污泥增活剂影响MBR处理效果试验研究

向一体式膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)中投加污泥增活剂,与普通MBR进行试验对比,考察了污泥增活剂-MBR复合工艺对污染物去除的强化作用及对混合液污泥特性的影响。结果表明,污泥增活剂不仅提高了COD和氨氮的去除效果,而且由于增活剂与污泥形成的生物团粒的有效作用使系统总氮去除率提高10%以上。污泥增活剂-MBR中污泥混合液胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric substances,EPS)含量高于MBR,上清液溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial products,SMP)和Zeta电位相对较低,及EPS与SMP和Zeta电位的变化对应规律,说明污泥增活剂使EPS含量升高,促进了污泥活性的提高。较低的SMP浓度将降低膜自身污染的程度,活性炭的作用可使泥饼层结构疏松,能够减缓泥饼层带来的膜通量下降。     

纳米氧化铜颗粒和环丙沙星对好氧颗粒污泥的协同胁迫效应

纳米颗粒和抗生素在污水处理厂中的共同存在可产生综合毒性.选择纳米氧化铜颗粒(CuO NPs)和环丙沙星(CIP)作为纳米颗粒和抗生素的代表性物质,探究了CuO NPs和CIP共存胁迫对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)系统的运行性能、污泥特性和微生物群落的长期影响.结果表明:CuO NPs单独胁迫使脱氮性能轻微提高,对碳和磷的去除性能轻微下降.CIP单独胁迫显著抑制了碳、氮和磷的去除性能.CuO NPs和CIP共存时对碳、氮和磷去除表现出明显的协同抑制效应.CuO NPs和CIP共存胁迫使细胞膜完整性下降,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量增多,胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌增强,且溶解性EPS(S-EPS)的官能团发生显著变化.CuO NPs和CIP共存胁迫改变了微生物群落结构,对生物多样性具有显著的协同抑制效应,对微生物具有较强的毒性作用.     

ZnO纳米颗粒对SBR活性污泥活性的影响

建立了模拟的SBR反应器,并研究了ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnO-NPs)对SBR活性污泥活性的影响.结果表明低浓度(10mg/L)ZnO-NPs对活性污泥活性无明显抑制作用.较高浓度下,ZnO-NPs对活性污泥沉降性能?呼吸速率?EPS和SMP产量及其组成?有机物降解效率等具有明显影响.20,50,100mg/L ZnO-NPs使COD去除率分别降低8.1%, 19.5%和27.7%,使污泥沉降性能分别降低24.2%,35.0%和36.0%,使MLVSS/MLSS比值分别降低8.0%,14.7%和21%,使活性污泥呼吸速率抑制率达到54.0%, 79.0%和80.3%;使EPS产量分别降低29.0%,49.9%和65.4%,使SMP产量分别升高48.9%,102.6%和203.0%.研究表明,较高浓度ZnO-NPs能够抑制污泥代谢,降低活性污泥生物量,显著抑制活性污泥活性.     

好氧区DO对水解酸化-缺氧-好氧工艺处理石化废水的影响

采用水解酸化-缺氧-好氧工艺处理某石化废水,研究了不同好氧区ρ(DO)下,系统中的有机物、NH₄+-N和TN的去除效果,SMP(soluble microbial products,溶解性微生物产物)的产生情况,以及污泥沉降性能的变化. 结果表明:在总水力停留时间为40h、污泥回流比为100%的情况下,好氧区ρ(DO)平均值从6~7mg/L降至1~2mg/L左右时,系统仍可维持较为稳定的有机物、NH₄+-N和TN去除效果;随着好氧区ρ(DO)的降低,出水中ρ(SMP)对ρ(COD_Cr)的贡献有所降低,SMP中ρ(蛋白质)与ρ(多糖)之比由4.6∶1降至0.8∶1;随着好氧区ρ(DO)的降低,污泥的沉降性能逐渐变差,SVI(污泥指数)由62.7mL/g升至136.9mL/g,但并未导致污泥流失. 综合污染物去除效果和运行能耗来看,该研究中较为适合的好氧区ρ(DO)为2~3mg/L.      

好氧颗粒污泥系统中溶解性微生物代谢产物的特征及主要组分

采用SBR反应器以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥培养好氧颗粒污泥,主要考察好氧颗粒污泥系统中溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)的产生、相对分子质量分布以及主要组成物质.结果表明SMP是出水COD的主要组分,浓度为71~85 mg·L-1,SMP的产生与微生物对基质的利用、微生物衰亡和胞外聚合物(EPS)的水解有关.相对分子质量分布表明大部分SMP相对分子质量小于3×103,所占比例为54.8%~71.7%,而相对分子质量大于100×103的组分只占总SMP的一小部分,所占比例为9.3%~14.5%.三维荧光光谱分析表明,出水SMP具有4个峰,分别属于类芳香蛋白质、类色氨酸蛋白质、类腐殖酸物质和类富里酸物质.气质联用(GC-MS)分析表明SMP主要成分为酯类、短链烷烃、烯烃和醇类,所占质量分数分别为39.0%、14.9%、11.7%和7.6%.其中邻苯二甲酸二酯是出水SMP中主要组成物质,所占质量分数为32.0%.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器运行性能的影响

考察了城市污水中典型浓度的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米颗粒对膜-生物反应器(MBR)运行、活性污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,ZnO纳米颗粒不利于微生物对有机物的去除,但是不会影响微生物对氨氮的去除.由于微滤膜的截留作用,ZnO纳米颗粒对MBR的出水没有影响.ZnO纳米颗粒的投加导致溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度从17.9mg/gVSS上升到35.0mg/gVSS左右,污泥粒径由162.9μm下降到105.2μm,引起了外部阻力的上升,造成了膜污染的加剧.ZnO纳米颗粒会抑制微生物活性和改变活性污泥中微生物的种群结构,这主要与ZnO纳米颗粒释放的Zn2+有关.     

胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物的关系

通过活性污泥内源呼吸试验,发现胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物之间存在相互转化、吸附与被吸附的关系。内源呼吸初期(0~19h),bound EPS水解生成BAP,细胞自溶过程也释放部分SMP。19~43h,微生物利用SMP中易降解部分生成bound EPS和UAP,大分子量的SMP被bound EPS吸附,并存在一定程度的细胞水解。43~162h为SMP分泌、溶出阶段,内源呼吸加强,微生物脱氢酶活性几乎丧失,细胞水解、自溶。bound EPS表面出现SMP解吸-吸附的交替过程。162~210h期间bound EPS水解及细胞自溶为主要过程。并且产出的SMP可生物降解性较差,对微生物表现出毒性作用,抑制其脱氢酶活性,而在毒性环境下,微生物又产出更多的SMP。     

复合菌群生物强化削减NPEO内分泌干扰毒性的试验研究

印染废水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphnol polyethylene ether, NPEO)在生化处理过程中会产生雌激素活性更强的壬基酚(NP)等中间产物,导致处理后印染废水内分泌干扰毒性升高.为探索以NPEO和NP为降解靶点进行菌群生物强化脱毒的可行性,分别以NPEO和NP驯化富集印染活性污泥,并将得到的降解菌群以单独和组合投加方式进行生物强化试验,考察强化控毒效果.结果表明：(1)NPEO降解菌群(NPEB)和NP降解菌群(NPB)中的优势菌均为Proteobacteria,二者对10 mg/L NPEO和NP的48 h去除率均高于98%.(2)单独或组合投加5 mg/L的NPEB和NPB至混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)为500 mg/L的活性污泥体系,均能显著提升活性污泥对不同浓度(10和1 mg/L) NPEO的降解性能,大幅缩短NPEO降解过程中雌激素活性的变化周期,并使体系的雌激素活性维持在较低水平.(3)当降解体系中加入1 000 mg/L葡萄糖作为额外碳源时,NPB的强化性能被完全抑制,而NPEB在降解性能受抑的情况下仍能增强活性污泥的NPEO降解速率并缩短控...     

生物炭对活性污泥中SMP和EPS的组成及脱氮除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺,研究不同生物质原料制成的生物炭粉末对活性污泥中的溶解性微生物产物（SMP）、胞外聚合物（EPS）的组成[蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）]及其含量的影响;分析活性污泥MLVSS/MLSS的变化以及污水氮、磷的含量。结果表明:添加的生物炭起到连接污泥絮体的作用,菌胶团尺寸增大,污泥中微生物量明显增多。添加生物炭的活性污泥溶解性微生物产物（SMP）中蛋白质的含量减少了62.3%~76.6%。胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质的含量增加了17.8%~32.8%,含有更多的氨基酸或蛋白质中的色氨酸、酪氨酸以及苯丙氨酸。猪粪生物炭（PMB）对活性污泥影响最大,污泥EPS的冻干物中含有更多的芳香族化合物及核酸类物质。添加生物炭后,活性污泥对氮的转化效率提高,氨氮更快地转化为亚硝态氮并使其达到较高的浓度,并且对磷也有更好的去除效果。     

石化废水易降解成分对活性污泥耗氧抑制毒性评价的干扰因素

为评价某石化混合废水的毒性,采用活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验研究不同φ(石化废水)对活性污泥中不同菌群的抑制及其影响因素. 结果表明,所用石化废水对活性污泥中的硝化细菌具有明显毒性,其EC₅₀(半抑制效应浓度,以φ计)为9%左右;同时,该废水对异养菌的耗氧具有较强的促进作用,φ(石化废水)为100%时I_H(异养菌耗氧速率抑制率,131%)最高,这种促进作用对R_T(总耗氧速率)测定有显著影响(R=0.991,P<0.05),因此,仅以R_T评价废水毒性容易造成对废水真实毒性的低估. 5种常见易降解基质(乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、生活污水、丙酸钠)中,ρ(甲醇)为15 mg/L时对异养菌促进效果显著(P<0.05),促进率达50%以上;而在高浓度条件下,乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、丙酸钠对异养菌均有显著促进作用(P<0.05),R_H(异养菌耗氧速率)最高提高了182%. 研究显示,石化废水中的乙酸盐等易降解成分是活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验的重要干扰因素.      

活性污泥性质对短期膜污染影响的解析研究

采用统计分析方法研究了16种不同性质活性污泥混合液对膜生物反应器膜污染的影响机理.结果表明,胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)、溶解性有机物(soluble microbial products,SMP)、上清液胶体颗粒(suspended solids insupernatant,SS_s)、污泥混合液粘度(μ)、相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity,RH)、Zeta电位(Zeta potential)均对膜生物反应器膜渗透性能有显著的影响作用,其与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数r_p分别为:0.898、0.712、0.810、0.691、0.837、-0.881;同时发现,胞外聚合物是影响活性污泥中溶解性有机物含量(r_p=0.682)、污泥粘度大小(r_p=0.633)、上清液胶体颗粒含量(r_p=0.783)、Zeta电位(r_p=-0.953)及相对疏水性大小(r_p=0.877)的主要因素;在活性污泥性质中胞外聚合物是影响膜污染的根本原因,是膜生物反应器膜污染的重要影响因素.     

SRT对UCT-MBR反硝化除磷性能与膜污染行为的影响

采用脱氮除磷膜生物反应器(UCT-MBR)工艺处理冀南地区城市污水,考察了SRT对UCT-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能与膜污染行为的影响.结果表明:较短(15d)与较长(40d)SRT均不利于反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的富集;SRT控制在25d时系统的反硝化除磷性能得到最大程度强化,反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的数量比例及缺氧除磷率达到最大值,分别稳定在50.9%和88%,并且此时系统总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)去除率也达到最大值91.7%、73.6%,出水浓度分别稳定在0.48, 13.3mg/L左右;SRT对系统COD、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的去除效能影响不大,COD、NH₄⁺-N平均去除率分别为89.8%、99.7%,出水浓度分别稳定在30.8, 0.15mg/L;随着SRT的延长,膜池混合液固体(MLSS)浓度升高,分子量大于100kDa、小于1kDa的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)浓度和胞外聚合物(EPS)比污泥浓度升高及污泥粒径(PSD)减小,是导致膜池污泥可滤性变差的主要原因,从而致使系统膜渗透性加速降低、持续运行周期缩短,而红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明SRT对膜污染物质的组成无显著影响,光谱折射率与SMP、EPS含量呈现一致性.     

盐度对膜-生物反应器污泥表观硝化速率的抑制机理

为研究盐度对膜-生物反应器(MBR)污泥表观硝化速率的抑制机理,采用批次试验模拟不同盐度条件下MBR活性污泥的硝化反应并测定其表观硝化速率、自养菌活性和SMP、EPS中脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白质的含量变化.结果表明,随着盐度的不断提高,污泥表观硝化速率逐渐下降,当盐度大于12.5g/L时,污泥体系出现NH4+-N含量上升的现象.自养菌的活性逐渐被抑制,抑制程度和盐度正相关,当盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP和EPS中DNA的含量逐步上升,细胞结构被破坏是微生物活性被抑制的原因.SMP和EPS中蛋白质含量随着盐度的提升明显增长,蛋白质在污泥系统水解并发生氨化释放NH4+-N也是表观硝化速率下降的原因;当盐度小于12.5g/L,系统释放NH4+-N对表观硝化速率抑制作用随着盐度的提高而不断提升.     

长期暴露下纳米TiO2对厌氧颗粒污泥体系稳定性的影响

以厌氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,通过静态试验和连续流厌氧反应器,重点研究了长期暴露下纳米TiO_2在对厌氧产甲烷体系的影响及其在颗粒污泥中的归趋.结果表明,短期急性暴露于150 mg·g-1(以VSS计)的纳米TiO_2尽管会暂时减缓产甲烷速率,但产酸阶段及产甲烷阶段代谢产物总量不会明显受到影响,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥具有较低的急性毒性.反应器运行结果表明,纳米TiO_2的长期暴露可导致挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)积累及生物气产量降低,产酸菌比产甲烷菌对纳米TiO_2的累积效应更加敏感,纳米TiO_2抑制机制可归因于"物理遮蔽"作用.出水中TiO_2的平均含量只有0.632 mg·L~(-1),绝大多数纳米TiO_2都被截留在了反应器中.FISH检测表明,厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的菌群结构有所变化,纳米TiO_2在反应器内的积累使得甲烷八叠球菌的丰度大幅增加了115.6%,其优势地位明显增强.长短期暴露试验的结果对比也说明,用短期暴露试验来说明纳米颗粒对厌氧体系的长期累积效应具有一定局限性,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物的负面影响需要较长时间的积累才会显现.本研究结果可为厌氧污水处理体系中纳米颗粒的潜在生态风险评价提供理论支持和参考依据.     

Analysis of bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different sludge properties and treatment performance by nested PCR-DGGE method

The bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different processes and performance were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of nested polymerase chain reaction （nested PCR） amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments with group-specific primers. Samples of raw sewage and treated effluents were amplified using the whole-cell PCR method, and the activated sludge samples were amplified using the extracted genomic DNA before the PCR products were loaded on the same DGGE gel for bacterial community analysis. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and actinomycetic community analysis were also carried out to investigate the relationship between specific population structures and system or sludge performance. The two plants demonstrated a similarity in bacterial community structures of raw sewage and activated sludge, but they had different effluent populations. Many dominant bacterial populations of raw sewage did not appear in the activated sludge samples, suggesting that the dominant bacterial populations in raw sewage might not play an important role during wastewater treatment. Although the two plants had different sludge properties in terms of settleability and foam forming ability, they demonstrated similar actinomycetic community structures. For activated sludge with bad settling performance, the treated water presented a similar DGGE pattern with that of activated sludge, indicating the nonselective washout of bacteria from the system. The plant with better ammonium removal efficiency showed higher ammonia-oxidizing bacteria species richness. Analysis of sequencing results showed that the major populations in raw sewage were uncultured bacterium, while in activated sludge the predominant populations were beta proteobacteria.     

贫营养条件下膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性分析

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)运行16d,未向反应器内活性污泥投加营养物质,对溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)、污泥颗粒粒径分布(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、SMP相对分子量分布(MWDs)进行了定期监测.修正的污染指数(MFI)用来考察与SMP和EPS相关的污泥混合液可滤性.结果表明,MFI值由1.8′104迅速增加到7.3′104s/L2,说明长时间的内源代谢过程对MBR内污泥混合液可滤性有负面的影响.污泥混合液上清液中SMP相对分子量>10kDa的大分子有机物和污泥絮体中1~10μm细小颗粒的增加,将严重恶化污泥混合液的可滤性.     

投加氢氧化铁对SMBR中活性污泥性能的影响

试验研究了在SMBR中投加不同量氢氧化铁对出水水质以及膜污染的影响。结果表明,生物铁-SMBR中随氢氧化铁投加量的增加,COD出水及去除率略有提高;氢氧化铁投加量为5%时,对活性污泥的活性促进作用最强;活性污泥SVI的降低主要是氢氧化铁絮体本身的化学絮凝作用所致;试验条件下氢氧化铁最佳投加量为混合液污泥浓度的5%时,半透膜压增长最慢,膜污染程度最轻。     

不同类型秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性及细菌群落结构的影响

为促进污水处理厂污泥及农作物秸秆的资源化利用,探讨不同类型秸秆（玉米、小麦、水稻）对污泥厌氧消化特性、产气效果及细菌群落结构的影响,在中温〔（35±1）℃〕下,研究了污泥与秸秆按不同质量比（1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:1.5）联合厌氧消化对污泥C/N（碳氮比）和厌氧消化环境中pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）（VFAs为挥发性脂肪酸）、日均沼气产量及φ（CH₄）、细菌群落的特征变化,以未添加秸秆的污泥厌氧消化为CK（对照）.结果表明:不同类型秸秆的添加对厌氧消化体系的pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）均产生显著影响,秸秆的加入明显提高了厌氧消化体系的产气量.联合厌氧消化可通过优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,从而增加ρ（VFAs）和φ（CH₄）.其中,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为1:1.5时对厌氧消化的促进作用最为显著;其沼气日产量为2 303.08 mL,比CK（536.15 mL）提高了3倍以上,而沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为54.49%,比CK（37.07%）提高46.99%.此外,不同类型秸秆的添加也可通过改变细菌群落结构从而促进秸秆降解,增加ρ（VFAs）和提高沼气产量,特别是添加秸秆后,Bacteroidetes会逐渐取代Proteobacteria成为主要的产酸菌种,从而导致ρ（VFAs）增加.研究显示,污泥与秸秆联合厌氧消化可改善污泥营养结构,改变细菌群落结构,提高沼气产量.      

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.