焦作市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单

基于焦作市各类挥发性有机物(VOCs)的活动水平数据,采用排放系数法,编制了焦作市2016年人为源挥发性有机物排放清单.结果表明,2016年焦作市人为源VOCs排放总量为28804.80 t,其中,工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、化石燃料燃烧源、移动源和生物质燃烧源分别占排放总量的36.19%、25.48%、14.38%、13.72%、10.23%.2016年焦作市VOCs的重点排放二级源是非金属矿物制品业、表面涂装业、道路移动源、生物质露天燃烧、工业燃烧,其排放量之和共占排放总量的72.47%.在焦作市各区县中,博爱县、孟州市、武陟县和马村区的排放量较高,4个县区的VOCs排放量均超过3000 t,其排放量之和占排放总量的54.26%.     

生物质燃料高温燃烧过程中有害气体的排放

利用FACTSAGE软件定量计算麦秆、玉米秆和稻草3种生物质燃料在燃烧过程中PM2.5的排放情况,探究反应过程中氧含量、温度等对燃烧尾气中HF、HCl、SOx和NO排放的影响,从而确定适合生物质燃料燃烧的条件。结果表明:由于秸秆F、Cl含量较多,燃烧反应后会产生大量HCl和HF。为了控制生物质燃料中F、Cl化合物的产生,燃烧温度应控制在1 000~1 100℃;氧含量应选择正常空气氧含量,氧含量过低,燃烧尾气中会生成较多的氨及氢氧化物;氧含量过高,则会生成较多的硫氧化物和氮氧化物。     

固体废物焚烧过程中二噁英的排放和生成机理研究进展

二噁英作为一类持久性有机污染物,因其具有强毒性和生物累积性而被广泛关注,为减少二噁英对生态环境造成的影响,研究环境中二噁英的来源及生成机理尤为重要.固体废物焚烧是二噁英在环境中的主要来源之一.本文综述了固体废物焚烧过程中产生二噁英的浓度水平,着重分析了不同因素对二噁英生成情况的影响,同时结合近年来量子化学在研究燃烧过程中二噁英生成机理方面的应用,系统阐述了典型二噁英前驱物燃烧生成二噁英的反应路径,并对深入研究固体废物焚烧中产生的二噁英对周边环境的危害提出了建议.     

2009年冬季乌鲁木齐大气中黑碳气溶胶观测

黑碳气溶胶（BC）是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,其粒径一般在0.01—1μm之间,来源于任何含碳物质的不完全燃烧.其主要来源可分为自然源和人为源两种,自然源排放如火山爆发、森林大火等具有区域性和偶然性;而人为源排放,如煤、石油等化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧、汽车尾气等是长期和持续的,也成为大气中BC的主要来源.有研究证实BC...     

生物质燃烧排放颗粒物中水溶性有机物的光学特性

采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱法（UV-vis）和激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱法（EEM）分析了典型生物质燃烧排放颗粒物(PM_2.5)中水溶性有机物（WSOM）的光学特性.结果表明,WSOM的SUVA₂₅₄、E₂₅₀/E₃₆₅和MAE₃₆₅值分别为1.79-2.60 m²·g^-1、4.56-7.65和0.66-1.17 m²·g^-1,说明生物质燃烧排放PM_2.5中WSOM具有较低的芳香度和分子量以及较弱的吸光能力.荧光光谱结果显示,WSOM产生荧光峰的主要范围为λ_Ex/λ_Em≈（230-250）/（335-380） nm和λ_Ex/λ_Em≈（260—290）/（330—360） nm,说明生物质燃烧排放PM_2.5中WSOM主要以类蛋白荧光物质为主;腐殖化指数（HIX）、荧光指...     

上虞某铅锌矿区周边土壤植物重金属含量及其污染评价

以浙江上虞某废弃铅锌尾矿山为中心点,调查分析了其周边不同采样点（抛荒稻田,污染稻田,林地及普通稻田）土壤和植物中重金属含量及污染状况,结果表明,尾矿山周边各采样点土壤As、Zn、Pb和Cu平均含量为328 m.gkg-1、1760 m.gkg-1、2708 m.gkg-1和287 m.gkg-1,以国家土壤环境质量三级...     

生物质燃烧释放N2O的测定及其分布

本文报导了实验室规模的生物质封闭燃烧系统及稻草、玉米秸、麦杆燃烧过程中Ｎ２Ｏ排放因子的测定结果，测定结果表明：稻草、麦杆及玉米秸燃烧排气中Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子分析是８４．４ｇ／ｔ，２７．３ｇ／ｔ，１３２ｇ／ｔ。用Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ占生物全氮的百分含量表示，稻草及玉米秸分别上０．５９％，０．８７％。用实验得到的Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子计算出了生物质燃烧产生Ｎ２Ｏ在全国各省、直辖市、县的年排放量，并作出了全国年排放的分布     

危险废物焚烧设施二噁英类排放特征及周边土壤污染调查

调查了13座不同类型的危险废物焚烧设施及二噁英类排放模式及部分设施土壤的污染水平.结果表明,排放浓度同焚烧处理量没有显著的关系.4—6氯代PCDD/Fs和7—8氯代PCDD/Fs呈现出了不同的排放特征.4—6氯代PCDF/PCDD比值为60.58±1.98(95%置信区间),较通用的总PCDF/总PCDD比值更适于描述危险废物焚烧设施二噁英排放的特征.使用PCA及聚类分析方法将设施排放模式归类为3种模式.分布模式同焚烧设施炉型、处理量以及尾气处理方式等因素相关性并不显著.2,3,4,7,8PeCDF对I-TEQ的贡献为35%—45%,并与I-TEQ具有很高的相关性.厂区土壤中二噁英浓度水平约为8—14ngI-TEQ.kg-1,周边土壤浓度为1—4ngI-TEQ.kg-1左右,均处于较低水平,调查设施周边土壤的使用目前尚无明显风险.危险废物设施对周边土壤的环境风险需要进一步评估.     

利用层次分析法探讨生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类排放的影响因素

基于焚烧过程中二噁英类(PCDD/Fs)的生成机理,深入探讨生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类生成及排放的诸多影响因素,并依据层次分析法(AHP)原理,从焚烧设施的技术水平、运行状况、管理水平3个影响因素着手建立递阶层次结构模型.分别对模型中的各个影响因素进行定性和半定量化处理,最终实现对生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类生成及排放影响因...     

东北三江平原地区生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)中WSOC吸光能力的影响

生物质燃烧排放大量具有光吸收能力的水溶性有机碳(Water-Soluble Organic Carbon,WSOC),对空气质量、气候变化和人体健康均有重要影响。为了研究东北地区生物质燃烧对气溶胶光吸收特性的作用,于2013年5月-2014年1月采集三江平原的PM_(2.5)样品,分析了样品中生物质燃烧指示剂(左旋葡聚糖)、有机碳(OrganicCarbon,OC)和WSOC的质量浓度,以及WSOC的光吸收强度(A_(365a))。根据左旋葡聚糖的质量浓度水平,将采样期间划分为生物质燃烧(BB)期和非生物质燃烧(NBB)期。对BB和NBB期间WSOC的光吸收强度与PM_(2.5)、OC、WSOC和左旋葡聚糖之间的相关性分别进行了分析,并计算了生物质燃烧产生的WSOC对总WSOC的质量浓度和吸光能力的贡献。结果表明,在BB期间,PM_(2.5)、WSOC和左旋葡聚糖的质量浓度是NBB期间的10倍以上,WSOC的光吸收强度也相应增高了13倍。BB与NBB期间,PM_(2.5)与A365a的相关指数(R~2)分别为0.98和0.34。BB期间左旋葡聚糖和A365a的相关指数(0.91)高于NBB期间(0.09),表明BB期间生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)有显著贡献,且排放了大量的吸光性棕色碳。在BB期间,生物质燃烧对WSOC的贡献高达74.6%,对WSOC的光吸收强度贡献高达46.2%;而在NBB期间,生物质燃烧对WSOC的贡献为26.8%,对WSOC的的光吸收强度贡献为22.6%。因此,BB期间生物质燃烧对三江平原WSOC的质量浓度和光吸收强度都具有重要影响。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.