大丰市饮水安全工作的实践与思考

农村饮水安全工程是一项民生工程、民心工程、德政工程。2011年,大丰市市委、市政府积极推进农村饮水安全工程项目区外的供水管网更新改造,全市自来水普及率达99.8%。饮水,是群众基本生活的必要保障,饮水安全事关群众健康和生命安全。饮水问题不仅是民生问题,更关乎国家大计。为确保供水安全,大丰市加大力度,多措并举,实施地表水、地下水和水源地保护。农村供水发展历程及取得的成就大丰市地处江苏省北部沿海地区,20世纪60年代之前,人畜用水主要为地表水。大丰市属第四纪海相沉     

中国农村饮水安全现状与建议

正农村饮水安全问题是一个巨大的民生工程,其不仅关系到村民的健康福祉,农村环境的治理和保护,也关系到整个国家的可持续发展。为此,需要政府的全方位推进,也需要社会资源的广泛参与。目前,据官方统计,到2010年底,全国农村饮水不安全人口为2.98亿人,另外11.4万所农村学校师生饮水安全存在问题,1其中,由于水质不达标造成不安全的人数超过2亿,而污染原因导致水质不达标的超过9千万。这对于     

7成以上河流湖泊遭受污染3亿多人饮水不安全

记从2004年12月22日召开的全国水利厅局长会议上了解到目前我国农村饮水安全形势仍然十分严峻，一些地区饮水存在水质严重不达标供水保证率低水性地方病等问题。水利部部长汪恕诚表示目前全国70％以上的河流湖泊遭受不同程度污染水污染不仅加剧了水资源的短缺。     

各省动态

河北：实施最严格水资源管理 今后10年,河北省将加大水利公共财政投入,目前,全省水利发展“十二五”规划已编制完成,5年总投资规模达1070亿元,平均每年200多亿元。河北省作为7个先行先试省份之一,将率先实行最严格的水资源管理制度。围绕加快构建水资源管理体系,将重点推进农田水利建设、城乡水环境综合治理、农村饮水安全等八大工程建设。     

环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全

农村饮水安全不仅仅是工程技术层面上的问题，更是一个法律问题。环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全具有重要的法律意义，农村饮水安全需要真正意义上的法定化，并设定农村安全饮水供给与需求保障机制、饮水安全市场交易机制、饮水安全管理机制多重法律保障机制。     

巩义伊洛河高品质水质安全与持续改善的科技需求

简介了巩义市社会经济发展概况和近年来伊洛河水质变化情况,提出应以伊洛河及其支流水质持续改善和保障下游饮水安全的技术需求为导向,重点开展化工企业水环境风险防范控制、高品质水质生态保障关键技术、乡镇混合污水处理关键技术、沿河土塬坡地面源污染控制关键技术等研究,构建伊洛河风险防范及高品质水质的生态保障综合技术体系,为伊洛河水质的持续改善和保障黄河干流下游饮水安全提供技术支撑。     

山东：建水源地长效保护机制

山东省要求今年年底前，农村规模集中供水工程建立水质检验室，对日供水1000立方米或供水人口万人以上的农村公共供水工程，完成保护区划定并制订保护方案，     

水库水质安全保障对策研究——以长潭水库为例

水库的供水功能日渐重要,水库水质安全已经成为保障社会稳定和经济发展的基础。水库环境污染问题不断加剧,保障水库水质安全日趋紧迫。水库水质安全保障需从外源污染控制、内源污染控制、水库生态系统恢复和突发事故应急等多方面着手。本文结合长潭水库情况,全面分析水库水质安全的保障对策。     

四川省农村饮用水水源地环境管理状况及对策建议

在系统调查的基础上,对四川省农村饮用水水源地水质等基本情况和环境管理状况进行了客观分析,讨论了水质、污染成因和环境管理方面存在的问题,从农村供水集约化、保护区规范化建设、分级管理、公众参与等方面提出了加强环境管理的建议。     

饮用水水源环境保护与人体健康的探讨

饮用水作为一类用途最为重要的水资源，与国民经济、人民生活息息相关。在水资源量严重短缺的情况下，饮用水水质的安全更是关系人民健康的重要因素。饮用水水源地的环境保护，则是确保水质安全与饮水群众身体健康的重要屏障。现代医学发现，人的疾病80％与水有关，当被污染的饮水进入人体后，就可能使人体罹患癌症或其他疾病。分析饮用水水源中不同类型污染物对人体健康的影响及其来源，从环境保护的角度提出防止饮用水污染的途径和方法，是摆在我们面前一个非常紧迫的任务。     

Evaluation of the vulnerability to contamination of drinking water systems for rural regions in Québec,Canada

The aim of this paper is to describe a method for evaluating the vulnerability of drinking water systems to contamination, in particular in rural regions used intensively for agriculture. To do so, various indicators were developed to represent the source to tap multi-barrier approach for drinking water safety. These indicators correspond to four barriers: source susceptibility to contamination; water treatment efficiency; distribution system management; and, overall management of water quality. The indicators were classified, regrouped and weighted within a model based on a multi-criteria analysis. The method was developed and applied to 39 municipal water systems of rural Quebec, Canada. The model obtained can be used for planning purposes to prioritise water systems requiring improvements.     

重庆三峡库区饮用水安全存在的问题与对策研究

饮用水源的污染以及常规的水处理工艺去除污染的局限性等原因，使库区人民健康正面临日益严重的威胁。结合三峡库区特殊的自然条件和社会经济发展水平，本文分析了库区饮用水安全存在的问题，并提出供水水质安全保障对策，即加强水污染控制，保护水源安全；采用先进、适用的净水技术；控制生活饮用水的二次污染，为库区构建新型的安全饮用水保障体系。     

Is risk associated with drinking water in Australia of significant concern to justify mandatory regulation?

Presently in Australia there are no mandatory drinking water standards. Here we argue that the risk associated with drinking water in Australia is of a dimension discernible to warrant mandatory regulations. The catchments that supply the major metropolitan areas of Sydney and Adelaide, and the groundwater for the city of Perth have been seriously compromised by the encroachment of development and activities. Melbourne in the past has generally relied on a closed catchment reservoir system; however, population growth in the near future will sequester the full online operation of additional reservoirs, which have multiple land use catchments. In addition to the current landscape circumstances, the management of a water system in itself proposes significant issues of risk. Two critical assumptions that are unique to a mass medium substance like water and dramatically alter the appraisal of risk are: (1) very large numbers of people are potentially exposed, and (2) small changes in contaminant levels may have adverse population outcomes. It is also known that water reticulation systems frequently suffer from contamination problems caused solely by the distribution system, and optimal management of these facilities would best be served by statutory protected transparency and dedicated water quality programs. In 1979, an Australian parliamentary committee stated that an “uncontaminated water supply is” a “basic requirement for the obtainment of good health”; however, recent surveys of Australian water systems show many are not meeting basic water quality criteria, and many communities are not receiving regular monitoring or testing as required by government authorized Australian drinking water guidelines. Exacerbating this situation is the lack of reporting and statutory endorsed standardized procedures to ensure information is properly and promptly recorded and that data are centralized for maximum benefit. The evaluation of risk associated with drinking water in Australia is often hampered by inadequate or incomplete data. Lastly, regional and rural water supplies face a vast array of contemporary problems and experiences that include widespread usage of pesticides and agricultural chemicals. In recent years, the Darling River has experienced the worst algal bloom known to man, and this river system not only supplies a number of regional and rural towns with water, but eventually connects with the River Murray, which supplies the State of South Australia with approximately 50% of its water requirements.     

Survey of trace metals in drinking water supplied to rural populations in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela

To ascertain the water quality for human consumption, chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, zinc, copper and manganese were measured during four sampling periods (November 2002; March, May and July 2003) in drinking water wells which supply several forest camps and rural populations located in the eastern Llanos of Venezuela. Copper levels in drinking water in November 2002 were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other assessed periods. Temporal variations of the other parameters considered were not statistically significant. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were found to be extremely low (mean concentration+/-S.D. of 0.27+/-0.25mg/l for Ca and 0.219+/-0.118 for Mg) during the four sampling periods, probably because of the carbonate bearing scarcity in the soils lithic component. The rest of the metals complied with the Venezuelan and International guidelines of quality criteria for drinking water.     

Mapping non-conventional atmospheric drinking-water harvesting opportunities in Central Eurasia: The case of Kazakhstan

Drinking water scarcity is becoming an urgent problem worldwide, and it affects developing and developed countries alike. Kazakhstan is not an exception and has its primary sources of drinking water (groundwater, rivers, and lakes) continuously depleted and polluted; moreover, the country will be close to its exploitation limits within the following decades. However, modern technologies allow us to harvest drinking water from unintegrated sources, like the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to research which non-conventional technologies can be used to obtain drinking water from unintegrated sources for the country, considering the cost, viability of use through the year, and local climate conditions. Thus, the present assessment was performed for the 14 demographic regions in Kazakhstan and two city-states, and a map depicting the most feasible technology for each region is presented, including their levelized cost per liter. Seven mature technologies were found to be feasible in Kazakhstani year-round climates. However, Air AW₃ technology and Artificial Glaciers (AG) were the most cost-effective for family-size and village-size solutions, respectively. The water provided via utility pipelines proved to be the most cost-effective manner, when available, to supply drinking water at a family-size scale, but found a less expensive competitor in the AG technology for village-size solutions. Moreover, the lack of utility water pipelines in some Kazakhstani regions, principally countryside rural areas, makes it vital to deploy and implement these alternative water-harvesting technologies to guarantee the future water security of these regions.     

基于MODFLOW数值模拟法的地下水饮用水源保护区划分

我国城乡居民饮用水安全现状不容乐观,饮用水源污染已经成为较突出的社会问题,其中地下水饮用水源污染更为突出.饮用水源保护区划分是保证水质安全的重要措施,饮用水源保护区划分方法较多,其中数值模拟法能客观并详细地描述含水层结构与水文地质条件,适用于各种背景的地下水水源研究.本文以崇州市城区饮用水源为例,采用MODFLOW软件建立地下水渗流场,应用MODPATH对水源地抽水井进行粒子逆向示踪模拟,根据不同的时间标准确定一、二级保护区范围,并结合区域水文地质条件和地标、地界特点确定各级保护区的界线.     

Universal access to water and sanitation: Why the private sector must participate

Against the background of the current state of provision of drinking water and sanitation in the world — with one billion lacking safe water, and 2.2 billion not having adequate sanitation — this article argues that private participation is necessary. The most important issues for the management of water utilities in the 21^st century are identified as mobilizing investment for the highly capital intensive operation of water supply and sanitation infrastructure, and achieving efficiency in the delivery of services. The article highlights the issues that need to be raised if private investment is to be seriously considered as an alternative. Case studies, especially from Latin America (Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia), illustrate different modes of private participation, and possible reasons for successes and failures are discussed. The article stresses that regardless of the modality of private sector involvement, on‐going government regulatory responsibility in the water sector is crucial. It suggests that regulatory policy must go beyond just setting tariffs, to develop standards for drinking water quality and waste treatment, as well as other standards. In conclusion, the article recognizes that numerous and increasingly difficult challenges face utilities in fulfilling their responsibility to deliver drinking water of adequate quality, in sufficient quantity, and at affordable prices, as well as safe and sustainable disposal of wastewaters for members of urban and rural communities.     

Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability

This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated.     

A model of costs and resources for rural and peri-urban water supply and sanitation in the 1990s

This article develops a model of cost and financing strategies for rural and peri-urban water supply and sanitation. It suggests that significant progress towards the World Summit for Children's goal of universal access to water supply and sanitation can be made if a combination of strategies is adopted. On the cost side, significant cost reductions should be possible through efficiency in resource use and reduction of system management costs. On the financing side, it suggests restructuring the financing of the sector with improved efficiency and greater cost recovery in urban services; full recovery of operation and maintenance costs; cost sharing through community contributions in kind such as local labour and financially in rural and peri-urban water supply for basic levels of service depending on willingness and ability to pay and full cost recovery for higher levels of service; a high degree of cost recovery in rural and peri-urban sanitation; development of institutional structures for both collection and management of revenues; development of alternate financing mechanisms such as rural credit schemes and revolving funds, adapted in specific country contexts, including the required institutional mechanisms; and additional allocations from governments and external support agencies. Additional government or external financing alone, while critical, will not of itself lead to effectiveness in the use of resources. Equally, cost recovery alone cannot lead to universal access and sustainable solutions. A composite set of actions is needed within which building capacities of institutions and people is necessary for sustainability .     

推进厕所革命需要解决的技术问题及措施建议

厕所问题是当前城乡发展不平衡与不充分的最直接体现。推进厕所革命是一项系统工程,不仅对材料、能源、环保、建筑等产业技术提出新的要求,也是生态文明建设关键一环,涉及生态环保、卫生健康、乡村建设、文明进步、可持续发展等多重目标。近年来,我国开展大量农村厕所整治工作,取得阶段性重要成果,但在厕所系统性、理念意识、安全舒适、技术适应性等方面仍有差距。建议围绕厕所革命的阶段性多目标要求进行系统部署,以整体提升厕所系统的环保卫生、安全舒适、经济持续性为核心,准确把握技术创新发展路径,增强多技术方案供给和商业模式选择,增强农民群众在乡村振兴中的获得感。