采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解特性研究

通过模拟实验测定采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的相对分子质量的变化，判断其降解程度。实验研究了光催化氧化、含盐量、氧化剂等化学因素对聚丙烯酰胺降解的影响，从而得到聚丙烯酰胺在采油污水中的一些化学降解特性，为采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供判断和依据。     

组合方法去除新型采油污水中有机污染物的研究

含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水的有效处理是近年来困扰油田三次采油生产的一个难题。研究采用移动床生物膜技术与O3/UV/H2O2高级氧化技术的组合方法来处理含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水。实验结果表明,移动床生物膜技术可以有效去除污水中的石油类有机物,但对聚丙烯酰胺几乎无效果。O3/UV/H2O2高级氧化技术可以降解污水中的聚丙烯酰胺。组合方法处理后的含聚丙烯酰胺采油污水水质可以达到污水综合排放标准中的一级要求。     

4株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌的深度驯化及联合降解作用

从含聚污泥中分离出4株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌,分别命名为PM1、PM2、PM3和PM4,经16S r DNA鉴定,4种菌分别属于肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae bacterium),阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和霍米奇肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)。为了提高菌种对高浓度、高分子量含聚污水的适应能力及降解聚丙烯酰胺的效率,将其进行深度驯化并混合培养。结果表明:经过驯化,菌种的OD值明显高于驯化之前,4种降解菌对400 mg/L溶液中聚丙烯酰胺的降解率分别由驯化前的29.8%、30.9%、40.1%和33.4%提高到36%、40.1%、54.7%和42.7%;并且混合菌PM2PM3在投加体积分数为4%时对聚丙烯酰胺降解率最高能达到67%,具有一定的协同作用。红外图谱结果显示,生物降解后聚丙烯酰胺分子结构发生变化,分子链上的酰胺基被氧化为羧基。     

絮凝与生物强化组合技术处理油田含聚污水

针对河南油田采油污水,室内选择4种常用无机絮凝剂与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)复配,筛选出最佳的絮凝剂用量:聚合氯化铝(PAC)用量为300 mg/L,CPAM用量为10 mg/L。研究了投加HPAM降解菌对油田含聚污水中COD的去除效果,优选出2株以聚合物(HPAM)为唯一碳源的降解菌,通过分子生物学16SrDNA鉴定,XL-1和XL-2菌分别为苏云金芽孢杆菌和溶血不动杆菌。实验结果表明,在温度为30℃,pH为7.5,降解72 h的条件下,XL-1菌的B/C增大了0.11,COD去除率提高了11.03%;XL-2菌的B/C增大了0.07,COD去除率提高了6.3%。油田污水经絮凝-生物强化组合工艺处理后,出水COD平均值为77.1 mg/L,总去除率为73.2%,絮凝段和生化段工艺的COD去除率分别为54.1%和19.1%,达到《污水综合排放标准(GB/T 8978-1996)》排放标准。     

气浮与生化强化工艺在油田污水工程改造中应用

针对河南油田聚合物驱采油污水,定性分析了污水中的聚合物,研究了聚合物对污水COD的影响.结果表明,污水中聚合物的分子结构发生了一定的变化-CONH2水解为-COOH,同时测定了污水中1 mg/L部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)贡献1.3 mg/L COD.随着3次采油技术的发展,油田污水中聚合物含量逐年增大,聚合物含量大幅上升是导致污水COD上升的根本原因.在原有处理工艺基础上,增加絮凝气浮处理工艺单元,改造工程采用“预曝气除油+絮凝气浮+A/O生物膜”处理工艺后,运行结果表明,出水COD为65 ～ 90 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB/T 8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

一株不动杆菌JBX-006对聚丙烯酰胺的降解特性研究

聚丙烯酰胺结构复杂、难降解,进入环境会造成污染。从大庆油田周边土壤中富集、驯化和分离获得1株聚丙烯酰胺降解率较高的菌株JBX-006,经形态学、生理生化和分子生物学鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)。对JBX-006降解聚丙烯酰胺的影响因素开展研究,分析了不同外碳源、外氮源和金属离子对其降解聚丙烯酰胺的影响,结果表明,JBX-006在5 g/L蔗糖、10.0 g/L硝酸钾、30 mg/L Fe²⁺的基础培养液中,30℃培养5 d对300 mg/L的聚丙烯酰胺降解率达到81.65%,明显高于优化前。研究获得的高效降解聚丙烯酰胺菌株JBX-006为修复聚丙烯酰胺污染土壤提供了技术支持。     

一株丙烯酰胺高效降解菌的筛选及其降解性能

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中,分离、筛选出1株高效降解丙烯酰胺的菌株A18,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于Delftia tsuruhatensis,它可以降解苯胺.以丙烯酰胺为惟一碳源的无机盐培养基中,以菌株细胞的增长和丙烯酰胺的降解为依据,通过实验得出A18菌株的最适生长条件:温度为30℃,pH为7.0.在最适生长条件下,当丙烯酰胺的初始浓度约为1 000 mg/L时,菌株A18对丙烯酰胺的48 h降解率达到100％.     

新型改性聚丙烯酰胺的合成及对污泥调理效果的研究

采用原位聚合法,在聚丙烯酰胺的聚合过程中引入金属离子进行改性,合成了一种新型改性聚丙烯酰胺.通过正交实验确定了改性聚丙烯酰胺的最佳合成条件.红外图谱显示,该聚丙烯酰胺是一种具有特殊结构的有机高分子化合物.以污泥脱水率和污泥比阻为考察指标,研究了改性聚丙烯酰胺对污水处理厂剩余活性污泥脱水性能的影响,结果表明,在每1000...     

絮凝-微纳气泡法处理采油废水

对采自胜利油田的采油废水,分别进行了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)絮凝法、微纳气泡法和絮凝-微纳气泡联合法处理,考察了处理过程对采油废水水质和所配制聚合物(部分水解聚丙烯酰胺)溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,均可有效降低废水的矿化度、油含量和悬浮物含量,明显提高用其配制的聚合物溶液的粘度;联合处理效果明显高于单独采用絮凝或微纳气泡处理的效果。所处理后的废水可有望代替淡水用于油田现场配制聚合物驱油体系,在消除油田污水环境污染的同时,可节约淡水资源。     

改性聚丙烯酰胺固定化苯酚降解菌的研究

利用自制的改性聚丙烯酰胺为载体包埋苯酚降解菌,考查了该载体对细胞性能的影响,比较了4种固定化方法--改性聚丙烯酰胺法、聚丙烯酰胺法、海藻酸钙法和聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钙法包埋微生物细胞的优劣.实验结果表明,单体丙烯酰胺经改性后制得的改性聚丙烯酰胺对微生物细胞活性无影响.以其为载体固定苯酚降解菌,其细胞相对活性比聚丙烯酰胺法高出了42.4%;比海藻酸钙法高出了16.4%;比聚乙烯醇.海藻酸钙法高出了44.3%,表明改性聚丙烯酰胺包埋细胞更有利于细胞的增殖和活性恢复.重复应用实验表明,改性聚丙烯酰胺法得到的细胞凝胶,机械强度好,有弹性,可多次重复利用.改性聚丙烯酰胺作为细胞固定化载体其优点是交联速度快、聚合放热温度低、在侧链发生交联反应、抗水解能力强、无毒、凝胶寿命长.     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母间歇式处理油脂废水研究

固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌(Yarrowia lipolytica)在气升式反应器中处理色拉油浓度为2 000 mg/L、COD为3 000 mg/L的高COD油脂废水。结果表明,固定化菌对废水的最佳处理时间为6 d,可间歇式处理9批次高COD油脂废水,重复处理废水后,其对油脂的降解均在85%以上,对COD的降解在70%以上,降解后的排出水pH稳定在3.6~3.8。且处理动力学方程属于一级生化方程。结果进一步表明,固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌在气升式反应器中适于处理高COD含油脂的污水。     

微波-Fenton氧化-PAFSi絮凝法处理含油废水

采用微波-Fenton氧化-PAFSi絮凝法处理含油废水，结果表明，200mL水样先经微波辐射6rnin，在pH=2，H2O2（30％）3．5g／L，Fe2＋ 1．3g／L的条件下氧化4h后，采用聚硅酸铝铁（Al：Fe：Si=10：2：1）和聚丙烯酰胺在pH：8时进行絮凝实验，处理后废水浊度、SS、COD、含油量和色度分别降低了99．46％、96．66％、91．94％、97．97％和95．00％，且经处理后废水的BOD5／COD由原水的0．04提高到0．53。实验还分析了含油废水的降解机理。     

生物接触氧化法处理稠油污水实验研究

将从稠油污水中筛选出的3株高效烃类降解菌株HD-1、HD-2和HD-3用于稠油污水处理，研究了单一菌株和混合菌株对原油和COD的去除率。实验结果表明，单一菌株对原油和COD具有很好的去除效果，混合菌株对原油和COD去除效果更加显著。室内模拟实验结果表明，在停留时间为6 h时，含油量和COD分别为30 mg/L和300 mg/L时，经过生物接触氧化处理，出水含油量和COD分别降至1 mg/L和50 mg/L以下，达到了反渗透膜组件预处理的要求，为稠油污水热采锅炉用水回用提供了理论基础。     

含松醇油实际选矿废水的COD生物降解

从广东省某铅锌矿尾矿库周边的土壤中分离并纯化出3株能有效降解松醇油的菌株，分别命名为KS-1、KS-2和KS-3，实验表明KS-1菌株对含松醇油的模拟选矿废水化学需氧量（COD）降解效果最好，鉴定结果表明该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。在此基础上，重点研究了KS-1菌株对尾矿库实际外排选矿废水的处理效果，探索了不同接种量、pH和温度对COD降解效果的影响。结果表明，在接种量为5％、pH为6．0、温度为25℃的条件下，菌株KS-1降解实际废水COD的效果最佳，且搅拌有利于菌株对废水COD的降解。该工艺参数下，48h内COD降低到12．87mg／L，达到了国家新的《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB25466．2010）的要求。     

微波-Fenton 氧化-PAFSi 絮凝法处理含油废水简

采用微波-Fenton氧化-PAFSi絮凝法处理含油废水，结果表明，200 mL水样先经微波辐射6 min，在pH=2，H₂O₂（30%）3.5 g/L，Fe²⁺ 1.3 g/L的条件下氧化4 h后，采用聚硅酸铝铁（Al：Fe：Si=10：2：1）和聚丙烯酰胺在pH=8时进行絮凝实验，处理后废水浊度、SS、COD、含油量和色度分别降低了99.46%、96.66%、91.94%、97.97%和95.00%，且经处理后废水的BOD₅/COD由原水的0.04提高到0.53。实验还分析了含油废水的降解机理。     

Petroleum Pollutant Degradation by Surface Water Microorganisms (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope It is well known that the composition of petroleum or some of its processing products changes in the environment mostly under the influence of microorganisms. A series of experiments was conducted in order to define the optimum conditions for an efficient biodegradation of petroleum pollutant, or bioremediation of different segments of the environment. The aim of these investigations was to show to what extent the hydrocarbons of a petroleum pollutant are degraded by microbial cultures which were isolated as dominant microorganisms from a surface water of a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant. Biodegradation experiments were conducted on one paraffinic, and one naphthenic type of petroleum during a three month period under aerobic conditions, varying the following parameters: Inorganic (Kp) or an organic medium (Bh) with or without exposition to light. Methods Microorganisms were analyzed in a surface water sample from a canal (Pančevo, Serbia), into which wastewater from an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant is released. The consortia of microorganisms were isolated from the water sample (most abundant species: Phormidium foveolarum - filamentous Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae and Achanthes minutissima, diatoms, algae). The simulation experiments of biodegradation were conducted with the biomass suspension and crude oils Sirakovo (Sir, paraffinic type) and Velebit (Ve, naphthenic type). After a three month period, organic substance was extracted by means of chloroform. In the extracts, the content of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids was determined (the group composition). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, pristane and phytane, in the aliphatic fractions, were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Total isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types were analyzed by GC-MS. Results and discussion. Paraffinic type petroleums have a significant loss of saturated hydrocarbons. For naphthenic type petroleum, such a trend has not been observed. The most intensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes (in paraffinic oil) and isoprenoids (in naphthenic oil) was observed using the inorganic medium Kp in the light; the microbial conversion is somewhat lower with Kp in the dark; with organic medium Bh in the light the degradation is of low intensity; with the same medium in the dark the degradation is hardly to be seen. Steranes and triterpanes were not affected by microbial degradation under the conditions used in our experiments. Obviously, the petroleum biodegradation was restricted to the acyclic aliphatics (n-alkanes and isoprenoids). Conclusion Phormidium foveolarum (filamentous Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae) and Achanthes minutissima (diatoms, algae), microbial cultures isolated as dominant algae from a surface water in a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant, have degradable effects dominantly involving petroleum hydocarbons. Petroleum microbiological degradation is more intensive when inorganic medium (in the light) is applied. Having in mind that the inorganic pollutants have been released into the canal as well, this medium reflects more the natural environmental conditions. Polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane type, in spite of the fact that these compounds could be degraded, have remained unchanged regarding abundance and distribution. Since this is the case even for naphthenic type petroleum (which is depleted in n-alkanes), it can be concluded that the biodegradation of petroleum type pollutants, under natural conditions, will be restrained to the n-alkane and isoprenoid degradation. Recommendation and Outlook Performed experiments and simulations of petroleum microbiological degradation may serve for the prediction of the fate of petroleum type pollutants, as well as for definition of conditions for bioremediation of some environmental segments.     

1株好氧菌对不同油脂的降解

从某餐馆排污渠污泥分离到10株油脂降解菌,以植物油脂花生油为唯一碳源,通过适应性培养驯化并检测细菌生长的OD值筛选出1株优势菌。在确定其最佳生长环境条件的基础上,分别以花生油、餐厅污水和一种含有油脂的膜为对象污染物,进行了优势菌的降解试验。结果表明,该菌对花生油溶液中油脂和CODcr的去除率在24h以内分别达到98．91％和97．27％;对餐厅污染中油脂和CODcr的降解率在30h内分别达到88．66％和85．42％。另外,该优势菌对油脂膜也有良好降解效果,在固体和液体培养基中30d内油脂膜量分别减少了3．31％和11．29％以上。试验证实了该菌对植物油脂、含油脂污水和固体油脂废弃物有良好的净化效果。     

石油降解菌的筛选及其降解能力的研究

从广州石化污水处理厂废水中自行分离出 30株除油菌 ,用市售的 90 # 柴油作为油品进行筛选 ,所得菌种用于处理石化厂物理隔油后的废水。通过研究含油量和接种量对除油率、COD的去除率和pH值的影响以及酸、碱、盐对除油率和COD去除率的影响来比较这些菌种对石化废水的处理效果。结果表明 ,6 # 菌株除油和去除有机物的效果都比较好 ,除油率约在 70 %左右 ,最高为 83.6 7% ,COD去除率约为 5 5 %左右 ,最高为 6 0 .0 1% ;5 # 菌株对环境要求较高 ,在碱性环境下表现出较好的除油和去除有机物的能力 ,除油率和COD去除率分别为 5 5 %和 5 0 %左右。实验菌株在消除石化废水的异味方面也有一定的效果。     

Study on low-temperature plasma γ-Al2O3 catalytic viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide solution

The wide use of polyacrylamide (PAM) in enhanced oil recovery generates a large amount of polymer-bearing wastewater featuring high viscosity and difficult viscosity reduction, making the treatment of wastewater increasingly difficult. In this paper, the experimental study on reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide by using the plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and the synergistic effect of catalyst γ-Al₂O₃ is carried out. The law of plasma reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide is studied under the different conditions of amounts of γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, discharge voltages, and initial concentrations of polyacrylamide-containing wastewater. The mechanism of viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide is studied through environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the catalytic viscosity reduction is the best when the discharge voltage is 18 kV and the discharge time is 15 min. With the increase in the input of the γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the viscosity of the PAM solution decreases gradually. When the amount of γ-Al₂O₃ is 375 mg, the shear rate changes from 0.5 1/sec to 28 1/sec, and the viscosity of the solution containing polyacrylamide changes from 434.5 mPa·s to 40.2 mPa·s. The viscosity reduction rate of the PAM solution is 90.7%. After the catalytic viscosity reduction, the functional groups of polyacrylamide do not change much. The elemental composition of the catalyst has not changed, which is still Al, C, and O.

     

Cool temperature performance of a wheat straw biofilter for treating dairy wastewater

A wheat straw biofilter was evaluated for attenuating pollutants in dairy (milkhouse and milking parlor) wastewater. During the 14-day study, the biofilter was operated in a sequential aerobic-anaerobic mode in a temperature range of 8-14 degrees C. While the biofilter was very effective (89% removal) in attenuating total suspended solids and moderately effective (76% removal) in attenuating oil and grease, its effectiveness in attenuating chemical oxygen demand was low (37% removal). The biofilter was ineffective in attenuating nitrate, while its effectiveness in attenuating ammonium (20% removal) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (15% removal) was low. The biofilter was not effective in attenuating ortho-phosphate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform. Though microbial degradation accounted for some pollutant removal, filtration seemed to be the primary mechanism. Lower temperature of operation and high oil and grease concentration (that reduced nutrient transfer to the biofilm) decreased microbial activity, reducing pollutant attenuation. Biofilter performance could be enhanced by using residual heat in the wastewater to raise the operating temperature of the biofilter and by removing oil and grease prior to applying the wastewater to the biofilter.