汉江流域1961～2018年多尺度气象干旱时空演变特征

干旱是一种最常见的自然灾害,随着人类活动和气候变化的加剧,干旱事件的发生愈发频繁,对人类的生产生活产生了巨大影响.基于1961～2018年汉江流域0.25°×0.25°格点降水资料,选用标准化降水指数(SPI)定量分析了汉江流域的月尺度、季尺度、年尺度气象干旱的干旱趋势、干旱频率及干旱强度,揭示了汉江流域气象干旱发生的时空演变特征.结果表明:(1)SPI值能较好的反映汉江流域气象干旱变化特征,随着时间尺度的增加,SPI值波动幅度减小,稳定性增强.月、季、年尺度SPI序列的突变年份分别为1980、1988、1994年,季尺度和年尺度SPI序列分别表现出2和4年的显著周期性特征.(2)汉江流域自20世纪90年代以来呈现中部地区干旱化、东部和西部地区湿润化的趋势,干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,干旱强度呈现中部高,东西低的特征.其中丹江口水库附近区域和唐白河下游段呈显著干旱化趋势,丹江口以上区域干旱频率最高,干旱强度最大,轻旱、中旱事件频发.(3)各地区的季节性气象干旱特征具有一定差异性.丹江口以下地区秋旱趋势最显著,唐白河地区夏旱发生频率最高,且以轻旱、中旱事件为主,丹江口以上地区秋旱强度最高.     

基于MODIS-EVI和CI的洞庭湖流域植被指数对气象干旱的响应

基于洞庭湖流域2000~2012年98个气象站点的综合气象干旱指数（CI）和MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）数据，对研究时段内生长季干旱强度和EVI时空变化特征，典型春、夏、秋季干旱年月和湿润年月干旱强度和EVI的空间分布及相关性进行分析，旨在研究EVI指数能否反映大范围气象干旱事件，探讨该指数作为流域干湿状况度量标准的潜力。结果表明：（1）在年际变化上，EVI在2001、2005、2009年出现低谷值，与其对应年份的干旱强度出现高峰值；在季节变化上，干旱强度的高值段主要集中在夏秋季，低值段主要集中在冬春季；夏季EVI值最大，冬季EVI值最小；（2）去除年际变化和季节性影响的生长季干旱强度、EVI和森林覆盖率年际波动变化明显，并且干旱强度高峰值的年份对应EVI和森林覆盖率出现低值的年份；（3）典型干旱年月干旱强度高值区的空间分布与EVI距平低值区的空间分布存在高度一致性，其中夏、秋季干旱年月的干旱强度和EVI的相关系数分别通过了0.01、0.1的显著性水平检验；（4）除部分地区外，典型春夏秋季湿润年月的干旱强度空间分布与EVI距平的空间分布对应较差，两者的相关系数未通过显著性检验。上述结果表明，在典型干旱年月，流域植被的生长状况能够响应大范围的区域气象干旱情况。     

基于SPEI指数的鄱阳湖流域近60 a干旱时空变化特征

量化研究干旱的时空变化特征,对区域干旱监测与抗旱减灾有重要的意义.基于鄱阳湖流域1961～2017年26个气象站点的观测数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了该流域干旱的时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果 表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域南湿北干,且四季差异明显.(2)鄱阳湖流域呈现显著湿润化趋势(p＜0.05),四季均存在变湿趋势,且夏季、冬季变湿显著(p＜0.05).从空间格局上看,所有站点年尺度均存在变湿趋势,变湿幅度较大的站点分布在流域中北部;在季节尺度上,除春季赣江流域的西北部、饶河流域和信江流域东部部分站点,以及秋季个别站点(德兴、遂川和龙南)呈现干旱化趋势外,其余站点各季节均呈湿润化趋势,只是在变湿的幅度和显著水平上存在一定差异.(3)鄱阳湖流域不同等级干旱的发生存在明显的年代际差异.除20世纪90年代及最近10年干旱发生的频率较低外,其他年代干旱发生的频率均相对较高,尤其是20世纪60年代.(4)鄱阳湖流域SPEI指数与降水呈正相关,与气温呈负相关,且与降水的相关性较气温的相关性高.在全球尺度的海气作用的驱动下,该流域的干湿变化与厄尔尼诺现象/拉尼娜事件之间存在着一定的相关性,且具有半年的滞后效应.     

基于SPEI的西南农业区气象干旱时空演变特征

干旱已成为西南农业区的具有一定破坏力的自然灾害,研究干旱的时空变化对该区干旱的评估、预测具有重要的现实意义。根据西南农业区1962~2012年月气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算蒸散发和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)值;采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall方法、小波分析和旋转经验正交函数(REOF)等方法分析了西南农业区干旱时空变化。研究结果表明:(1)西南农业区整体呈干旱化趋势;2000年以来年、四季变干趋势更加明显;秋季变干趋势显著;年均SPEI指数不存在显著突变点;年和四季干湿变化均存在2~8 a左右的振荡周期。(2)根据REOF分解的前6个空间模态,将西南农业区划分成6个干湿特征区域:云南高原东部区、汉中盆地区、东部山地区、云南高原西部区、四川盆地区、贵州高原区;其中云南高原东部区变干趋势显著,汉中盆地区和东部山地区有变湿润趋势,但并不明显;6个分区干湿变化普遍存在2~6 a左右的振荡周期。研究结果可为西南农业区防旱、抗旱提供科学参考。     

1961~2010年中国大尺度区域暴雨时空分布特征研究

长时间大范围的区域暴雨作为一种极端天气气候事件，是人民生产生活的一大威胁，已成为社会和学界的关注焦点之一，亟需研究中国长时间序列区域暴雨的时空演变特征。通过定义的区域暴雨事件，选取持续天数、影响站点数、最大日降雨量和最大累积降雨量4项指标，统计分析了1961~2010年中国区域暴雨的时空变化格局。结果表明：在空间格局上，1961~2010年中国区域暴雨主要分布在黑龙江漠河至云南腾冲一线以东的东部沿海季风区，而西北内陆则无区域暴雨发生；在省际分布上，多集中发生在以广东为首的东部沿海省市；在时间序列上，中国区域暴雨存在准10a（6.5a和13a）的周期振荡，以1997年前后年份发生次数较多，年内多集中在5~9月，且4项指标均在6月份达到最高。     

基于云推理和模糊逻辑关系模型的干旱等级预测方法研究

针对月平均降水量时间序列存在模糊性和随机性的特点,给出一种结合云推理和模糊逻辑关系的干旱等级预测方法。采用徐州站1951~2014年逐月降水量数据,通过计算标准化降水指数(SPI),得到实测干旱等级序列,以1952~2013年SPI指数数据作为样本数据,并提取样本模糊时间序列的52条模糊逻辑推理规则,将某月份的SPI指数数据作为输入变量,利用云发生器进行云推理,得到未来相应月份的干旱等级预测结果。结果表明,研究方法对干旱发生具有一定预测能力,尤其是对无旱的预测比较准确,但是对于干旱状态突变的预测能力较弱,主要是由于发生严重旱灾的可能性较少,导致模糊推理规则较少。因此,对于江苏省以轻旱为主的苏北地区,可以作为早期干旱预警的参考。     

气候变化下SPEI指数在嘉陵江流域的干旱评估应用

基于嘉陵江流域1962~2010年实测月降水和月平均气温数据,利用不同时间尺度(3、6、9、12个月)的SPI和SPEI指数分析了近50a来流域干旱趋势的时空演变规律。对不同时间尺度的SPI及SPEI指数分析表明,1962~2010年嘉陵江流域整体呈干旱增加趋势,特别是流域西部和北部呈现出明显的干旱增加趋势,而流域东部的干旱增加趋势并不明显,个别站点附近还呈现出微弱的干旱减少趋势。SPI及SPEI指数的变化还表明,嘉陵江流域在大时间尺度上的干旱增加趋势更为明显,大时间尺度的干旱事件主要由降雨量决定,而气温变化对干旱趋势的影响则在小时间尺度上更为显著。此外,对于相同的时间尺度,SPEI指数相较于SPI指数检验出更为明显的干旱增加趋势,表明考虑气温影响的SPEI干旱指数更能够检测干旱事件的变化规律,因此SPEI干旱指数更适用于气候变化条件下流域干旱演变特征分析。     

SPEI及SPI指数在滇西南地区干旱演变中的对比分析

以滇西南地区为研究区,计算出近53 a该区及周边44个气象站点标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和标准化降水指数(SPI)。运用M-K突变检测和Morlet小波交换等方法,对滇西南地区两种指数对应下的4种类型季节连旱变化特征进行系统分析。结果表明:近53 a中,两种指数判定的同一时间尺度下的干旱事件次数和发生时间基本统一,4种类型季节连旱事件为12~14次,多存在并发性;4个季节连旱时段上两种指数均存在3 a左右显著周期变化;同一时段上,两种指数在趋势变化格局空间分布和变化程度上均存在着较大差异,4个时段上的干湿变化趋势也表现出SPEI呈变干趋势,SPI则变干、变湿各为一半的明显不同,这主要是由于期间研究区显著增温加剧了"降水量-蒸散"的水分平衡;与SPI相比,SPEI考虑了热量因子对潜在蒸散发的贡献,能较好地对气候变暖背景下研究区干旱进行刻画。     

三种气象干旱指数在四川省的适用性分析

受气候和地形等多种因素影响,气象干旱指数在不同地区有着不同的表现.位于长江上游地区的四川省地貌条件复杂,气候类型多样,在使用气象干旱指数进行干旱监测前需要评估其适用性.利用四川省34个气象站点1987～2016年间日降水和日平均气温数据,基于SPI、SPEI和2017年新版国标文件中增加的MCI指数,利用时间序列和空间插值等方法主要对四川省1987～2010年间的干旱过程和干旱年份进行了分析,借助建立的RMSE指标和评分法重点研究了多时间尺度指数反映的干旱强度、干旱范围等与实际旱情的符合度.结果表明:(1)总体上MCI最好,SPI与SPEI效果接近;具体月尺度上,MCI、SPI3(3个月)、SPEI 3(3个月)是适用性排名的前三位.(2)川东部盆地适合用MCI,川西南山地适合用SPEI 3,川西北高原适合用SPI 6(6个月)或SPI 1(1个月).(3)SPI、SPEI、MCI指数在川东部盆地的监测误差最小,川西南山地次之,川西北高原最大.     

经验正交函数方法和TRMM数据对长江流域降水模式与极端水文过程的研究

气候变化加剧了极端天气和水文事件的发生，降水是区域干旱与洪水事件最直接驱动因素。以TRMM/PR月累积降水反演遥感数据为基础，利用经验正交函数EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法对长江流域降水时空变化模式进行提取，并对比分析了主要模式振幅强弱与极端水文事件的对应关系。结果表明在流域尺度上EOF方法及TRMM/PR数据可以较好地识别降水主要模式，通过时空尺度变换成功揭示主要降水模式强弱与流域极端水文事件的对应关系。鉴于日益丰富的巨量水文气象时空数据，EOF方法在模式提取、水文模拟、极端事件预估及灾害适应性研究等方面具有应用潜力     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Assessment of the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution on the basis of the statistical distribution of the occurrence of micromycete species

A methodology of substantiating the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution has been described according to the results of bioindication using microfungal communities. At the first state, the values of the factors under which the frequency of each species is maximal were estimated using ordination methods. The statistical distribution of the species sensitivity was simulated according to these data. The methodology was illustrated using the results of analysis of the toxicity of soil samples from uranium mine dumps (the village of Kadzhi-Sai, Kyrgyzstan). The preliminary estimates of the critical values of six soil pollution indices that provide the defined allowable probability of the ecological risk have been given.     

On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems

Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author's experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Uncertainty analysis of the external gamma-dose rate due to the variability of the vertical distribution of 137Cs in the soil

The external gamma-dose rate at 1 m height above a flat area due to the presence of fallout radiocesium in the soil is frequently calculated from the observed depth profile of the 137Cs activity as well as the soil mass per unit area. At a given site, these depth profiles may, however, vary considerably, thus introducing an uncertainty to the external gamma-dose calculated in this way. To assess this source of uncertainty for a typical grassland site, the activity of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs and the wet bulk density in the three upper soil layers at 100 plots in a 100 m x 100 m pasture were determined. Analysis of these data shows that the frequency distribution of the dose rates calculated from the corresponding depth profiles of all plots is similar to a log-normal distribution (mean 25 nGy h-1, median 22 nGy h-1, standard deviation 11 nGy h-1; range 1.6-56 nGy h-1). The various sources which contribute to the uncertainty of the dose rate are quantified. The semi-variogram indicates that any spatial dependence of the dose rates occurs on this pasture only over distances that are smaller than the shortest sampling interval (here about 10 m). It is estimated which errors have to be expected for the median dose rate when the depth profiles of 137Cs and of the wet bulk density are determined only for a small number of plots. It is preferable to calculate the mean dose rate as a mean from the n individual dose rates rather than from an averaged 137Cs depth profile of the n plots.