吉林省镍矿区玉米体内重金属累积分布规律及其与土壤重金属全量的关系

矿山开采和冶炼可对矿区土壤造成不同程度的重金属污染。为了明确吉林省镍矿区耕地土壤/植物体系中重金属的迁移累积规律,在吉林省镍矿区采集了27个区域的土壤和玉米植株样品。结果表明,吉林省镍矿区土壤p H为5.00~6.82,有机质的含量为2.79%~7.93%,部分采样点的Cd和Pb超出吉林省土壤背景值,大部分采样点的Cu和Ni超出吉林省土壤背景值,所有采样点的Zn超出吉林省土壤背景值。玉米籽粒中Cd和Pb未检出,玉米茎中Cd未检出,27个采样点中有23个采样点的玉米籽粒Ni含量超过我国粮食及制品中重金属限量标准(NY 861-2004),而仅有4个采样点的籽粒Zn含量超过我国限量标准,所有采样点的籽粒Cu含量明显低于我国限量标准。随土壤重金属全量增加,玉米根Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn含量均呈增加趋势,其中根Cd,Cu,Ni含量与土壤重金属Cd,Cu,Ni全量呈显著正相关,而根Pb和Zn含量与土壤重金属Pb和Zn全量相关性不显著。     

施入城市生活垃圾堆肥对玉米植株重金属分布及土壤养分的影响

以玉米为供试作物,研究施入生活垃圾堆肥对土壤和玉米各器官重金属分布规律及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：连续3年施肥,土壤速效养分的含量明显增加;土壤重金属呈现累积,但含量远远低于二级土壤标准（GB 15618—1995）;植株中重金属含量表现为根部〉茎秆〉叶片〉籽粒,Cd在植株根部富集,但未大量向其他部位转移,玉米植株地上部分重金属含量明显低于饲料卫生标准（GB 13078—2001）。由此推断,在短期内（3年）,年施入60 000 kg·hm^-2的垃圾堆肥能提高土壤肥力,且暂时不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不影响玉米植株的饲用;使用多年后应及时监测,以保证安全性。     

四川省马边磷矿区水环境中典型重金属污染分析

马边磷矿区磷矿资源丰富,区内磷矿开采企业较多。在开采的过程中难免会对当地的河水造成一定的影响。为了进一步了解马边磷矿区的环境影响问题,本文通过对磷矿区采集的水体样品和同一地点的水系沉积物样品进行分析测试,共检测了Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn六种重金属元素的含量,采用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中的重金属污染程度进行了综合评价。结果如下:马边磷矿区河水中的重金属元素的浓度较低,6种重金属元素含量均低于国家标准(GB3838-2002)。水系沉积物中的重金属元素含量较高,其中:Cd、Pb、Zn分别为2. 06mg/kg、182. 39mg/kg、479. 13 mg/kg。与四川省土壤元素背景值相比:Cd元素超标25. 7倍,Pb元素超标5. 9倍,Zn元素超标5. 5倍,其余元素未超标。与马边地区1∶20万区域水系沉积物背景值相比:Cd元素超标3. 12倍,Pb元素超标3. 3倍,Zn元素超标2. 5倍,As元素超标1. 6倍,Cu、Cr元素含量在背景值以内。与“中国土壤元素背景值”相比:Cd元素超标29. 4倍,Pb元素超标7. 7倍,Zn元素超标7. 1倍。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明:Cd的生态危害指数最大,其次为Pb和As,其余Cu、Cr、Zn等元素属于轻微生态风险。     

广西不同类型农田土壤重金属含量状况分析

以《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）的二级标准值作为判定依据,对广西水田、园地、旱地3类农田土壤的8种重金属含量超标情况进行统计分析。结果表明,3类农田土壤重金属含量超标率较高的元素是Cd、Hg、Ni,其次是As、Zn,而Cu、Pb、Cr较低;旱地土壤重金属超标率远高于水田和园地,水田又高于园地;在超标样品中,水田和园地以单项重金属超标为主,旱地以多项重金属复合超标为主。     

宝鸡市大气降尘中重金属元素来源分析

解析宝鸡市区大气降尘中重金属元素的来源，评价7个元素的浓度含量，为宝鸡地区大气污染防治提供参考依据。利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对样品中所含有的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni和Fe七种重金属元素采用相关性与富集因子分析法进行了研究分析。分析表明，Pb与Cd相关性明显，Cr和Ni主要来源于土壤颗粒，Pb、Zn和Cu可能叠加了人为污染，Cd元素局部污染严重。由数据对照分析可知，宝鸡市区整个大气环境质量有明显的提高，Pb、Zn和Cu元素在市区中部和西部均有明显的降低，而东部新增点位相对污染较重，Cd元素含量较高，应该与该地区工业污染有关。     

柴窝堡湖表层底泥重金属污染评价

研究了乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖表层底泥的重金属含量,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对底泥中的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超出乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值。除湖心区外,Cd在5个监测区域中的潜在生态危害均为中等;其它重金属在5个采样点的潜在生态危害均为轻微。各重金属间的相关性分析表明,Zn与Cu,Pb与Cd、Cu呈显著正相关,说明这4种元素污染源可能相同。柴窝堡湖表层底泥受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染,需采取相应措施防止重金属由底泥进入水相。     

广西车河矿区表层土壤重金属污染及风险评价

以广西河池某矿区公路沿线的土壤样品作为研究对象,分析土壤中Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd 6种重金属含量及分布特征,采用潜在危险生态指数法对土壤环境质量进行评价。研究结果表明:矿区周边沿线表层土壤中重金属的平均含量普遍较高,Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd平均含量分别为41.97mg/kg、58.67mg/kg、98.52mg/kg、589.06 mg/kg、24.06mg/kg、5.09 mg/kg,均高出了当地的背景值;用Hakanson潜在危险生态指数法研究表明,6种重金属对对该地区的生态风险影响程度由高到低为:CdPbZnCuNiCr,说明该区的主要生态风险因素是Cd。     

潍坊市大气颗粒物中重金属污染特征

为了解潍坊市大气颗粒物中重金属浓度特征及其来源,于2014年对环境空气中颗粒物进行采样,分析了不同粒径颗粒物上的重金属(Fe、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Mn、As、Ni、Zn)含量。结果显示,可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细颗粒物(PM_(25))中主要重金属为Fe、Zn、Pb、Cu、Mn。重金属Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu主要富集在PM_(25)上。重金属浓度一般表现为冬季最高,这可能是人为污染和气候共同作用造成的。通过富集因子和主因子分析,PM_(25)中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd是人为源贡献的,冶金、电镀和燃煤是主要人为源。     

玉滩湖表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了掌握重庆玉滩湖表层沉积物重金属污染情况,监测了玉滩湖表层沉积物中Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的相对含量,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,玉滩湖表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的平均含量分别为28.41mg/kg、0.75mg/kg、46.04mg/kg、66.98mg/kg、131.55mg/kg,Pb和Cu受人为活动影响较大;重金属污染程度为Cu(轻度)Pb(轻微)Cd(轻微)Zn(轻微)Cr(无污染);有机质含量和重金属Pb、Cd含量显著正相关,是玉滩湖流域重金属污染防治的重点因子;玉滩湖总体的生态风险程度为轻微,重金属单项潜在生态风险程度为Cd(中等)Cu(轻微)Pb(轻微)Zn(轻微)Cr(轻微),Cd是主要的生态风险因子。     

嘉兴市蔬菜土壤重金属含量的初步调查分析

对嘉兴市蔬菜土壤中Cu、Zn、Ph、Cd、Cr、As、Ni进行测定分析,利用单因子污染指数法和2种不同评价标准评价土壤重金属的环境质量状况。结果发现,各重金属平均含量均高于其背景含量;Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni和As的浓度均有个别地方的含量超过了国家《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618--1995）二级标准限值;土壤质量受到各种重金属不同程度的影响,存在着显著的空间分异,而Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的污染是引起嘉兴地区土壤质量下降的主要原因。随着嘉兴地区城镇化空间扩展的推进与土地利用方式的变化,可能会导致新污染区的出现与土壤质量的下降。     

Trace element concentrations in soil, corn leaves, and grain after cessation of biosolids applications

From 1974 to 1984, 543 Mg ha(-1) of biosolids were applied to portions of a land-reclamation site in Fulton County, IL. Soil organic C increased to 5.1% then decreased significantly (p < 0.01) to 3.8% following cessation of biosolids applications (1985-1997). Metal concentrations in amended soils (1995-1997) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) (Ni and Zn) or were significantly lower (p < 0.05) (6.4% for Cd and 8.4% for Cu) than concentrations from 1985-1987. For the same biosolids-amended fields, metal concentrations in corn (Zea mays L.) either remained the same (p > 0.05, grain Cu and Zn) or decreased (p < 0.05, grain Cd and Ni, leaf Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) for plants grown in 1995-1997 compared with plants grown immediately following termination of biosolids applications (1985-1987). Biosolids application increased (p < 0.05) Cd and Zn concentrations in grain compared with unamended fields (0.01 to 0.10 mg kg(-1) for Cd and 23 to 28 mg kg(-1) for Zn) but had no effect (p > 0.05) on grain Ni concentrations. Biosolids reduced (p < 0.05) Cu concentration in grain compared with grain from unamended fields (1.9 to 1.5 mg kg(-1)). Biosolids increased (p < 0.05) Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations in leaves compared with unamended fields (0.3 to 5.6 mg kg(-1) for Cd, 0.2 to 0.5 mg kg(-1) for Ni, and 32 to 87 mg kg(-1) for Zn), but had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on leaf Cu concentrations. Based on results from this field study, USEPA's Part 503 risk model overpredicted transfer of these metals from biosolids-amended soil to corn.     

河南农田土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

在河南境内取自农田土壤102例表层样品，分析了其中的Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、As等8种重金属元素的含量。结果表明：河南农田土壤中除Cr偶有超出我国《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）二级标准的土样外，其他项目均不超标，重金属污染由高到低排序为Cr〉Zn〉Ni〉Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉As。重金属元素在河南各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显，按4种主要土壤利用类型考查来看，重金属污染程度大小排序为：果园地〉水田〉菜地〉其他粮田；河南农田土壤综合污染指数总平均为0．981，土壤总体为尚清洁，重金属污染处于警戒水平；河南农田土壤中Cr含量较高的土壤主要是粗骨土与石质土，其天然本底值较高。     

杭州城区河道底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对杭州城区34条河道45个点位河道底泥进行采样,分析了pH及汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍等重金属含量,并进行污染及潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,监测点位的底泥为中性偏碱性,重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动很大,部分河道底泥重金属中汞、铅、镉、铬、锌、镍等有不同程度的超标,少数河道镉、铬、锌污染严重;按《农用污泥中污染物控...     

超声波去除农用污泥中重金属的试验研究

污水处理厂污泥中的重金属浓度高是污泥农用的主要障碍。为了降低农用污泥中的重金属含量,以Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb为对象,研究了超声波对其的影响。结果表明:超声对污泥中重金属有一定的溶出作用。当超声时间为30min时,溶解状态Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb的析出率分别为42.1%、37.5%、12.7%、14.7%;总的析出率分别为52.7%、44.7%、23.6%、71%。其中析出的Pb大部分以胶体状态存在,而溶解状态只占很少一部分。其他几种金属则以溶解状态为主。     

菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系重金属污染及迁移特征评价

为研究抗生素制药菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系中重金属的污染及迁移特征的影响,选取新疆伊宁县某试验田作为研究对象,运用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价抗生素施加后农田土壤重金属污染状况,采用富集系数(BCF)来表示重金属在土壤—作物体系间的迁移性能.研究表明:大豆和玉米在苗期、开花期和成熟期所有地块的重金属含量均达到标...     

Characteristic levels of heavy metals in sediments and dredged sediments of a municipal creek in the Niger delta, Nigeria

Characteristic levels of metal ions in post dredged sediment and dredged sediments materials of a municipal creek in the Niger Delta show that significant concentrations of heavy metals are found to be accumulated more on the surface (0–15cm depth) of the dredged material as compared to the sub surface (15–30cm) and post dredged sediments. The distribution patterns were in the following order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd for the post dredged sediment and dredged sediment materials respectively. The levels of the various metals were far below the EPA screening levels for open water disposal, consequently total levels of heavy metal found in these sediments pose no problem by open-water or upland disposal     

Total Contents and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater,Akaki, Ethiopia

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0–20 and 30–50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0–20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30–50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.     

Use of constructed wetland for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a continuous free surface flow wetland for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater, in Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate (GAIE), Swabi, Pakistan. Industrial wastewater samples were collected from the in-let, out-let and all cells of the constructed wetland (CW) and analyzed for heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) using standard methods. Similarly, samples of aquatic macrophytes and sediments were also analyzed for selected heavy metals. Results indicate that the removal efficiencies of the CW for Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Cu were 50%, 91.9%, 74.1%, 40.9%, 89%, and 48.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the CW was efficient enough to remove the heavy metals, particularly Cd, Fe, and Cu, from the industrial wastewater fed to it. However, it is suggested that the metal removal efficiency of the CW can be further enhanced by using proper management of vegetation and area expansion of the present CW.     

湘中某工业区农田重金属污染的初步研究

通过2年的定点调查,研究了湘中某工业区附近农田土壤、糙米中重金属含量状况;并对重金属在水稻植株中的含量分布,以及影响糙米中重金属含量的土壤因素进行了探讨。