A PRACTICAL MODEL INTEGRATING QUALITY ASSURANCE INTO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: A model of comprehensive environmental monitoring process with integral quality assurance is presented. This model views the monitoring process as iterative cycles of a series of elements: design, plan, protocols, preparation, field liaison, sample collection, sample handling, laboratory analysis, data transmission, data validation, data approval, data provision, statistical analysis, and reporting. Quality assurance is linked to each element, not just to laboratory analysis. The program of quality assurance ensures that environmental monitoring data are compatible with the project goals, are comparable between various sampling agencies, and maintain a high degree of scientific credibility. The key characteristics of the overall quality assurance process are detailed documentation, timely resolution of problems, regular reporting, and routine independent audits.     

The Role of Observer Variation in Determining Rosgen Stream Types in Northeastern Oregon Mountain Streams1

Abstract: Consistency in determining Rosgen stream types was evaluated in 12 streams within the John Day Basin, northeastern Oregon. The Rosgen classification system is commonly used in the western United States and is based on the measurement of five stream attributes: entrenchment ratio, width‐to‐depth ratio, sinuosity, slope, and substrate size. Streams were classified from measurements made by three monitoring groups, with each group fielding multiple crews that conducted two to three independent surveys of each stream. In only four streams (33%) did measurements from all crews in all monitoring groups yield the same stream type. Most differences found among field crews and monitoring groups could be attributed to differences in estimates of the entrenchment ratio. Differences in entrenchment ratio were likely due to small discrepancies in determination of maximum bankfull depth, leading to potentially large differences in determination of Rosgen’s flood‐prone width and consequent values of entrenchment. The result was considerable measurement variability among crews within a monitoring group, and because entrenchment ratio is the first discriminator in the Rosgen classification, differences in the assessment of this value often resulted in different determination of primary stream types. In contrast, we found that consistently evaluated attributes, such as channel slope, rarely resulted in any differences in classification. We also found that the Rosgen method can yield nonunique solutions (multiple channel types), with no clear guidance for resolving these situations, and we found that some assigned stream types did not match the appearance of the evaluated stream. Based on these observations we caution the use of Rosgen stream classes for communicating conditions of a single stream or as strata when analyzing many streams due to the reliance of the Rosgen approach on bankfull estimates which are inherently uncertain.     

县级环境监测站质量保证工作的讨论

本文根据县级环境监测站的实际情况,从外部和内部两方面因素出发,讨论了开展质量保证工作的具体作法。     

全面加强环境监测质量管理工作初探

环境监测是环境管理和决策的重要技术支持,环境监测质量管理工作与环境监测整体发展不相适应的矛盾日益突出。目前环境监测质量管理工作中存在的机构制度不健全、质量管理技术发展缓慢、现场监测质量管理薄弱等问题,可通过完善制度、转变工作方式、发挥质量监督员作用、加强现场监测质量管理、拓展质量管理范围等全面加强环境监测质量管理工作的措施得到解决。     

传感技术在环境监测中的应用及进展

本文拟就各类传感器在环境监测中的应用及进展作一简要的回顾及评述。     

A Hydrologic/Water Quality Model Applicati11

Abstract: This paper presents a procedure for standard application of hydrologic/water quality models. To date, most hydrologic/water quality modeling projects and studies have not utilized formal protocols, but rather have employed ad hoc approaches. The procedure proposed is an adaptation and extension of steps identified from relevant literature including guidance provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This protocol provides guidance for establishing written plans prior to conducting modeling efforts. Eleven issues that should be addressed in model application plans were identified and discussed in the context of hydrologic/water quality studies. A graded approach for selection of the level of documentation for each item was suggested. The creation and use of environmental modeling plans is increasingly important as the results of modeling projects are used in decision‐making processes that have significant implications. Standard modeling application protocols similar to the proposed procedure herein provide modelers with a roadmap to be followed, reduces modelers’ bias, enhances the reproducibility of model application studies, and eventually improves acceptance of modeling outcomes.     

加强突发性环境污染事故应急监测的质量管理

突发性环境污染事故应急监测工作应针对应急监测工作中的各个环节,从日常质量保障和现场质量管理两个方面,加强质量管理工作,确保环境应急监测数据准确可靠。     

基于ZigBee技术的电力环境监测系统设计

为了解决电力环境监测中的数据传输问题,提出了基于ZigBee技术的电力环境监测系统设计方案。该系统通过ZigBee节点采集各种电力环境数据,并将ZigBee网络和GPRS相结合实现远程监测。方案采用TI公司CC2430芯片设计传感器节点电路,在ZigBee协议栈的基础上设计了协调控制器节点,提高了系统的可扩展性,确保了数据传输的实时性和可靠性。     

自动监测在桐乡市的应用

自动监测是环境监测的一个重要组成部分。桐乡市从2004年初开始着手建设环境质量自动监测系统,到目前为止,已建成两个水质自动监测站和一个空气自动监测站。投入使用后,积累了大量有效的监测数据,显示了人工监测不可比拟的优势,大大提高了环境保护管理部门的科学决策水平。     

国家生态环境监测“十四五”展望

\"十四五\"时期,生态文明改革持续深入,生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变,这对加快推进生态环境监测体系与监测能力现代化提出了迫切要求。因此,本文从网络建设、体制机制、服务效能等方面,对生态环境监测所取得的进展与成效进行了系统分析,并对国家生态环境监测面临的机遇与挑战进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,针对支撑评价排名、服务精准治污、有序衔接新职能、建设大数据平台、强化数据应用、深化综合评价、理顺体制机制、推动产学研用、提升基础能力等方面,提出了\"十四五\"期间国家生态环境监测发展的相关建议。     

传感器在大气环境监测中的应用探讨

介绍了传感器的概念、原理、特点和分类,对近年来用于大气环境监测的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、二氧化碳、氨、甲烷和其他气体传感器的应用与研究进行了阐述,总结了用于大气环境监测的传感器的特点和局限性,展望了传感器在大气环境监测领域的应用与发展前景。     

QUALITY ASSURANCE TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONIC DATA ACQUISITION1

ABSTRACT: Electronic instruments are increasingly being used to gather water quality data. Quality assurance protocols are needed which provide adequate documentation of the procedures followed in calibration, collection, and validation of electronically acquired data. The level of precision of many data loggers exceeds the technology which is commonly used to make field measurements. Overcoming this problem involves using laboratory quality equipment in the field or enhanced quality control at the time of instrument servicing. Time control procedures for data loggers are needed to allow direct comparisons of data between instruments. Electronic instruments provide a mechanism to study transient events in great detail, but, without time controls, multiple loggers produce data which contain artifacts due to timing errors. Individual sensors deployed with data loggers are subject to different degrees of drift over time. Certain measurements can be measured with defined precision and accuracy for long periods of time, while other sensors are subject to loss of both precision and accuracy with increasing time of use. Adequate quality assurance requires the levels of precision and accuracy be documented, particularly those which vary with increasing time deployment.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤金属元素的质量控制

为使石墨炉原子吸收法测金属元素准确可靠,对各测定程序和环节采取了消除干扰、测平行双样、测加标回收率、对照分析等措施。测定数据经统计分析,加标回收率在87．3％～115．2％范围内,平行双样相对偏差在12．3％以下,标准土样重复测定变异系数除镉（Cd）外均在5．9％以下,达到了分析测定的要求。     

建立环境预警监测体系的探讨

要实现环境保护的\"三个转变\",环境预警监测处在最前沿.如何建立环境预警监测体系,充分发挥各组成部分的功能,成为目前环境监测的中心工作.本文从环境预警监测工作的作用和重要性入手,分析了体系的组成部分:人才、技术能力和监测质量.     

加强全过程管理提升环境监测质量

环境监测是环境保护的基本工作,是环境管理的耳目和手段。做好环境监测的管理,提高环境监测的质量极为重要。文章从环境监测管理工作实际出发,介绍了环境监测过程管理,分析了样品采集、样品管理、实验室分析等影响环境监测质量的主要因素,结合环境监测日常运行管理,对环境监测进行全过程分析,提出了监测人员综合素养、设备设施、全过程质量控制等质量管理措施,以持续提升环境监测水平,促进生态文明和经济社会的共同发展。     

WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK DESIGN: A PROBLEM OF MULTI-OBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING1

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic data network design is a fairly complicated problem where questions as to the number of gages required, time frequencies to be selected, and benefits/costs of monitoring still remain unresolved. These issues are intensified in case of water quality variables as they are more error-prone, costly, and time consuming to sample. The basic difficulty underlying the design and evaluation of monitoring systems is the lack of an objective criterion to assess: (a) the efficiency, and (b) cost-effectiveness of a network. A statistical procedure based on the entropy principle of information theory is proposed to address the evaluation of both factors. Efficiency is measured quantitatively in terms of the information produced by a network. Similarly, benefits of monitoring are described by informative measures for an objective evaluation of cost-effectiveness. The study presented demonstrates the applicability of the entropy method in assessing the efficiency and the benefits of an existing water quality monitoring network. The method is applied for temporal and spatial features of monitoring, handled as both separate and combined problems. The results are shown in the case of the highly polluted Porsuk River in Turkey. The strengths and shortcomings of the proposed methodology are discussed, with recommendations for future research on the application of the entropy principle in network design.     

声环境质量常规监测全程质量控制

鉴于各级环境监测部门关于声环境质量常规监测中所遇有碍监测质量的各种问题,按照总站《环境噪声监测技术路线》所提\"研究探讨噪声监测质量保证技术\"的要求,就常规监测的质量控制方面进行探讨,提出了声环境质量常规监测事前、事中、事后全过程质控,并就质控细节和难点进行阐述和讨论。     

区块链技术在环境监测中的应用研究

我国环境监测质量控制体系已经基本建立,但人为数据造假等违规违法行为仍时有发生,现有技术和管理手段无法有效防止。本文通过分析区块链技术的特点,梳理环境监测数据质量控制面临的问题,针对人为影响环境监测数据质量的主要手段,研究区块链保障环境监测数据质量的技术方案,提出基于区块链智能数据质量控制器改造现有监测系统的方案,并在北京市开展了试点示范,验证了区块链提高环境监测数据质量的可行性。