, which carries the AMD into the marine environment. At greater distances (300-700 m) from this Creek, mean summer cover of filamentous green algae, mostly Enteromorpha intestinalis, was >60%, which was significantly higher than at nearby reference stations. At still greater distances (600-1000 m) from Britannia Creek, Fucus gardneri dominated algal communities that were similar to those at reference stations. No consistent differences were detected in mean plant length, mean per cent cover or mean oocyte production between F. gardneri near Britannia Creek and those at reference stations. Cu body burden in F. gardneri near Britannia Creek was five to 17 times higher than in reference plants.     

不同质量浓度黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用简

分别采用黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法研究了不同质量浓度黄菖蒲、狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果表明,黄菖蒲在质量浓度大于10 g/L时对初始密度为1.0×10⁷ ind/mL的铜绿微囊藻具有较好的抑制作用,表现为黄菖蒲质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为30.1%、51.8%和84.0%;狭叶香蒲在质量浓度大于20 g/L时对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为狭叶香蒲质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为34.2%和77.7%,实验过程中,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而藻密度、SOD活性及MDA含量先增加后逐渐降低,表明经过一段时间持续地化感胁迫,黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲可以诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫,导致细胞结构严重损伤和叶绿素大量分解,从而强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。     

Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore

In order to evaluate the effects on the marine ecosystem caused by an eventual discharge into sea of water based drilling fluids, as current legislation allows, chemical and ecotoxicological analyses were performed on the most common drilling muds and products used in Italian off-shore activities. The chemical analysis on drilling fluids involved the leaching test and the measurement of total content of heavy metals, whereas biodegradation tests were performed on the products used in mud's formulations. As for ecotoxicological evaluation, two marine organisms, the crustacean Artemia salina and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were selected to determine the LC₅₀ and the EC₅₀ respectively.