O.M.I.公司增产围油栏

O.M.I.(Oil Mop Interational)公司1989年接到的特罗伊尔(Troil)围油栏的订单累计超过了15000米。1988年末开始在一个只有3名生产人员的新的工厂生产这种围油栏,现在公司已雇用了10名生产人员,专门进行特罗伊尔围油栏的生产。 特罗伊尔围油栏是一种轻型的围油栏,它是用涂敷P.V.C.的晴纤维织物、泡沫浮子和金属配重体组成的。     

利用感耦等离子体原子发射光谱真空紫外波段测定I.P.B.S.As和Sn

<正> 本文介绍了采用170—200毫微米之间的谱线,通过 ICP-AES 定量测定 I、P、B、S、As 和 Sn 的方法。光谱仪保持真空,压力低于0.1帕,光路由99.99%的纯氩充满,其流速为3.5升/分。本法已用于测定铁、钢     

Röntgenreflex-Intensitätsverteilung bei Anwesenheit von Eigenspannungen I. und II. Art

The Science of Nature -     

The CALGRID mesoscale photochemical grid model—I. Model formulation

A new photochemical oxidant model, CALGRID, has been developed for regulatory assessments of ozone control strategies. The model features: low numerical diffusion transport schemes that explicitly conserve mass on a terrain following mesh; modern boundary-layer representations converted to K-theory and applied to a variety of both fixed level and space-time variable vertical meshes; the ability to switch chemical schemes easily among the SAPRC hierarchy; a comprehensive resistance-based, dry deposition algorithm; and a highly-modular, streamlined FORTRAN 77 code that is highly vectorized and easily adapted to emerging parallel processor technology. The model is controlled by an easy to modify, self-documenting “control file” which also enables many consistency checks and serves to protect against a number of simple, yet common, simulation errors. The paper describes each of the model's principal technical modules in detail.     

宁波-舟山海域环境容量研究I. 三维潮流数值模拟

基于美国普林斯顿大学的河口、陆架和海洋模式（ECOM）,引入干湿网格法变动边界处理技术,将模型应用于宁波-舟山海域,建立此海域的三维潮流模型。计算结果与实测值符合良好,较好的刻画出此海域分潮的潮流场时空分布特点。     

Computing heavy metals in Europe's atmosphere—I. Model development and testing

This paper presents the development of the TRACE model (TRace toxic Air Concentrations in Europe) which computers the air concentration and deposition of various heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) on a European scale. TRACE is an improved climatological-type model in that (1) travel time is computed from an empirical function rather than from an assumed constant velocity, (2) the model tends to conserve mass, (3) the irregularity of spatial deposition patterns is captured, and (4) parameters are objectively determined. The dry deposition velocity is spatially varying, and is computed with a dry deposition model as a function of “local” u₁, z_o, together with an assumed characteristic particle size distribution.The model has been used to compute levels of heavy metals for 1978–1985 throughout Europe. Calculations agree with As and Pb observations with a factor of two, and underestimate Cd and Zn observations.Using the model it was estimated that wet deposition exceeds dry deposition in most of central Europe. The mean residence time of the mass of As, Cd, Pb and Zn in Europe's lower atmosphere is estimated to be about 64h and for Pb, 96 h.     

Volatilization of volatile organic compounds from showers—I. Analytical method and quantitative assessment

To provide data to test mathematical models developed to predict human exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) volatilizing from showers, an analytical method was developed to analyze the simultaneous volatilization of VOCs in the water and humid air of showers. Five VOCs with a wide range of Henry's law constants were used. Experiments, conducted in a full-scale shower, were performed at initial water concentrations nearing tap water VOC concentrations (a few μgλ⁻¹). VOCs in water and humid air samples were concentrated by purge-and-trap, thermally desorbed from a Tenax trap and analyzed with a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector. The fraction of the VOCs volatilized from showers at various water temperatures and flow rates were calculated. Mass-balane equations indicated the presence of sinks of VOCs in the experimental shower other than those due to the airflow. An experimental method to measure the residence time of the water in the shower is presented.     

完整物理过程下南黄海浮游生态动力学数值研究I.模型建立

为了对南黄海进行生态动力学模型研究,不但需要选取合理的生态变量和生化过程及过程参数,而且还需要模型能够客观地再现该海域关键的物理过程.在建立波浪-环流-潮流共同作用的中国近海水动力模型的基础上,建立完整物理过程下的南黄海三维浮游生态动力学模型,旨在通过数值模拟认识南黄海的生态动力特征,并探讨关键的物理过程对生态的影响,特别是潮流和波浪混合对浮游植物时空分布的作用机制.本文先给出理论模型及模型配置.     

A study of the aerosol of Santiago de Chile—I. Light extinction coefficients

The atmosphere of Santiago de Chile has been investigated by telephotometry in several parts of the city. Spectral extinction coefficients were measured during the time period between September 1988 and January 1989 (mid-spring to mid-summer) and again between February 1990 and June 1990 (autumn to mid-winter). The values measured show a distinct daily pattern with high values in the morning and a steady decrease in the afternoon. This pattern is attributed to a steady increase in the height of the mixing layer during daytime which allows an increasing dilution of the aerosol; unfortunately systematic measurements of vertical temperature profiles are not available for Santiago. In contrast to the urban area, measurements at an elevated site in the Andes Mountains showed a constant increase in light extinction during daytime. In the morning the extinction coefficients were similar to the background values off the coast on the Pacific. In the afternoon after expansion of the mixing layer extinction coefficients in the mountains were comparable to those in the urban area. Some sight paths were reached at later hours by the mixing layer and had a maximum of light extinction coefficient later in the morning hours. The transport of aerosols can cause dramatic changes in extinction coefficients within a short time; changes of up to a factor of five have been observed within an hour. In such cases the wavelength dependence of the aerosol underwent changes with the advection or production of a different aerosol. A comparison with the pollution of other large cities shows that the daily pattern of variation of the extinction coefficient in Santiago is different; the values of the extinction coefficients observed in Santiago de Chile are compared to those in European and Asian cities. With this study part of the complex behaviour of the Santiago atmosphere has been understood but much further work is needed. The optical technique used here has proven useful in investigating the atmosphere in real time with adequate time resolution and the possibility to make space-resolved measurements also.     

Transport and deposition of indoor radon decay products—I. Model development and validation

Commonly used mathematical models of indoor radon decay product behavior are based on macroscopic mass-balances, often referred to as ‘uniformly-mixed models’. The uniformly-mixed model's applicability is limited by its inability to track the movement of pollutants from their sources to other areas within the enclosure, to permit spatial- or time-dependent sources, or to take proper account of interactions with macroscopic surfaces. Although the uniformly-mixed model parameterizes the deposition process as a constant volumetric removal rate, in reality the deposition process is actually a surface phenomenon and is strongly affected by environmental conditions.This paper describes the development of RADTRAN, a two-dimensional radon progeny transport model that begins with the differential conservation equations describing the motion of air and the transport of reactive pollutants, introduces appropriate boundary conditions to represent surface deposition, and then calculates the concentration distribution of radon progeny throughout the entire region of interest. Knowing the concentration gradient near the surface, a local mass-transfer coefficient (the deposition velocity) can be determined as a function of environmental conditions. RADTRAN simulations have been based on several flow conditions: buoyancy-driven recirculating enclosure flows, free and forced-convection boundary layer flows, and one-dimensional diffusion. Free progeny diffusivity, D^f, and attachment rate, X, were varied over representative ranges. For these conditions, RADTRAN calculated free deposition velocities of u^f = 0.014–0.079 cm s⁻¹, for ²¹⁸Po. RADTRAN predictions are compared to a range of experimental measurements. It was found that the predicted range of deposition velocities is in rough agreement with findings from experiments conducted in flow conditions similar to the simplified flows used in RADTRAN.     

Aqueous S(IV) oxidation—I. Catalytic effects of some metal ions

Catalytic effect of metal ions [Fe(III), Mn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II)] on the oxidation of S(IV) in aqueous solution at concentrations of metal ions and S(IV) as found in an urban atmosphere were studied under controlled experimental conditions (T, pH air flow rate, mixing, concentration of reactant, etc.). The following rate expressions were obtained: −r_S(IV) = k [Fe(III)] [S(IV)], −r_S(IV) = k [Mn(II)] [S(IV)]^0.65, −r_S(IV) = k [Cu(II)] [S(IV)]². The activation energy equals 104 kJ mol⁻¹ for Fe(III), 63.3 kJ mol⁻¹ for Mn(II), and 116.8 kJ mol⁻¹ for Cu(II) catalysed S(IV) oxidation.