大气优化布点监测方法简化试验

将每天TSP、SO_2两种污染物各采四次样并分别进行测定,简化为每天各采一个“日混合样”进行测定,对测定结果进行数理统计检验结果表明:测定值之间不存在显著性差异、两种方法的测值波动是由偶然因素造成的,因此,简化方法即采日混合样进行分析是一种可靠的监测方法,它适用于煤质中含硫份较低的地区。     

武汉市城区大气监测优化布点研究

对武汉市城区网格布点实测ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２获取了城区大气污染总体水平的数据，运用Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ最优分割方法，求出城区５个优化测点数，运用模糊聚类方法对武汉城区４８个网格测点的ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２污染强度置信水平进行聚类；运用日均值和百分位数逼近方法检验；结合优化布点原则等，最终确定的ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２的５个优化测点能集中反映城区大气环境中ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２的总体污染水平。     

大气监测布点的优化应用

本文利用宁波市大气环境质量监测资料,用模糊聚类分析、ISODATA算法,对大气监测点位进行优化研究,得到最佳点位.通过检验,证明其技术路线是可行的.     

聚类分析法在大气监测优化布点中的应用

以克拉玛依市大气监测网为例 ,具体阐述了聚类分析法在大气监测优化布点中的应用 ,说明聚类分析法不仅原理简单、计算量小 ,而且较为实用 ,宜于推广。     

获取日均值的大气监测时段选择

利用数理统计方法，以污染物瞬时监测数据为基础数据，选用控制在一定置信度下最大允许误差的统计公式确定出样本容量，并采用模糊集合集──优化组合选择法，确定出获取日均值的最佳监测时段。     

潍坊市城区大气优化布点的研究

如何选择较少的最佳点位,使获得的监测数据能准确地反映大气环境质量,达到规范的要求是环境监测工作者十分关心的问题,潍坊市在优化大气布点方面作了初步研究.     

大气SO2,NOx监测的一些体会

我国环境监测已于1988年1月1日起正式执行《环境监测技术规范》(以下简称《规范》),要求Ⅰ级测点的大气SO_2、NO_x监测按照《规范》进行,即连续采样实验室分析和自动监测系统两种方法.但一般的市(地区)级站、县级站在开展区域性的大气现状调查和评价工作中,野外布点受诸多客观因素的限制,因此,要按《规范》进行困难比较大,仍为每天分几个时刻短时间采集一定体积的监测方法.     

采样高度和降雪对大气污染物监测结果的影响

大气中SO_2、NO_x、TSP和CO平行采样监测结果的统计分析表明,地面与楼顶采样的差异不显著,其浓度变化有随高度呈规律性的变化趋向,降雪具有明显的洗脱清除作用。     

大气采样中气象要素的测定

大气采样中气象要素的测定蒋泰国，陆友生（江苏省海门市环境监测站２２６１００）在大气现场采样过程中，必须进行气象要素的测定。实测中按下式将采样体积换算成标准体积（气温为零度，气压为一个标准大气压）。式中：Ｖ０──标准体积，升。Ｖｔ──采样点温度为ｔ℃时...     

我国海洋环境污染监测质量保证的回顾与展望

我国海洋环境污染监测质量保证的发展历史可大致分为三个阶段：孕育阶段（１９７２～１９７７年）起步阶段（１９７８～１９８３年）和发展阶段（１９８４～）。各个阶段有不同的特色和侧重点，１９７８年前主要探索与污染物质的分析方法，１９８４年后是监测质量保证工作进入管理时期。     

大气监测网络通信系统设计与实现

根据监测网络通信的特点,设计了大气监测网络通信体系,并在系统中引入了学习算法和缓存机制,有效地提高了大气监测网络通信系统的灵活性和效率。     

水环境中藻毒素污染监测与评价

水质富营养化污染的频繁发生,使藻毒素污染成为突出的环境问题,对人类身体健康产生严重的威胁.文章介绍了目前常见的藻毒素的产生及其对人体健康的危害,提出应根据不同的监测对象,在不同的时期采用不同的监测方法,对藻毒素污染进行有效的监测和评价,对其污染的发生和危害进行有效监控.     

试论环境监测站良好站风建设

运用管理学、心理学、教育学的原理,结合监测站的特点与论述了站风建设的重要性,并从监测方针,发展目标,民主管理等方面阐述了良好站风的建设,指出了站风建设是监测站精神文明建设的集中体现。     

四级站环境监测工作量化管理

根据四级环境监测站的特点，提出了一种新的环境监测定量化管理工作，即单元工作只计分法，通过对单元工作累积计法的论述和实例应用介绍，阐述了单元工作累积计分法用于四级站量化管理的先进性，实用性和科学性。     

A New All Season Passive Sampling System for Monitoring Ozone in Air

A new all season passive sampling system for monitoring O₃ in the atmosphere has been developed in the laboratory and validated in the field. The unique features for this system include a newly designed passive sampler and a rain shelter, which allow the passive sampler to be installed in the field facing downwards. An equation associated with meteorological parameters is used to calculate the passive sampling rates. This system has been extensively tested in the lab (temperature from –18 to 20°C, relative humidity from 13 to 81%, and wind speed from 0.5 to 150 cm/s) and validated in the field in climates of all seasons. The accuracy of the ozone concentrations in the atmosphere obtained with the use of the new passive sampling system was higher than 85% compared to those obtained with continuous ozone analyzers. The new ozone passive sampling system can be used to measure ambient O₃ concentrations ranging from 3 ppb to 1000 ppb based on one-day exposure and 0.1 ppb to 140 ppb for a monthly exposure period. It is also reasonable to conclude that the new passive sampling system can be used for eight-hour exposure study because of the low field blanks and high sampling rates.     

浅谈新形势下县级环境监测工作

阐述了县级环境监测站在改革的新形势下,必须积极争取财政的支持,加强监测能力的建设,强化监测质量管理,拓宽技术服务领域,走自我完善,自我发展之路。     

Aerial Monitoring of Marine Waterfowl in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea

The purpose of this study was to design and test a monitoring protocol for marine waterfowl in the central Alaskan Beaufort Sea. The study provides an important case-study of how a long-term monitoring program may be affected by unanticipated human disturbances.Because of its overwhelming and widespread abundance, relatively sedentary behavior, ease in counting, and the extensive historical database, the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) was selected as the focal species. Two null hypotheses were formulated concerning potential changes in the numbers and distribution of long-tailed ducks in relation to disturbance in an industrial study area, compared to a reference study area located about 50 km to the east.A 9-year historical database (1977–1984, 1989) of long-tailed duck densities and other important data recorded during systematic aerial surveys was analyzed retrospectively using multiple regression techniques. The retrospective analyses determined which of several predictor variables recorded were significantly related to long-tailed duck density. Separate analyses were conducted for two periods: (1) the overall period when long-tailed ducks were present in the lagoon study areas, and (2) the shorter adult male molt period. The results of the two analyses indicated that 57% and 68%, respectively, of the total variation in long-tailed duck density during the two periods could be explained by variables recorded during the surveys. Predictor variables representing habitat, day of the year, time of day, amount of ice, and wave height recorded on-transect during surveys were most closely associated with long-tailed duck density. Measurement error during the surveys, and influences outside the study area such as nesting success in tundra habitats and mortality during migration and in over-wintering areas likely also had strong influences on the results, but these factors were not measurable in our study.Based on results of the retrospective analyses, a long-term monitoring protocol consisting of a program of systematic aerial surveys and an analyses of variance and covariance (ANOVA and ANCOVA) statistical procedure was designed and initially tested in 1990 and 1991. This 2-year testing phase resulted in several revisions to the monitoring protocol. Refinements were made to the original sampling procedures, to the survey schedule, and to the recommended statistical analysis procedures. Results of the ANOVA and ANCOVA indicated that there was no evidence of a change in long-tailed duck densities that could be attributable to disturbance (from any source) in the industrial study area relative to a reference area with no industrial development. Other analyses indicated that the sampling and analysis procedures would be adequate to detect long-term trends in long-tailed duck density and localized disturbance effects, but that the monitoring program should be continued well beyond two years to detect statistically significant changes. As a result, additional aerial surveys of both study areas were conducted again during 1999–2001.Results of the revised ANOVA and ANCOVA of the 1990–1991 and 1999–2001 survey data indicated that the density of long-tailed ducks had significantly declined in coastal lagoons along the central Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast during the study period. In addition, disturbances throughout the barrier island-lagoon systems used by these ducks, including both the industrial and the reference study areas, had significantly increased over the same period. However, because unanticipated disturbances from a variety of anthropogenic sources, and not just industry sources, increased in both study areas, the reference study area was not an effective statistical control. As a result, the decline in long-tailed duck density in both study areas was not attributable to industry-related activities. Although the monitoring protocol described here is an effective method to detect statistically significant changes in long-tailed duck distribution and abundance in the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea, many more years of sampling would be necessary to attribute observed changes to industry-related disturbances.     

HotellingT^2检验方法在水质监测数据评价中的应用

一般用ｔ检验和方差分析对水质监测中多项指标进行评价分析,有是会得不到确切的结果。应用多元统计分析中ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｍｇＴ＾２检验法进行分析得到了满意结果。以两个年度水质监测５项指标的监测数据为例,同时用ｔ检验和ＨｅｌｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检测进行评价分析,结果表明,ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检验具有更好的实用性和合理性。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定海洋沉积物中镉和铬

以硝酸作为消解液,采用微波消解仪对海洋沉积物进行消解,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定消解液中的Cd和Cr。该方法在0μg/L~10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,Cd和Cr的方法检出限分别为0.04 mg/kg和2.0 mg/kg,实际样品的加标回收率在96.0%~100%之间,RSD为0.3%~5.2%。用该方法与国标法同时测定北部湾海域海洋沉积物实际样品,结果无明显差异,而该方法处理样品更为省时省力。