生物预处理与城市分质供水

利用生物预处理工艺提高城市供水水质,大力发展城市分质供水,实现城市直饮水,是我国新世纪城市化进程及环保产业发展的趋势。本文论述了生物预处理的意义、工艺、效果、影响及其在城市供水中的意义。介绍了分质供水在国内外的发展,探讨了生物预处理与分质供水在城市中的应用及发展前景。     

水资源承载力浅谈─—兼谈新疆水资源适度承载力研究中应注意的几个问题

在分析影响水资源承载力的因素时，应从影响水资源供需平衡关系的因素入手供水能力的大小取决于社会经济技术条件，影响供水结构的因素既有自然因素，也有社会经济因素。在分析用水结构及其影响因素时，要明确农业用水在社会各业用水中所占比例最大。作好农业用水影响因素的分析工作，就可以节约用水。除了提高农业用水的经济效益外，还需重视农业生态用水，给农业生产创造一个良好的生态环境。在新疆要改变长期以来在用水方面形成的重农田轻林牧的传统习惯，用水分配要照顾维护生态的需要。工业生产大量用水，同时排放大量废水，又是水体污染的主要污染源。解决工业用水紧张的最有效措施是注意工业废水的净化处理，提高水资源的重复利用率。解决城市用水紧张的关键，也在于城市内部各用水单位对废污水的净化处理，严禁污染水源地。在水资源承载力因供需关系变化而具有的几种不同的涵义中，我们期望探讨的是适度承载力。它是在社会经济稳定发展、人民生活水平在原有基础上有很大提高的前提下得出的，它必须遵循水资源开发利用的环境生态学原则。在水资源开发利用中以不引起生态环境退化，能够持续稳定地保证供水，不仅能产生良好的经济效益，而且要使社会效益、生态效益与经济效益并重，三者均处于最佳     

突发事故下应急供水分析

水是维持人类生存的必需品,它没有可供选择的替代品。因此在突发事故下应急供水是非常重要的。通过对供水受突发事故的影响分析,从应急水源、供水企业应急技术储备、区域供水应急响应系统方面说明了突发事故下需要采取的供水技术措施,给出了水源、水质、水厂和管网方面供水应急预案示意图。最后指出,在日常供水管理中需要重视供水风险的理论研究和技术应用,以提升供水系统的抗灾能力,减少损失。     

成都市水资源的合理利用

对现代化城市来说,水资源的合理利用是一个十分重要的现实问题。它不仅要满足工农业生产和人民生活用水的数量,而且要保证供水的质量合乎卫生标准,此外还要照顾到城市水利环境的影响和效益。水资源的数量、质量及其对当地环境和生态的影响等     

自然因素对环境空气质量的影响——以新疆昌吉市为例

本文以昌吉市为例,研究并分析了温度、风、气压三种自然因素对环境空气质量的影响.结果表明,影响环境空气质量的因素非常复杂,污染天气的形成与不利的自然气象因素密切相关.     

浅谈改进农村供水工作

文章分析了农村供水工作中存在的问题,提出了改进农村供水工作的对策和农村供水改革的建议,为促进农村供水工作提供了一定的参考。     

耕地质量指标体系的构建

根据土地质量的概念及其影响因素，构建了耕地质量指标体系。认为耕地质量的影响因素包括自然、社会和经济因素，而PSR（压力——状态——响应）框架则是构建耕地质量指标体系的最佳思路。在此基础上提出具体评价指标，其中生态功能指标体系包括土壤质量、气候质量、生物多样性质量和景观生态质量，生产功能指标体系（即耕地生产力）则通过耕地生产潜力、耕地基础地力和耕地现实生产力进行评价。     

环境监测质量影响因素及对策探讨

正环境监测是环保工作重要的组成部分,能够对目前的环境质量现状进行全面、准确、及时的反映,将科学的依据提供给环境规划、污染源控制、环境管理等各项工作。由于环境监测的重要作用,有必要对环境监测的影响因素进行研究,并采取有效措施控制环境监测质量的影响因素,从而全面推动我国环境保护工作的顺利开展。环境监测质量的主要影响因素分析人员素质对环境监测质量的影响影响环境监测质量的一个重要因素就是环境监测技术     

我国城乡将实施区域供水

位于中国东部沿海的江苏省正在进行一项宏伟工程,通过在全省实施城乡联网供水,让当地农村居民彻底改变其几年来的依靠深井水或河塘水的饮水习惯,和城里人一样喝上了清洁卫生的自来水。建设部副部长仇保兴在江苏省常熟市举行的全国城乡统筹发展区域供水现场会上说,实现全面建设小康社会的目标,首先要保证人民喝上安全卫生的饮用水,这是全面提高广大人民生活质量的基本条件。江苏省的这一实践表明,坚持城乡统筹,发展区域供水具有突破性和示范性的重要意义。     

β射线法监测PM_(2.5)的主要影响因素和控制方法分析

在总结环境空气质量自动监测站运行和维护经验的基础上,发现了采样流量、采样管道、纸带走纸精确度、相对湿度等为影响PM2.5的质量浓度的主要影响因素,并对其影响因素提出了相应的控制方法,以最大限度地减小误差、保证PM_(2.5)监测数据的质量。为提高环境监测能力、加强环境执法监管提供可靠依据。     

油田采出水处理技术探讨

对油田采出水进行处理以净化水质,达到各种目的所要求的水质标准,可采用污水回注的处理工艺,污水作为热采锅炉给水处理工艺,污水外排处理工艺。由于不同的水质要求,具体选择最佳的水处理工艺,达到净化水质保护环境的目的。     

Unsafe waters: the hydrosocial cycle of drinking water in Western Mexico

ABSTRACT

Mexico faces multiple water quality challenges, both in terms of the water supplied to the population as well as surface and underground water sources. Problems with drinking water supply affect the population in diverse ways, from associated health risks to high levels of intermittency in service to the poor perception of the quality of piped water – leading to high levels of bottled water consumption. In this text we explore the issue of drinking water quality in three contexts in the state of Jalisco: in Guadalajara, the state’s main urban area, in the peri-urban municipality of El Salto, and in the mid-sized city of San Juan de los Lagos. Our analysis explores drinking water regulations, the water quality monitoring undertaken by state and local authorities, access to information, as well as the actions and perceptions of water service providers. Looking at cases of indirect reuse of wastewater as well as groundwater sources with high levels of fluoride and arsenic, we argue that the foregrounding of water quality is key to illuminating social inequalities in access to water and in teasing out power relations prevailing in current hydrosocial regimes. We conclude that this hydrosocial cycle of drinking water is characterised by prioritising access to water for economic actors, facilitated by lax regulations and minimal enforcement, as well as by the systematic neglect by government authorities at all levels of the protection of watersheds and aquifers, and of water quality issues generally.     

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEHRAN REGION IN IRAN1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a system approach to water resources development in Tehran Metropolitan Area, with its complex system of water supply and demands, is discussed. Water resources in this region include water storage in the Lar, Latyan, and Karaj reservoirs, the Tehran aquifer, as well as water discharge in local rivers and in drainage channels (mainly supplied by urban runoff and wastewater). This study consists of three phases of long‐term water resources planning and management in the Tehran metropolitan area. In each phase, a different level of details among different components of the system is considered. In the first phase, optimal operating policies for Tehran reservoirs and a decision support system are developed. In the second phase, interactions between surface and ground water resources as well as surface runoffs and wastewater disposal in different subareas are investigated. The water table fluctuations as a result of implementing sewerage collection project was also simulated. In the last phase, long‐term scenarios for water resources and agricultural development in the Southern part of Tehran are defined, and the effects of each scenario on the quality and quantity of surface and ground water resources are studied.     

ORIGIN AND TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED CHEMICALS IN A KARST WATERSHED,SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: An extensive base of water quality information emphasizing the effects of land use and hydrology was obtained in the karstified Fountain Creek watershed of southwestern Illinois to help resolve local water quality issues. Agrichemicals dominate the loads of most water quality constituents in the streams and shallow karstic ground water. Only calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (A1), and sulfate (SO₄) ions are predominantly derived from bedrock or soils, while agrichemicals contribute most of the sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), nitrate (NO₃), fluorine (F), phosphorus (P), and atrazine. Concentrations of individual ions correlate with discharge variations in karst springs and surface streams; highly soluble ions supplied by diffuse ground water are diluted by high flows, while less soluble ions increase with flow as they are mobilized from fields to karst conduits under storm conditions. Treated wastewater containing detergent residues dominates the boron load of streams and provides important subordinate loads of several other constituents, including atrazine derived from the Mississippi River via the public water supply. Average surface water concentrations at the watershed outlet closely approximate a 92:8 mixture of karst ground water and treated wastewater, demonstrating the dominance of ground water contributions to streams. Therefore the karst aquifer and watershed streams form a single water quality system that is also affected by wastewater effluent.     

SIMULATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY WITHIN A HYDROLOGIC UNIT1

Water quality must be considered in the development and planning aspects of water resource management. To accomplish this, the decision-maker needs to have at his disposal a systematized procedure for simulating water quality changes in both time and space. The simulation model should be capable of representing changes in several parameters of water quality as they are influenced by natural and human factors impinging on the hydrologic system. The objective of this work is two-fold. The first goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing and utilizing a water quality simulation model in conjunction with a hydrologic simulation model. The model represents water quality changes in both time and space in response to changing atmospheric and hydrologic conditions and time-varying waste discharges at various points in the system. This model has been developed from and verified with actual field data from a prototype system selected for this purpose. The second aim is to set forth procedural guidelines to assist in the development of water quality simulation models as tools for use in the quality-quantity management of a hydrologic unit.     

城市化对水源系统的影响--以南京市为例

随着城市化进程的推进,人类对自然的干扰日益加剧,城市水源系统也因此受到影响,带来了诸如地表水质恶化、地面蒸散发减少、径流系数增大、地下水质变差和地面沉降等一系列问题.城市化发展通过影响水量平衡中的一个或多个因子,进而影响到整个水源系统.通过对南京市域多年水质、降水量等数据的分析可见,南京自城市化发展以来,地表水质下降明显、降水量和暴雨频率有增大的趋势、地下水也受到较大程度污染.为尽可能减轻城市化带来的负面影响,保护、恢复和重建城市水源系统是南京城市可持续发展的一个重要课题,应建立健全城市湿地有效保护机制,建立市区雨污分流和有效的雨水收集机制,尽可能地实现中水回用.在秦淮河的治理中,应在减少源头污染的同时,利用水体的自然净化能力,生态治污.     

塔里木盆地南缘和田地区生活用水地下水质分析

干旱区水资源短缺，生产用水、生态用水与人民群众的生活用水矛盾突出。针对和田地区农村改水的地下饮用水状况的分析和评价，结果表明，地下饮用水的色度、浑浊度以及砷、泵、镉、铬、铅、硝酸盐等超标率均为零。总硬度、Cl^-、SO4^2-及F^-等指标的超标率较高，而这些物质的存在对于水质的理化性状影响较大，并因此而引发人体健康教育改变。和田地区总体饮用I级水的人口数量多，但局部的超标水依然存在。应通过对区域自然地理状况和人文因素的系统研究和科学论证，加强水源保护，改进卫生条件和卫生观念，建立农村饮水监测网，加强系统监测、监督和管理，以保障人民群众安全的生活用水。     

WATER CONSTRAINTS ON EMERGING ENERGY PRODUCTION1

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive nationwide recognizance-level assessment of water needs for energy development over the 1985 to 2000 time frame and options for overcoming any actual or potential water supply problems are summarized. Water requirements for energy production and other uses are totaled for each geographic region of the United States and compared with available stream flow to identify regions with potentially inadequate water supplies to meet expanding energy needs. Water quality impacts and water-related institutional factors affecting energy development are also considered. It is concluded that, if proper planning measures are not initiated, water demands for energy production will not be satisfied by the year 2000, particularly in those areas with known fossil energy resources. No unmanageable water quality problems are foreseen, and water-related institutional factors will primarily delay rather than exclud energy development.     

WATER SUPPLY AS A LIMITING FACTOR IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES: ENDOGENOUS VS. EXOGENOUS SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: A growing number of developing communities in New Jersey is planning for an ultimate population that would be supplied by endogenous sources of water. At the state and national level, however, reliance on exogenous sources appears to be in favor. Both viewpoints, of course, recognize that water supply is one of the major critical factors in determining the capacity of a land area to support population. Three planning issues that bear on this endogenous-exogenous source controversy are discussed: 1) deep aquifers which have recharge areas in other political jurisdictions and are therefore regulated by other bodies will not count as an endogenous source, reliance will be placed only on shallow water table aquifers which are recharged by local precipitation; 2) total development of the groundwater resources of a headwaters community could result in severe base flow diminishment, thereby supporting the notion that these communities have a regional responsibility to restrict their growth so as to preserve and protect the water supply for downstream users; and 3) yield decrementing estimates, i.e., how much recharge water is lost to runoff as a consequence of development, are needed in order to assess the magnitude of local water resources.