农村水环境污染现状及治理对策

针对目前农村水环境污染的现状，在调查的基础上，分析了产生农村水环境污染的主要原因及整治办法，提出了改善农村水环境的对策措施。     

印染行业清洁生产效益分析

以南通市强盛印染有限公司为例，进行清洁生产效益分析，说明清洁生产能够减少或消除废物的产生和排放，从而减轻末端治理的负担，有效控制环境污染，实现经济、环境、社会协调发展。     

城市第三产业环境行为信息公开化研究初探

产业结构调整和城市化进程加速了中国第三产业的发展，但同时也给环境造成了影响和破坏。分析了中国第三产业环境污染特点，第三产业发展对环境管理的挑战。同时结合污染控制信息手段和环境信息公开的特点和优势，对开展第三产业环境行为信息公开化研究提出了建议。     

突发性环境污染事故防范与预警体系建设初探

通过对近几年的突发性环境污染事故的分析,总结了该类环境污染事故的特征、类型及产生的原因,并提出了对突发性环境污染事故的防范与预警体系建设的对策。     

温州鹿城农药厂废物最少化实践

浙江省乡镇企业发展极为迅速，但总体来说，技术水平低，生产管理落后，设备简陋，资源浪费严重，职工文化和业务素质偏低，因而资源利用率不高，单位产品“三废”产生量和排放量远高于国营大中型企业。笔者认为，解决乡镇企业环境污染的最根本手段是依靠科技进步，通过降低能耗和物耗的途径，把生产过程中产生的废水、废气和废渣通过一定工艺的处理，重新利用，实现资源再生。这样既不影响经济的发展，又不浪费原材料，最大限度地控制了废物排放，保护了环境。温州鹿城农药厂在循环利用和综合利用废物方面，有很多值得推广和借鉴的经验和技…     

镇江市农田施肥的环境污染及其控制对策

镇江市局部地区农田施肥与环境污染之间的矛盾日趋明显，对土壤，水体，生物等环境要素产生影响，通过食物链危及人类身健康，诱发多种疾病，科学决策，合理施肥，注重提高施肥效率，保护农业生态环境是是保证农业生态是可持续发展的重要条件。     

滇黔接壤地区资源开发中的生态环境问题

本文研究了川滇黔接壤地区的生态系统特征及资源开发过程中产生的各种环境问题。在区域人口负荷大，经济落后，自然灾害频繁，环境污染严重等综合因子的作用下，已使区域生态系统变得十分脆弱，指出了区域自然资源开发过程中做好环壕保护和生态恢复的重要性。     

突发性环境污染事故预警系统的探讨

突发性环境污染事故时有发生，因此有必要提出事故预防和管理水平，应建立突发性环境污染事故的预警系统。     

海洋环境污染监测方案设计研究

海洋环境污染监测方案是一项复杂的系统工程。中国经过２０多年海洋环境污好监测的实践活动，积累了丰富的经验。但是，由于未能对海洋环境污染监测方案进行深入细致的研讨，致使今天我国海洋环境污染监测尚停留在定性或半定量描述阶段。该文第一次把有关海洋环境污染监测相结合，通过运用逻辑构思方法和监测方法学，详细分析监测方案设计中的各个阶段，监测目标的提出，到方案的实施；从监测数据的加工，到监测信息的发布都进行了辩证的分析。本文既是中国海洋环境污染监测方案的设计指南，也是中国海洋环境污染监测工作的集大成。     

推行清洁生产南宁凤凰纸业新项目一年节约1000万

广西南宁国资委积极引导企业履行社会责任，推行清洁生产。近日，南宁国资委监管的南宁凤凰纸业有限责任公司二手浆板机项目开工，该项目投产后，生产将更加连续稳定，有效减少环境污染，每年水、电、汽三项可节约资金1000万元人民币，实现环境效益和经济效益的“双赢”。     

Evaluating local air pollution control administration efectiveness

Data were collected on the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD) and on Los Angeles air pollution and its effects. The information collected was used to define the air pollution control system in terms of inputs to the agency, agency actions and accomplishments, and outputs from the agency. It was further analyzed to determine which parameters of the system could be quantitatively assessed and how. Quantitative measures were normalized to facilitate comparisons between different time periods (and to allow comparisons between cities, regions, states, and nations). Preparations are underway for using these data to assess the severity of the air pollution problem in Los Angeles, to determine the overall effectiveness of the APCD, and to evaluate its administrative operation.     

Eye Irritation as an Effect of Photochemical Air Pollution

One of the most annoying aspects of photochemical air pollution, particularly in the Southern California Air Basin, has been eye irritation. The most aggravating combination of driving in heavy traffic in Los Angeles, suffering from tearing and burning of the eyes together with very limited visibility, was a strong motivation for the public to demand that effective control actions be taken.     

Investigating Inhalation Hazard Using Synthetic Radioactive Fallout

Air pollution control efforts by federal, State, regional, and municipal agencies and by industry have expanded tremendously within the past few years. That this increased effort is a reflection of elevated public understanding of the problem and rising public insistence upon action is inescapable. Through all media of mass communication, through the efforts of public service organizations, and through the actions and pronouncements of public officials at all levels of government, the popular desire for better control of air pollution is being expressed with mounting frequency and increasing impact. This fact, in addition to generating an unprecedented expansion in control activity, requires that communication between the individuals and agencies responsible for air pollution control and the citizen, to whom this responsibility is owed, be open, comprehensive, and forthright. Any other response to the need for public information and education concerning the problem of air pollution must in the long run seriously jeopardize the air pollution control effort.     

Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy

Because of its serious large-scale effects on ecosystems and its transboundary nature, acid rain received for a few decades at the end of the last century wide scientific and public interest, leading to coordinated policy actions in Europe and North America. Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. Widespread scientific research, long-term monitoring, and integrated assessment modelling formed the basis for the policy agreements. In this paper, which is based on an international symposium organised to commemorate 50 years of successful integration of air pollution research and policy, we briefly describe the scientific findings that provided the foundation for the policy development. We also discuss important characteristics of the science–policy interactions, such as the critical loads concept and the large-scale ecosystem field studies. Finally, acid rain and air pollution are set in the context of future societal developments and needs, e.g. the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. We also highlight the need to maintain and develop supporting scientific infrastructures.

     

Use of oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and ambient water to assess metal pollution status of the charting coastal area, Taiwan, after the 1986 green oyster incident

Most of the oyster mariculture beds in Taiwan are in areas located along the west of the island. One of these areas is the Charting coast, where green oysters were found in 1986. During this incident, which became internationally notorious, mass mortality occurred in the Charting oyster beds. After this discovery, measures were taken by the authorities to counter pollution which lead to the problem. The effectiveness of these pollution control actions was evaluated in this study. Two water column indicators, particulate and sediment, and oysters were sampled and analyzed for metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) in Charting and its neighboring areas, Kuen-Shen Lake and Shin-Da Harbor, and the control area/station, Dah-Pen Wan. The current study shows that copper and zinc concentrations in both oysters and particulates significantly decreased in the Charting area, compared with concentrations found during the period of the green oyster incident. Six years after the incident, the copper concentration in oysters had fallen from a high of 4400 μg/g dry weight to an average of 300±69 μg/g dry weight, figures similar to the copper concentration in 1982. The pollution control actions taken after the incident are believed to be the cause of this recovery of the coastal environment. Nevertheless, Charting still produced oysters with the highest copper and zinc concentrations among the areas investigated. Further measures currently being taken by the government, including removing the sediment of some portions of Erhjin Chi, should be able to bring the oyster copper concentrations down to the levels similar to those observed in the neighboring area, (average concentration below 200 μg/g dry weight or all time maximum concentration below 500 μg/g dry weight).     

Surface Air Pollutant Concentration Frequency Distributions: Implications for Urban Modeling

With the development of ambient air quality standards (AAQS), the need arises to describe the characteristics of regional surface air-pollutant concentration frequency distributions. In the evaluation of land use plans, numerous agencies will be concerned with evaluating the effectiveness of emission zoning and/or control actions. On a regional basis, one means of performing this assessment lies in determining the changes in the pollutant frequency distributions resulting from control actions.

This study presents new data concerning the surface air-pollutant concentration frequency distributions observed for area sources and continuous point sources, and compares these distributions with those of the pertinent meteorological variables describing the transport and diffusion of the pollutant. The observed surface air pollutant frequency distributions are compared to those corresponding to simple modeling concepts from either an urban area source or a continuous point source. For an urban source and a relatively inert pollutant like CO, we found that the observed frequency distribution for CO surface air concentration parallels the approximately log-normal frequency distribution of the reciprocal of the wind speed. We show that the constant relating these two well-correlated frequency distributions can be determined either experimentally or with a numerical simulation model of air pollution. The usefulness of numerical models in air pollution is discussed.     

Modifications of the sex pheromonal communication of trichogramma brassicae by a sublethal dose of deltamethrin

Pyrethroid insecticides, by their intensive use and their persistence that can exceed 3 months, largely contribute to the environmental pollution. In this work, we determined the effects of a very low dose of deltamethrin on the sex pheromonal communication of Trichogramma brassicae. The dose used was a dose that would theoretically kill one insect over 1000 (an LD 0.1). We found that this dose slightly but very significantly increased the arrestment behavior of treated males responding to the female pheromone. On the other hand when females were exposed to the same dose of insecticide, the response of males to their pheromone was very significantly decreased. In Trichogramma, like in other insects, sex pheromonal communication probably involves nervous transmissions both for the reception and the emission of the pheromone. Then, the sublethal effects of deltamethrin, observed in this work, are certainly due to multiple actions of this insecticide on nervous transmissions. Trichogramma is a beneficial insect that contributes to the control of pest populations of moths. Actions of this insecticide at a dose that can correspond to environmental pollution could be a real threat to the equilibrium of these populations.     

Plastic pollution: A focus on freshwater biodiversity

Plastics are dominant pollutants in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Scientific studies that investigated the interaction between plastics and freshwater biodiversity are incipient, especially if compared to the marine realm. In this review, we provide a brief overview of plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems around the world. We found evidence of plastic ingestion by 206 freshwater species, from invertebrates to mammals, in natural or semi-natural ecosystems. In addition, we reported other consequences of synthetic polymers in freshwater ecosystems—including, for instance, the entanglement of animals of different groups (e.g., birds). The problem of plastic pollution is complex and will need coordinated actions, such as recycling programs, correct disposal, stringent legislation, regular inspection, replacement of synthetic polymers with other materials, and ecological restoration. Current information indicates that the situation in freshwater ecosystems may be as detrimental as the pollution found in the ocean, although highly underappreciated.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01496-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Association of PM2.5 pollution with the pattern of human activity: A case study of a developed city in eastern China

Recently, air pollution has attracted a substantial amount of attention in China, which can be influenced by a variety of factors, but the association between air pollution and human activity is not quite clear. Based on real-time online data (January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014) of air pollution and meteorology reported by official sites, and demographic, economic, and environmental reform data in a statistical yearbook, the influences of meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation intensity, and wind force) and human activities on PM_2.5 pollution were explored. After correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, and a nonparametric test, weak negative correlations between temperature and PM_2.5 pollution were found. In most cases, festival and morning peak hours were protection and risk factors of PM_2.5 pollution, respectively. In addition, government actions, such as an afforestation project and increasing financial expenditure for energy saving and environmental protection, could greatly contribute to alleviating pollution of PM_2.5. The findings could help officials formulate effective laws and regulations, and then PM_2.5 pollution related to the pattern of human activity would be ameliorated.

Implications: Most of the time, festival and morning peak hours are protection and risk factors for PM_2.5 pollution, respectively. Increasing the percentage of afforestation area and financial expenditure for energy saving and environmental protection could significantly reduce PM_2.5 pollution. The findings can help officials formulate effective laws and regulations, and then PM_2.5 pollution related to the pattern of human activity, especially government action, will be ameliorated.     

The EU environmental policy context for monitoring for and with raptors in Europe

This paper outlines the importance of the policy context for monitoring with and for raptors, and, conversely, of the importance of such monitoring for policy. It then outlines two key areas of European Union (EU) environmental policy most relevant to monitoring for and with raptors, namely biodiversity policy and pollution policy. For each of the policy areas, the pertinent objectives and actions of the current EU policy are identified, and their relevance for raptor monitoring is discussed. The potential contribution of raptor monitoring to the further development of these policy areas is also addressed.