微耗损固相微萃取技术及其在有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用

自由溶解态浓度可用于评价污染物的生物有效性,评估污染物的环境风险.本文介绍了微耗损固相微萃取(nd-SPME)技术测定自由溶解态浓度的原理、测定条件和基质干扰等影响因素,并着重总结归纳了nd-SPME技术在在环境基质和生物基质中有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用.     

多环芳烃的样品前处理技术研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类致癌、致畸、致突变的持久性有机物污染物,广泛存在于大气、水、土壤和生物等介质中.由于PAHs基体复杂并且含量很低,所以样品的净化和富集尤为重要.本文综述了近5年来国内外有关PAHs的样品前处理技术和方法的基本原理和代表性应用,包括液相微萃取、分散液液微萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌子吸附萃取、微耗损固相微萃取、分散固相微萃取法,比较了各方法的优缺点,并对PAHs的样品前处理技术的发展进行了展望.     

基于有序介孔碳涂层的固相微萃取法测定水中多环芳烃

采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装结合提拉法在不锈钢丝表面制备了以有序介孔碳(Ordered mesoporous carbon,OMC)为涂层的固相微萃取(Solid phrase microextraction,SPME)纤维,考察了该纤维的萃取效果和在高温下的稳定性,建立了水中多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染物的固相微萃取测定分析方法.扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)结果表明,制备的OMC涂层连续完整且与不锈钢基体紧密结合,厚度约为11μm.氮吸附脱附结果证明,涂层材料具有规整的二维六方特征,孔径集中分布在3.8 nm,比表面积和孔容分别为522 m~2·g~(-1)和0.36 cm3·g~(-1).以水中多环芳烃类污染物作为分析对象,采用固相微萃取与气相色谱联用法探讨了OMC涂层对多环芳烃类污染物的萃取效果,对萃取方式、萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度等条件进行了优化,并与商品化涂层进行了对比.结果表明,采用直接固相微萃取方式,萃取时间30 min,萃取温度50℃,搅拌速率800 r·min-1萃取效率最高;在最佳萃取条件下,OMC涂层分析5种PAHs的检测限范围是0.004—0.012μg·L~(-1),定量限范围0.010—0.025μg·L~(-1);萘和苊在0.1—250μg·L~(-1)范围内,芴、荧蒽和芘在0.25—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好;单根纤维相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.9%—7.4%,多根纤维相对标准偏差为6.7%—9.8%.自制OMC纤维在350℃高温热解析80次后萃取效率不变,且对PAHs的萃取效率优于商用聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB)涂层.将自制纤维应用于两种实际水样的固相微萃取分析中,分别添加0.25μg·L~(-1)和100μg·L~(-1)的样品回收率分别为81.3%—92.8%和89.3%—108.8%.     

固相微萃取在大气样品分析中的应用

固相微萃取技术(SPME)是一种集萃取、分离、浓缩、进样于一体的新型样品采集及前处理技术.本文综述了SPME法测定大气中挥发性有机物的研究进展,详细阐述了SPME法对气态样品测定装置的实现和工作条件的选择,包括萃取纤维涂层、萃取时间、萃取温度、萃取湿度以及解吸温度及时间等;同时例举了SPME法在气态有机物定量测定中的应用实例.本文可为SPME法测定气态样品的分析提供参考.     

顶空-固相微卒取-气相色谱测定水体中痕量苯系物

对测定水体中痕量苯系物的顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取条件进行了对比优化,经过对水体中的7种苯系物对比实验,确定了顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取的最佳实验条件为：选用75μmCAR/PDMS萃取涂层,加入与水质量比为40%的氯化钠,于20℃温度下萃取40min,解析3min。方法检出限为0.12～0.19μg/L,相对标准偏差2.0%～3.9%。依据确定的优化条件,用不同类型的水样对优化后的试验条件进行了验证试验,回收率在96.2%～102.0%之间,表明优化后的试验条件适用于多类型水体中痕量苯系物的分析测定。     

箭型固相微萃取技术与GCMSMS联用方法用于水中异味化合物的检测

箭型固相微萃取技术是近几年发展起来的一项新型样品前处理技术,灵敏度高,机械性能好,无需使用有机溶剂,利用该技术对生活饮用水中的异味物质进行富集,然后通过三重四极杆气质联用系统进行高通量筛查和定量分析.对萃取过程中的萃取温度、萃取时间、进样口解吸的深度等影响因素进行了优化.发现萃取头在进样口进行解吸时插入的深度对解吸速度和效率有显著的影响.采用优化的参数建立了57种异味物质的定量测定方法.方法验证结果显示,该方法灵敏度高,相比于传统的固相微萃取方法,检测限下降1个数量级;方法准确度高,所有化合物的线性良好,线性相关系数能达到0.99以上;方法重复性很好,实际水样加标水平10 ng·L^-1,重复测定10次,所有化合物的RSD值均小于20%,90%以上的化合物RSD小于10%.该方法各项性能均满足生活饮用水异味物质的检测要求,并且用于实际水样加标检测,无基质干扰的情况.     

离子液体-液相微萃取技术在环境污染物分析中的应用

离子液体是一种环境友好的绿色溶剂.因其具有独特的理化性能,如蒸汽压低、不易挥发、稳定、黏度以及在水中的溶解性可调等特点,在样品前处理技术中可以替代传统的有机溶剂作为萃取溶剂,提高了分析的选择性和灵敏度.本文对基于离子液体的液相微萃取技术(单滴液相微萃取、中空纤维液相微萃取、分散液液微萃取)在环境污染物分析中的应用进行综述.     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱（液相色谱、气相色谱）和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱（紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等）的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱(液相色谱、气相色谱)和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱(紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等)的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

HS?SPME?GC/MS同时测定污废水中多种 VOCs异味物质

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC/MS),建立了快速定量分析污废水中多种挥发性有机异味物质(VOCs)的方法.VOCs异味污染物主要为含氧有机物(OVOCs)、硫醚类(VSCs)和苯系物(BTEX)等三大类.针对不同异味物质的物化性质,实验优化了HS-SPME条件,如萃取纤维涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、盐析效应及解析时间等.研究结果表明,DVB/CAR/PDMS (50/30μm)萃取头针对三类物质的选择性最高.同时综合各类异味物质的性质,优化顶空固相微萃取实验条件为:在水样中加入20%(W/V)的NaCl,65℃孵化条件下萃取30 min,解析180 s.所建方法的多种VOCs在其各自线性范围内线性良好,R~2均大于0.98,相对标准偏差为9.8%—15.5%,检出限为4—55 ng·L~(-1),加标回收率为79.1%—108.6%.对不同污废水进行了检测,实验结果证明,此方法可满足不同污废水中多种痕量VOCs异味物质的同时检测.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.