微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其培养条件优化的研究

采用常规的细菌分离纯化方法从土壤中分离出絮凝剂产生菌菌株,经过驯化培养后,以发酵液对高岭土混悬液的絮凝效果为指标,筛选出2株高效絮凝剂产生菌.采用单因素试验方法和正交试验设计方法,分析了影响絮凝效果的主要因素,对2个菌株的最佳培养条件进行了优化研究.结果表明:菌株S3产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件是碳源为葡萄糖(20g/L),氮源为酵母膏(2.5 g/L),培养温度为28℃,初始pH值为8,通气量为50 r/min;菌株S21产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件是乙醇(15 g/L),氮源为复合氮源(酵母膏 脲 硫酸铵)(1.6 g/L),培养温度为28℃,初始pH值为9,通气量为200r/min.     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性.实验表明,酱油废水由于碳源丰富,是一种良好的培养基.HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为:COD 20 000 mg/L,K2HPO41.0 g/L,培养3 d.最佳絮凝条件为在1 L高岭土水中投加10～15 mL微生物絮凝剂(MBF7),pH调至9,则絮凝率为90%以上;微生物絮凝剂在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用.     

微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水的研究

河道疏浚底泥含水率高、体积庞大,不便于储存、运输和资源化利用。首先需要对其进行减量化,使其快速脱水。通过筛选获得一株高效的微生物絮凝剂产生菌F22,通过试验获得其最佳培养条件:葡萄糖为碳源,酵母膏和尿素为氮源,培养时间为60h,培养温度为32℃。将F22菌株所产絮凝剂应用于底泥脱水,试验结果表明,当底泥泥浆(含水率为93%)体积为100mL时,絮凝体系最佳pH为8～10,助凝剂CaCl2最佳投加量为4～5mL,F22菌株发酵液最佳投加量为3mL;絮体在1min左右大部分沉降至底部,F22菌株所产絮凝剂能够使底泥快速脱水。F22菌株所产絮凝剂在絮凝过程中起作用的是糖类物质,其通过氢键结合力产生絮凝作用。     

微生物絮凝剂的制备及其对城市污水厂污泥的脱水

研究利用甘蔗渣作为廉价原材料制备微生物絮凝剂并探讨其对城市污泥的脱水性能。按0.5%最佳接种量接种,并利用发酵罐进行批式发酵培养,培养60 h后的发酵液具有最佳絮凝效果,投加量为5.0 mg/L时较优,污泥脱水率从75.60%提高到84.2%,污泥含水率从95.82%降至76.21%。此时絮凝剂粗产量为1.16 g/L。培养108 h后,发酵液仍具有显著的絮凝效果,能使污泥含水率维持在76.81%左右。补料发酵实验表明,恒pH培养会抑制微生物分泌絮凝剂,最佳絮凝效果为72 h的发酵液,投加量5.0 mg/L,污泥含水率降至76.47%。通过补料以及不控制pH后,发酵液絮凝效果迅速上升,投加不同量的发酵液使污泥的含水率保持在76.22%~75.60%之间。综合来说,补料在能减少原料浪费的同时也可以有效地提高絮凝剂的絮凝效果。     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，酱油废水由于碳源丰富，是一种良好的培养基。HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为：COD20000mg／L，K2HP041．0g／L，培养3d。最佳絮凝条件为在1L高岭土水中投加10～15mL微生物絮凝剂（MBF7），pH调至9，则絮凝率为90％以上；微生物絮凝荆在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用。     

两步法处理含油污水的研究

利用微生物法,分絮凝和降解两步处理含油污水。第1步优化了高效产絮凝剂菌絮凝条件。结果表明,培养40h的产絮凝剂菌液具有最佳的絮凝活性,菌液质量浓度为0.25g/L,投加量为6 mL/L,pH为5~14,絮凝助剂为CaCl2时絮凝效果最佳。第2步优化了高效降解菌的降解条件。结果表明,以原油为碳源,鱼粉为氮源,碳氮比(质量比)20∶1,初始pH=8,含油率9.0%,含水率60%时,降解菌降解率最高。在以上优化条件下,含油污水的原油去除率可达77.4%。因此,全程利用微生物,分絮凝富集、固体培养两步无害高效处理含油污水是可行的。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其絮凝特性

采用常规的微生物学方法，从垃圾渗滤液中筛选到一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌LB1，根据其形态学和生理生化特征初步鉴定该菌株属于假单胞菌属，命名为Pseudonomas sp. LB1。LB1所产微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性的研究结果表明，LB1的最佳产絮凝时间为96 h，所产絮凝活性物质主要是其生长过程中的胞外分泌物和细胞生长后期的次级代谢产物，菌体细胞本身具有一定的助凝作用。LB1所产絮凝剂最佳加样量为3％（体积分数V/V）；对pH的适应范围较宽，在4～10之间具有较高的絮凝活性，均大于75％；温度为25℃时絮凝率为86.3％，在25～60℃之间，絮凝率基本保持稳定；LB1所产絮凝剂对几种废水具有较好的絮凝效果。     

产微生物絮凝剂菌株的分离及絮凝特性研究

从某环保公司的污水处理设备好氧活性污泥和广西民族大学思源湖周边土壤中共分离出64个株菌,经过初筛和复筛得到14个絮凝率大于50%的株菌,最后对其中3个絮凝率最高的菌株进行了鉴定,分别属于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、阿氏芽孢杆菌(Priestia aryabhattai)、拉尔宽假单胞菌(Pseudomonas lalkuanensis)。每50 mL 2.5 g/L高岭土悬液只需投加1.0 mL发酵液,蜡状芽孢杆菌在发酵时间为36 h、发酵pH为7.0时,絮凝率最高可达87.7%;阿氏芽孢杆菌在发酵时间为48 h、发酵pH为7.0时,絮凝率最高可达91.1%;拉尔宽假单胞菌在发酵时间为84 h、发酵pH为8.0时,絮凝率最高可达91.0%。3个产微生物絮凝剂菌株发酵条件比较温和,所需发酵液投加量少,表现出较高的絮凝率。因此,3个产微生物絮凝剂菌株具有实现工业化生产的潜在价值。     

Mg2+对克雷伯氏菌NIII2及其诱变菌产絮凝剂特性的影响

研究了Mg2+对克雷伯氏菌NIII2及其诱变株NIII2-1、NIII2-2发酵产絮凝剂特性的影响作用。实验表明,发酵液未外加或投加较少量Mg2+时,3菌株均不分泌黄色物质,且易产酸,致使絮凝剂产量低,小于1.5 g/L。发酵液中加入Mg2+的浓度在0.5~0.7 mmol/L范围,絮凝剂产生时,伴随黄色分泌物出现,发酵液p H稳定在7.5左右,同时絮凝剂产量大大提高,可达9.7 g/L。未投加Mg2+,3菌株所产絮凝剂Zeta电位负值较大,分别为-59.2、-56.6、-52.1 m V,且蛋白质与糖含量比值小于0.5,絮凝活性低;而投加Mg2+所产絮凝剂Zeta电位值可升至-48.0 m V,3菌株所产絮凝剂中蛋白和糖含量比值分别可提高到1.87、3.29、2.03,对高岭土所产生的SS去除率均大于93%。未投加Mg2+时,诱变株NIII2-1、NIII2-2所产絮凝剂含有相当多的O-链接和N-链接的结构,而其他情况下所产絮凝剂则主要是O-链接结构。     

利用糖蜜废水生产微生物絮凝剂及条件优化和效果实验研究

用糖蜜废水取代葡萄糖作为发酵培养基中的碳源和能源培养微生物絮凝剂产生菌Pseudomonas alcaligenesPS-25。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:糖蜜废水COD浓度5 000 mg/L、培养基初始pH值6.5、接种量5%(体积比)、温度30℃、培养时间为72 h、摇床转速160 r/min,在此条件下,PS-25所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液絮凝率达96.75%,并且对多种废水都有较好的净化效果,对废水中浊度和色度的去除率分别在90%和80%以上,COD去除率在73.60%～91.10%。研究表明,用糖蜜废水培养PS-25生产微生物絮凝剂处理废水是完全可行的,从而实现废物的资源化利用。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.