重金属Pb(Ⅱ)污染原水的应急处理工艺研究

采用2种常用混凝剂--聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚氯化铝(PACl),以水中Pb(II)浓度突增为背景,研究了混凝剂投加量、目标物初始浓度以及调节pH值和高锰酸钾(KMnO4)预氧化等措施对混凝除Pb(II)效果的影响,同时比较了粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附 混凝和硅藻土吸附 混凝等工艺对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.结果表明,单独投加混凝剂时,投加PFS对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果优于投加PACI.2种混凝剂的投加量为10 mg/L时,对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果基本达到最好水平,并且Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度对混凝效果影响最小.在此投加量下调节pH值到9,2种混凝剂对应Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率都在95%以上.KMn04预氧化只在以PACI为混凝剂时对除Pb(Ⅱ)起到一定促进作用.以PFs为混凝剂时,投加10 mg/L的PAC或投加25 mg/L的硅藻土会取得相同的除Pb(Ⅱ)效果,即水中Pb(11)浓度从402 μg/L降至10 μg/L以下;而混凝剂为PACl时,活性炭投加量为20 mg/L或硅藻土投加量为50 mg/L时,水中剩余Ph(Ⅱ)的浓度也可以达标;通过硅藻土与KMnO4联用试验发现,高锰酸钾氧化会削弱硅藻土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附作用.综合考虑得出,硅藻土吸附 混凝才是原水应急除Pb(Ⅱ)简单、经济和有效的方法.     

零价铁-四钛酸钾晶须处理铀矿山废水

以四钛酸钾晶须作为处理材料去除废水中的铀,考察了四钛酸钾晶须投加量、溶液pH值、铀初始质量浓度、反应时间和温度等因素对去除效果的影响。结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH=8.0、反应时间为120 min的条件下,四钛酸钾晶须对初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的含铀废水中铀去除率达97.4%。在此基础上开展零价铁和四钛酸钾晶须联合处理含铀废水研究,二者在实验所设的8种投加量情况下均可将初始铀浓度为100 mg/L的废水降至GB 23727—2009《铀矿冶辐射防护和环境保护规定》规定值0.05 mg/L以下。在增加投加量的基础上,二者联合处理,可使铀浓度约为50 mg/L的实际铀矿山废水中铀含量降至0.1 mg/L左右,去除率达99.8%。     

溶气气浮工艺用于城镇污水处理厂二级出水的深度除磷研究

以江苏省某城镇污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过模拟试验及混凝+气浮深度除磷中试,探索了气浮工艺取代过滤工艺的深度除磷效果。结果表明:FeCl₃的除磷效果最优,投加量为5 mg/L时可将出水ρ（TP）降至0.2 mg/L,投加量为15 mg/L时可将出水ρ（TP）降至0.05mg/L;气浮工艺对PAM的依赖性较强,需通过投加PAM保证水质达标稳定性和达到除磷效果（ρ（TP）<0.05 mg/L）,PAM投加浓度为0.6 mg/L;溶气压力与回流比相关,当回流比为20%、溶气压力为0.6 MPa左右时,装置运行效果稳定;将污水中磷组分分为TP、STP、PO₄3--P和不可混凝磷组分,通过对进出水磷组分分析,表明气浮工艺对悬浮态TP和磷酸盐去除效果较好,对不可混凝磷组分无去除效果。     

微生物菌剂与新型填料联用除磷研究

以模拟含磷废水作为研究对象,研究不同工况条件下,复合微生物制剂、新型填料以及复合微生物制剂与新型填料结合对模拟含磷废水中磷的去除效果。实验结果表明:复合微生物制剂在曝气并且与新型填料结合的条件下对总磷的去除效率较高。对ρ(COD)<1 000 mg/L,ρ(TP)为15.34～20.96 mg/L的模拟含磷废水进行总磷的去除,其最佳工况参数为:复合微生物制剂投加量为0.2 g/L,pH值为9,曝气时间为48 h,反应时间为60 h。     

强化混凝去除微污染饮用原水中的As(III)

以聚合硫酸铁和聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对微污染饮用水原水中微量砷的去除进行了研究.考察了pH值、氧化剂用量、混凝剂投加量、砷初始浓度和原水浊度等因素对砷去除的影响.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁除砷效果好于聚合氯化铝;在pH值为6~8,微污染原水砷浓度为0.1mg/L,聚合硫酸铁投加量为0.078mmol/L时,可使滤后水中砷浓度低于0.01mg/L.     

强化混凝去除微污染饮用原水中的As(Ⅲ)

以聚合硫酸铁和聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对微污染饮用水原水中微量砷的去除进行了研究.考察了pH值、氧化剂用量、混凝剂投加量、砷初始浓度和原水浊度等因素对砷去除的影响.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁除砷效果好于聚合氯化铝;在pH值为6～8,微污染原水砷浓度为0.1mg/L,聚合硫酸铁投加量为0.078mmol/L时,可使滤后水中砷浓度低于0.01mg/L.     

改性聚合硫酸铁去除微污染水中Pb2+的影响因素

以改性聚合硫酸铁(MPFS)为混凝剂,对微污染水源水中微量Pb2+的去除进行了研究.考察了水的pH值、MPFS投加量、Pb2+初始浓度和源水浊度等因素对Pb2+去除的影响.结果表明,在pH>6的条件下,当源水中Pb2+浓度为0.1mg/L时,投加3.00mg/L的MPFS(以Fe计),可使水中Pb2+的去除率达到90％以上,满足生活饮用水水质指标;当水中Pb2+初始浓度较高时,适当增加MPFS投加量,即可使Pb2+得到有效去除.     

含铬电镀废水的资源化处理

针对电镀厂产生的高浓度含铬废水,研究了硫化钠还原沉淀法回收电镀废水中的铬的可能性。讨论了pH、投药量、反应时间和搅拌速率等变量对铬回收效果的影响。结果表明:在pH1.6,工业硫化钠(60%)投加量为4.0g/L废水,搅拌速率170r/min和反应时间t=90min的条件下能够将原水中初始浓度为533.1mg/L的三价铬C(rⅢ)和530.0mg/L的六价铬[C(rⅥ)]分别降到42.9mg/L和0.01mg/L。此时铬渣中三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)含量为29.5%,满足回用要求。接下来,为了进一步去除残余的三价铬C(rⅢ),利用正交试验设计讨论了重金属捕集剂(FZ)对其去除的最佳条件。在上述条件下出水中总铬(TCr)浓度最终降到0.94mg/L。     

膨润土载锆除磷复合材料的研究

以钠化膨润土为载体,用浸渍法将锆负载到膨润土上,对固液比、改性剂浓度和浸渍时间进行优化,制备出高效除磷复合材料。采用IR、XRD、SEM分析表征了其结构,考察了投加量、反应时间、温度、磷废液初始浓度、pH值对磷吸附的影响,实验结果表明:在改性剂浓度为5g/L,固液比1∶20,室温以150 r/min恒温振荡4 h的条件下,氧氯化锆成功负载到膨润土上,钠化并改性后膨润土的层间距和吸附性能有所改善;在磷浓度为50 mg/L的酸性环境中,投加0.6g复合材料、吸附60min,能去除90%以上的磷,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型和Lagergren一级动力学方程。因此,该复合材料是一种潜在吸附剂。     

高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理的试验研究

文章采用自主开发的原位生成型动态膜反应器对高磷赤铁矿选矿酸性废水处理进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明:选矿酸性废水除磷效果与脱磷剂的投加量、速度梯度(G值)、反应时间及pH等因素有关。对于pH2.25~2.56、含磷50mg/L的模拟选矿废水,最佳反应时间1h,速度梯度(G值)63.6,脱磷剂最佳投加量为11.25g/L,废水脱磷率92.47%。选矿酸性废水处理后出水pH升高,不利于实现废酸全部回用。     

QUICKScan as a quick and participatory methodology for problem identification and scoping in policy processes

Policy making is required in cases in which a public good needs to be either maintained or created, and private or civil initiatives cannot deal alone with this. Policy making thus starts with a phase of problem identification and determining whether there is a problem that needs to be dealt with. Rapidly evolving contexts exert influence on policy makers who have to take decisions much faster and more accurately than in the past, also facing greater complexity. There is a need for a method that lowers the lead time of the exploratory phase of the policy cycle. At the same time the method should create a joint understanding of the most important interactions. This paper proposes QUICKScan, a method, process and spatially explicit tool, to jointly scope policy problems in a participatory setting, investigate the most important interactions and feedbacks and assesses the state of knowledge and data of relevance to the problem. QUICKScan uses strongly moderated participatory workshops bringing together a wide range of stakeholders relevant to the policy issue. These moderated workshops jointly build an expert system in a spatially explicit tool using functionality of bayesian belief networks, python programming, simple map algebra and knowledge matrices, with a strong focus on visualization of results. QUICKScan has been applied in 70 different applications in a range of different policy contexts, stakeholders and physical locations. Through these applications participants were able to internalize the knowledge that was usually handed to them in briefs and reports, to develop a joint understanding of the main interactions and their link to impacts and to develop a problem statement and solution space in a reduced lead time. Ultimately, QUICKScan demonstrates another role of science, not solely as a knowledge production, but also facilitating the knowledge consumption.     

“The commons” as a dynamic variable in understanding strategic alliances of scale: A groundwater case study in Pajaro Valley,California

Groundwater, a critical resource in many parts of the world, is often characterized as a common pool resource (Brozovic et al., 2006). Multiple individuals utilize groundwater from a basin, and each person has the capacity to reduce the quantity or quality available to others. We turn to a case study of the Pajaro Groundwater Basin in Central California to re-envision the characterization of “commons.” While providing a useful frame from which to analyze groundwater depletion in the Pajaro, we find Common Pool Resource (CPR) theory to be imprecise in its approach to a geographic scale. The notion of the “commons” is central to CPR studies, but there is wide divergence in what the “commons” constitutes, both spatially and socially (Laerhoven and Ostrom, 2007). Rather than propose a normative definition for the “commons,” we suggest that the “commons” as a geographic category is socially constructed and dynamically active over time, akin to the analytic of scale as developed within the fields of political ecology and geography. This move from situating the “commons” as a fixed and discrete geographic area to that which is constantly changing and relational helps us to better understand the ways in which water users collaborate and communicate around shared groundwater sources.     

土壤中多环芳烃的SPMD辅助解吸行为研究

为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法,建立了半透膜被动采样装置（SPMD）研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法,利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并［a］芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为.结果表明,SPMD是一种很好地表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的手段. SPMD辅助解吸多环芳烃的效率与土壤有机质及多环芳烃性质有关.随着土壤有机质含量的降低,土壤中菲和芘的SPMD解吸率逐渐升高,对于10 mg/kg染毒水平,当土壤有机质含量由18.68%降低到0.3%时,2种化合物的解吸率分别由56.45%和48.28%上升到接近100%;但是对于苯并［a］芘,粘土表现出明显的滞留能力,在有机质含量（0.3%）很低、粘土含量（39.05%）较高的3号土壤中,苯并［a］芘的解吸率仅有66.97%.不同多环芳烃SPMD辅助解吸率差别很大,随着土壤有机质含量的降低,以及污染物浓度的提高,菲和芘的解吸差异逐渐缩小,而苯并［a］芘与上述2种多环芳烃的差异很大,主要是由于苯并［a］芘具有高度亲脂性,并且分子较大,造成其容易滞留在粘土的微孔及有机质的致密结构中.     

Sustainability issues in sheet metal forming processes: an overview

Environmental sustainability in manufacturing is nowadays an urgent and remarkable issue and the main concerns are related to more efficient use of materials and energy.In sheet metal forming processes there is still a lack of knowledge in this field mainly due to the need of a proper modelling of sustainability issues and factors to be taken into account. The aim of this paper is mainly to underline the state of the art from a forming point of view about the sustainability contributions offered in any phase of a product life cycle. Actually, a lack in terms of comprehensive contributions is present in the technical literature, thus, the authors try to give a sort of holistic vision aimed to provide basic guidelines in order to help in identifying the possible solutions with regard to all the phases of a forming product life cycle. The main attention was paid to sheet metal forming technologies. The paper gives an overview of the main topics concerning sheet metal forming problems related to energy and resource efficiency with the aim to stress the principal contributions which may derive from such processes to environmental performances of manufacturing.     

富含H.S.B菌群活性污泥降解煤气废水的试验研究

煤气是一种清洁的燃料。然而,在煤气化生产过程中也产生了大量废水。生物降解目前是煤气化废水治疗的主要方法。由于煤气废水对微生物有较强的毒性和抑制性,生物学的技术提高是特别必需的。采用厌氧-好氧工艺,接种焦化厂厌氧池和好氧池成熟污泥,经驯化,通过对废水COD去除率的测定,结果显示,厌氧降解实际废水试验中,9天后COD去除率能达到72%以上;好氧降解水解出水试验中,7天后COD去除率能达到80%以上。     

An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan

Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.     

中国北方农牧交错带气候变化特点及未来趋势——基于观测和模拟资料的综合分析

中国北方农牧交错带是中国生态文明建设的一个重点地区。准确评估其气候变化趋势对于该区域可持续发展至关重要。本文的研究目的是在揭示1971-2015年气候变化特征的基础上,分析区域2006-2050年气候变化趋势。为此,本文综合观测和模拟数据分析了区域1971-2015年的历史气候变化以及2006-2050年的未来气候变化。研究发现：1971-2015年,中国北方农牧交错带气候变化呈暖干化趋势,年均气温的增长速率为0.39 ℃/10 a,年降水量的变化速率为-4.60 mm/10 a。2006-2050年,区域气候变化将呈暖湿化趋势,区域总体年均气温的增长速率为0.20~0.50 ℃/10 a,年降水量的变化速率为1.49~15.59 mm/10 a。同时,如果不有效控制温室气体排放,区域气候系统的不稳定性将加剧。2006-2050年,随着温室气体排放浓度的不断增加,区域增温速率从0.25 ℃/10 a增长至0.48 ℃/10 a,降水变化速率从3.97 mm/10 a增长至14.58 mm/10 a。因此,需要高度重视中国北方农牧交错带气候变化的减缓和适应问题,以促进该区域的可持续发展。     

厌氧UASB－好氧工艺处理染料废水的研究

报道厌氧－好氧工艺处理染料废水的试验结果。厌氧段采用ＵＡＳＢ反应器，好氧段采用普通活性污泥法。试验结果表明，进水ＣＯＤ１１５０—１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度５００倍的染料废水，在厌氧段停留６—１０ｈ，可获得６０％以上的ＣＯＤ去除率，色度降到５０—１００倍。后续曝气６ｈ，总ＣＯＤ去除率可达８５％－９０％，色度降至２０倍左右。进出水的光谱分析揭示，染料废水的脱色主要发生在厌氧段．并且通过生物降解作用来实现。从这些结果得出，ＵＡＳＢ－好氧工艺是处理染料废水的一种经济有效的方法。     

我国可持续发展的矿产资源基础

我国是世界上矿产生产和消费大国。由于工业化起步晚、人口基数大，我国矿产资源相对不足。欲在此资源基础上实施国家可持续发展战略，除了继续增加资金和技术投入以扩大资源总量及完善法制和管理以加强节约外，加大矿产资源供应系统的开放性，增加关键短缺矿种，特别是油气资源的进口十分重要。世界工业化发展历史和我国多年经济发展的实践证明，高速的经济发展有赖于更为开放的矿产资源供应，而生活水平的提高和日益恶化的生态环境则迫使能源消费结构不断革新。从这一点出发，未来矿产资源供应建立在国内和国际市场“两个轮子”之上必将成为我国矿产可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。     

以循环经济为理念的钢铁企业环境保护设计思路

钢铁企业以循环经济为发展理念,环境保护设计应从污染预防、过程控制、末端治理、废物的资源化利用等全过程控制污染物产生和排放。包括按照物质、能量、信息流动的生态规律,减少污染物的产生量,从源头预防污染;在企业内部通过促进清洁生产,推进生态设计,合理利用资源和能源,实行工业污染全过程控制;通过采用先进的环境保护技术措施,实现污染物排放量的最小化;大力推进资源节约,实现钢铁企业固体废物资源化和高价值综合利用。