秸秆生物炭吸附/钝化土壤重金属的过程机理与影响因素

土壤重金属污染因其隐蔽性、滞后性及对环境和人体健康的危害性,已引起广泛关注。生物炭因具有较大的孔隙率、比表面积及丰富的表面官能团,常用来修复重金属污染土壤。秸秆作为农业废弃物,将其制备为生物炭是其资源化利用和减少环境污染的有效途径。因此,本文综述不同秸秆生物炭的原料、制备技术和改性方法等对吸附重金属的影响,探讨其对重金属的吸附机理以及修复重金属污染土壤实际应用效率与影响因素,包括：(1)秸秆种类及制备温度对生物炭特性和重金属污染土壤修复效率的影响;(2)秸秆生物炭吸附/钝化土壤重金属的过程与机理;(3)可提高生物炭修复重金属污染土壤效率的改性技术及其实际应用效率和影响因素。并结合秸秆生物炭制备和应用中存在的问题提出展望,以期为提高秸秆生物炭在重金属污染土壤修复效率,实现农业废弃物资源化回收利用,减少环境污染提供理论基础和技术参考。     

生物炭对土壤重金属化学形态影响的作用机制研究进展

生物炭作为一种新型的环境修复材料,可以利用其结构特性,通过静电吸附、离子交换、官能团络合以及沉淀等作用机制来直接吸附固定土壤重金属,同时还可以通过间接影响土壤理化性质,比如土壤pH值、有机质、氧化还原电位等,从而影响土壤中重金属形态。重金属形态在更大程度上影响着重金属的生物活性,从而产生不同的环境效应。该研究基于国内外相关文献,概述了不同类型生物炭对土壤重金属化学形态变化的影响,并从物理、化学和微生物3个角度,阐述了生物炭影响重金属化学形态的作用机制。未来的研究侧重于生物炭与微生物的相互作用对重金属形态的影响,通过多组学手段,深入分析两者相互作用影响土壤重金属形态的微生物作用机理。     

生物吸附剂-海黍子吸附镍

采用生物吸附剂-海黍子对重金属镍离子进行吸附，做了动力学实验，得到了海黍子吸附镍的动力学方程。研究了溶液的pH值，初始Ni^2 浓度等因素对Ni^2 的吸附特性的影响，得到最佳pH值4～6及最大吸附量0．8283mmo1／g，并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附等温线进行了拟合，用Langmuir方程拟合相关系数R^2达0．999以上。     

土壤中溶解性有机质的环境特性与行为

本文就土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的吸附-解吸特性、迁移-转化特性及其影响因素、DOM对重金属吸附-解吸及生物毒性的影响、DOM对农药等有机污染物吸附-解吸及生物可降解性的影响进行了评述。同时，对DOM与水体富营养化的关系及DOM对温室气体排放的影响进行了探讨。     

啤酒酵母去除水中Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学和解吸特性

生物吸附法是一种经济有效的处理大规模低浓度重金属废水的生物技术,其中啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是具有实用潜力的生物吸附剂.通过以实验室培养的啤酒酵母作生物吸附剂,研究了啤酒酵母对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附的动力学解吸特性,结果表明:非固定化啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附是一个快速的、不依赖于生物代谢的过程,经过2h后Cd~(2+)达吸附平衡,Cu~(2+)为3 h.它们的吸附动力学过程均可用Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、二级动力学方程、Langmuir动力学方程来拟合,对Cd~(2+)来说,以二级动力学方程的拟合效果最佳,Cu~(2+)以Elovich方程最佳.固定化啤酒酵母吸附Cd~(2+)的平衡时间为60 h,Cu~(2+)为24 h,吸附速率大大降低.固定化啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附动力学也可用Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、二级动力学方程、Langmuir动力学方程拟合,但Cd~(2+)以Elovich方程最佳,Cu~(2+)以Langmuir动力学方程最佳.固定化碱处理啤酒酵母可用HC1作为解吸剂进行解吸,使吸附剂得到再生,具有较大的开发应用潜力.     

食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展

食品安全问题是直接关系到人民健康的重大民生问题。随着民众生活质量的不断提升,人们对食物质量的关注度越来越高。目前,重金属污染问题是食品安全的一个重要议题。而且,食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的测定结果已逐渐代替重金属的全量结果进行评价。因此,本文系统介绍了生物可给性和生物有效性的定义及相关关系,综述了生物可给性和生物有效性的多种研究方法的适用性及优缺点,着重总结了饮食习惯和肠道微生物对重金属生物可给性和生物有效性的影响,指出研究者应根据自己的研究目的选择不同的体外消化方法,饮食习惯和肠道微生物均极大地影响着食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性,并在此基础上对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性研究今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

生物表面活性剂及其在重金属污染生态修复中的应用

介绍了不同污染体系中重金属的存在形态,生物表面活性剂的种类、优点及生产方法。综述了几种典型的生物表面活性剂(鼠李糖脂、槐糖脂s、urfactin和皂角苷)及其在重金属污染生态修复中的应用。分析了生物表面活性剂去除重金属的作用机制,阐述了生物表面活性剂修复重金属污染的研究方向。     

农林废弃物生物炭钝化典型土壤重金属的机制研究进展

土壤重金属污染成为食品安全的重大隐患,农林废弃物生物炭来源广泛,成本低,已被广泛用于土壤重金属污染修复。本文综述了农林废弃物生物炭的制备方法及影响其性能的关键因素,并重点探讨了利用农林废弃物生物炭钝化土壤典型重金属的作用机制。发现木质、竹、秸秆、稻壳和动物粪便等材料被广泛用于生物炭制备,热解温度、热解停留时间以及原材料种类均会影响生物炭的性能,其中植物生物炭比表面积的增加、吸附性能和重金属固定性能的提高均高于牛粪生物炭,在300℃高温热解制得的生物炭含有更多的含氧官能团,而在500～700℃高温热解制得的生物炭含有更多的微孔和更大的表面积,高热解温度下适当的停留时间有助于生物炭结构的形成。此外,生物炭还可以影响土壤微生物的多样性和种类来提高吸附能力,通过络合沉淀固定汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)和铜(Cu),通过静电吸附、络合作用和阳离子交换来固定铬(Cr)、砷(As)、锌(Zn)和铅(Pb)。最后,为确保生物炭的安全生产和可持续利用提出了未来的研究方向。     

食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展

食品安全问题是直接关系到人民健康的重大民生问题。随着民众生活质量的不断提升,人们对食物质量的关注度越来越高。目前,重金属污染问题是食品安全的一个重要议题。而且,食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的测定结果已逐渐代替重金属的全量结果进行评价。因此,本文系统介绍了生物可给性和生物有效性的定义及相关关系,综述了生物可给性和生物有效性的多种研究方法的适用性及优缺点,并着重论述了饮食习惯和肠道微生物对重金属生物可给性和生物有效性的影响。研究结果表明：研究者应根据自己的研究目的选择不同的体外消化方法,饮食习惯和肠道微生物均极大的影响着食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性。最后,本文对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究提出了几点展望：一、需加强食物中重金属复合污染的研究;二、进一步加强肠道微生物对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的影响的研究;三、特别需加强中式饮食习惯下对食物中重金属的生物有效性的影响的研究。     

重金属铜离子抗性菌株的筛选和吸附性能

从四川红原地区土壤中分离纯化得到对重金属铜离子(Cu2+)具有良好抗性的菌株YS-22,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定该菌为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)中的产酸克雷伯氏菌(K.oxytoca).利用该菌进行生物吸附研究,结果显示其对水体中的重金属Cu2+具有良好的吸附性能,吸附行为能很好地符合pseudo二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,不同的培养条件以及菌体所处的不同生长时期会影响菌体的吸附效果,PGY培养基培养达到生长指数期时菌体用于吸附效果最好.最佳吸附pH值为5.30,吸附迅速,约60 min即可达到吸附平衡,最大单位吸附量达到117.6mg g-1干重菌体.研究表明该菌株作为一种生物吸附剂用于去除废水中的重金属铜污染具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Development of chitosan-alginate based biosorbent for the removal of p-chlorophenol from aqueous medium

Removal of p-chlorophenol (pCP) from synthetic aqueous solutions was studied through adsorption on a biosorbent developed from chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA), the natural cationic and anionic polysaccharides, respectively. Chitosan-coated sodium alginate beads were prepared and treated with calcium chloride solution in order to improve the stability as well as hydrophobic character. The resulting beads (CS/CA) were characterized using FTIR spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface analysis. The efficiency of this biosorbent in removing pCP from aqueous medium was studied under batch equilibrium and dynamic column flow experimental conditions. The binding capacity of the biosorbent was studied as a function of initial pH, contact time, initial concentration of adsorbate and amount of biomass. The data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Weber–Morris models and found that the adsorption process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Further, the equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmiur, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms and the isotherm constants were evaluated for adsorption of pCP. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CS/CA beads was found to be 127 mg g^?1. Column flow results were used to generate breakthrough curves. The experimental results suggested that the chitosan–calcium alginate blended biosorbent was effective for the removal of pCP from aqueous medium.     

Investigation of acetaminophen adsorption with a biosorbent as a purification method of aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical compounds are considered emerging environmental pollutants that have a potential harmful impact on environment and human health. In this study, the spiky green horse-chestnut shell was used for the biosorption and removal of acetaminophen from aqueous solution. It was analysed how the parameters, like contact time, pH, mass of biosorbent and temperature, influence the effectiveness of acetaminophen removal from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium was quickly achieved after 10?min (～60%). The amount of acetaminophen adsorption slightly increased with the increase of the mass of biosorbent, and for example for an aqueous solution containing 10?mg/L of acetaminophen adsorption was increased from 62% to 81%. The promising results obtained at pH ranged between 2 and 9, which shows that the adsorption of acetaminophen did not depend on the pH and it may be a consequence of the predominant microporous sorbent and its surface charge. The result is better correlated to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model of type 2 (r ²?=?0.9992) than pseudo-first-order. A sorption mechanism of acetaminophen on biosorbent was also proposed. The sorption of acetaminophen over biosorbent is mainly preceded by hydrophilic interactions between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in pharmaceutical molecules and hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of biosorbent.     

海藻酸钙固定混合SRB菌群生物吸附Ni^2＋的动力学

利用海藻酸钙为载体包埋固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)混合菌群,研究了固定化微生物吸附重金属镍离子的动力学特性.结果表明:固定化混合SRB菌群对Ni2 具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量qm高达931.9mg(Ni2 )/g(SRB)颗粒,是一种颇具应用前景的生物吸附剂.固定化SRB吸附Ni2 的动力学过程可以用准二次动力学方程描述,整个吸附过程可以明显地分为两个阶段,即物理化学吸附阶段和生物沉淀阶段.扩散动力学研究表明,固定化颗粒的内扩散并非是唯一控制吸附速率的机制,整个吸附过程涉及到多种吸附机制.图4表3参14     

Long‐term desorption kinetics of Cu2+from biosorbent in water and seawater

A long‐term study of the desorption kinetics of Cu²⁺from biosorbent materials in water and seawater environments was carried out. The biosorbents were un‐treated and pre‐treated biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum.The pre‐treatment of the biomass was carried out with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution followed by thermal treatment. The biosorbents were loaded with Cu²⁺in batch adsorption experiments and the desorption kinetics were measured in water and seawater in static batch desorption experiments for a period over 10 months. The physical and structure characteristics of the biosorbents were also examined under a microscope. The un‐treated biosorbent structure completely broke down in 2 and 1 months in water and seawater environments, respectively. The pre‐treatment procedure applied improved the biosorbent stability and its long term desorption rate was extremely low.     

贵、重金属的生物吸附

采矿业和工业废水中常含有大量的重金属离子 ,严重污染环境 ,危害人类健康 .因此 ,治理重金属污染的技术受到极大重视 .贵金属是指钌 (Ｒｕ)、铑 (Ｒｈ)、钯 (Ｐｄ)、银 (Ａｇ)、锇 (Ｏｓ)、铱(Ｉｒ)、铂 (Ｐｔ)、金 (Ａｕ)等 8种金属 ,由于其特殊性能 ,广泛应用于航天航空、电子和石油化工等工业 .随着工业的发展 ,贵金属的应用愈加广泛 ,但贵金属资源稀少 ,冶炼困难 .因此 ,从含贵金属的废料、废液和废水等“二次资源”中回收贵金属具有重要的经济和社会意义 .从废液、废水中去除重金属或回收贵金属 ,传统的方法有化学沉淀法、电解法、离…     

Cr (VI) and Fe (III) removal using Cajanus cajan husk

Husk of tur dal (Cajanus cajan) was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Fe (III) and Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Parameters like agitation time, adsorbent dosage and pH were studied at different initial Fe (III) and Cr (VI) concentrations. The biosorptive capacity of the Tur dal husk was dependent on the pH of the chromium and iron solution, with pH 2 and 2.5 respectively being optimal. The adsorption data fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The practical limiting adsorption capacity (qmax) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 96.05 mg of Cr(VI)/ g of the biosorbent at an initial pH of 2.0 and 66.65 mg/g at pH 2.5. The infrared spectra of the biomass revealed that hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide bonds are involved in the uptake of Cr (VI) and Fe (III) ions. Characterisation of tur dal husk has revealed that it is an excellent material for treating wastewaters containing low concentration of metal ions.     

The influence of sorption material preparation on the removal of metal ions from the aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Very important in adsorption processes is the preparation of material sorbents and from this reason, the impact of washing agent of raw sorbent was analysed. The adsorption capacity was studied in relation to the function of the equilibrium time, the amount of biosorbent and the initial metal(II) ions concentration. In this research for the sake of comparison, the sorptive properties of out-of-date coffee were compared to coffee washed with different agents (mineral acids and water). The scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the biosorbents and to identify the functional groups that participated in metal(II) ions bonding. The obtained results clearly indicate that the out-of-date coffee are effective biosorbent for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution. However, for metal(II) ions removal efficiency could influence sorbent preparation and nickel(II) ions were best adsorbed on coffee washed with water, but cadmium(II) ions on raw biosorbent (out-of-date coffee). The best results of sorption were achieved after the contact time of 30 and 60?min, respectively for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions.     

Biosorption of zinc (II) using Spirogyra species from electroplating effluent

Zinc was removed from the metal plating effluent with the biosorbent consisting of filamentous algae Spirogyra sp. The sorption was pH dependent with best adsorption at pH 2.5. The metal uptake increased from 3.9% (for no dilution) to 36.8% (for 10 times dilution), indicating that sorption increased with dilution of sample. The adsorption was faster at initial contact time, gradually decreased and remains constant after certain optimum time. Percentage removal of zinc increased from 20.3% to 63.6% with increase in the temperature from 25 degrees C to 35 degrees C but further increase resulted in the decrease in adsorption. Freundlich isotherm was applied and it holds good for the adsorption data.     

Adsorptive removal of direct dyes by PEI-treated peanut husk biomass: Box–Behnken experimental design

This paper reports the application of Box-Behnken experimental design to illustrate the adsorption of direct dyes (Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN) using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-treated peanut husk biomass. The effect of three independent variables (initial dyes concentration, biosorbent dose and pH) was investigated during the study. Maximum biosorption capacity (141 and 98.2 mg/g) of PEI-pretreated biomass was achieved with 200 mg/L initial dye concentration and 0.05 g/50 mL biomass dose for Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively. Acidic pH was found to be favourable for maximum dyes removal. Characterisation of biosorbent was carried out through Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and point of zero charge determination. FT-IR analyses confirmed the involvement of carboxylic and carbonyl groups. The desorption study was also conducted to check out the possibility of regeneration of dyes and adsorbent and it was found that 51.58 and 76.6% of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN, respectively, can be desorbed from the loaded biosorbent by using 1 M NaOH solution. The results indicated that PEI-treated peanut husk biomass can be used as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Indosol Black NF and Indosol Orange RSN dyes from aqueous solutions.