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1.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1983,17(1):121-126
This study utilizes long-path Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy to examine the photooxidation of methanol by chlorine atoms and the subsequent fate of the hydroxymethyl radical produced in the reaction.At one atmosphere under oxygen rich conditions (20%), the hydroxymethyl radical undergoes an abstraction reaction with oxygen to form formaldehyde and hydroperoxyl radicals rather than an addition reaction to produce peroxyhydroxymethyl radicals.The rate constant for Cl + HCOOH was determined to be 8.9 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. 相似文献
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The fungicide diclobutrazol (2RS,3RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol was irradiated by ultra-violet light in methanol solution using (1) borosilicate glass apparatus and (2) quartz apparatus. The major differences observed were that photodegradation occurred more rapidly in (2) than (1) and more breakdown products were found in the former. Using g.c.-m.s. ten compounds were detected in (1) of which five were identified. In (2) twelve of the eighteen compounds observed were identified and the major component was 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-one. The compounds reported were formed by oxidation, loss of chlorine or by cyclisation. This previously unreported cyclisation gave the s-triazolo-(5,1a)isoquinoline ring system. 相似文献
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Subhasish K. Chakraborty Savitri Chakraborty Anjan Bhattacharyya Ashim Chowdhury 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(11):919-926
Photolysis of oxyfluorfen, an herbicide of the nitrodiphenyl ether class, was studied in aqueous methanol under UV and sunlight. UV irradiation was carried out in a borosilicate glass photoreactor (containing 250 ppm oxyfluorfen in 50% aqueous methanol) equipped with a quartz filter and 125 watt mercury lamp (maximum output 254 nm) at 25 ± 1°C. Sunlight irradiation was conducted at 28 ± 1°C in borosilicate Erlenmeyer flasks containing 250 ppm oxyfluorfen in 50% aqueous methanol. The samples from both the irradiated conditions were withdrawn at a definite time interval and extracted to measure oxyfluorfen content by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector for rate study. The half-life values were 20 hours and 2.7 days under UV and sunlight exposure, respectively. Photolysis of oxyfluorfen yielded 13 photoproducts of which three were characterized by infrared spectrophotometer and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The rest of the photoproducts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). An ionization potential 70 eV was used for electron impact-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and methane was used as reagent gas for chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (CI-MS). Two of the photoproducts were also synthesized for comparison. The main phototransformation pathways of oxyfluorfen involved nitro reduction, dechlorination, and hydrolysis as well as nucleophiles displacement reaction. 相似文献
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Pramanik SK Das S Bhattacharyya A 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(7):569-575
Penoxsulam is a triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide group of rice herbicide. The phototransformation of penoxsulam was studied under UV light (lambda max >or= 290 nm) and sunlight in aqueous methanol and acetonitrile solvent system using TiO2 as sensitizer. The rate of photodegradation of penoxsulam in different solvent systems followed first-order kinetics and calculated half-lives was found to be in the range of 51.89-73.41 h and 62.70-97.09 h for UV light and sunlight respectively in the presence or absence of sensitizer. From this study, a total of six photoproducts were identified and characterized on the basis of Q-Tof micromass spectral data. The plausible mechanism of phototransformation involved were hydrolysis, photo oxidation of the sulfonamide group, breaking of sulfonamide bond, loss of amino and sulfonic acid group. 相似文献
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针对延长气田采气一厂甲醇污水处理站运行中换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢严重、甲醇回收率低、处理后水水质不达标等问题,采用水质分析、结垢分析与工艺原因分析等方法,分析原因并采取相应措施。结果表明:预处理效果差、精馏塔分离效果差是造成这些问题的主要原因;采用优化预处理药剂加量、优化加药工艺和优化甲醇回收工艺等措施,使甲醇污水处理装置持续稳定运行,提高了甲醇污水预处理效果,降低了换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢程度,提高了甲醇回收率。处理后水水质稳定,含油量、悬浮固体含量、悬浮物粒径中值均达标,可满足平均空气渗透率≤0.01 μm2地层的回注要求。 相似文献
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治理电镀废水实用技术 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
处理电镀废水的方法较多,相比而言,化学法是成熟可靠的处理工艺,而且适合我国国情,一次性投资少,上马快。采用一体化高效重金属废水处理机,结构紧凑,占地小,具有操作管理简便,出水水质达标,运作可靠等特点。 相似文献
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The physiological responses of the acid-sensitive amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed in situ to acid stress (pH4.5 and 5.5) and then transferred back to neutral water were investigated. Survival rate and haemolymph [Cl(-)] and [Na(+)] were assessed after 24, 48 and 72h of exposure in acidic streams and after a recovery period of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60h. After 24h, exposure to slightly acidic (pH5.5) and strongly acidic water (pH4.5) led to a severe and significant depletion in haemolymph [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] compared to organisms exposed in circumneutral water (pH7.3). However, after only a 12h-period of transfer back in neutral water and whatever the previous exposure time (24, 48 and 72h) in both slightly and strongly acidic water, haemolymph [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] were equal or superior to the control level without associated mortality. In spite of this fast physiological recovery capacity, populations of G. fossarum living in streams undergoing episodic acid stresses were drastically affected thus, demonstrating the high acid-sensitivity of this species. We discuss the possible reasons of population regression and the absence of population recovery. 相似文献
8.
用TPD,TPSR-MS活性评价等方法,用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂,对CO2加氢合成甲醇的原料气掺入适量CO2进行了研究。结果表明CO2能占据催化剂表面部分CO2的吸附位,能抑制CO2加氢的逆水汽变换反应和促进甲醇合成,从而大大提高了CO2加事成甲醇的选择性和收率。 相似文献
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生物传感器在环境监测中的应用及发展前景 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简单介绍了生物传感器的结构和基本原理、种类和特点,重点论述了生物传感器在水、大气及其他环境监测中的应用,展望了生物传感器未来的发展前景及发展方向。 相似文献
10.
P.L. Law M.P. Zelenka A.H. Huber T.R. McCurdy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):491-500
The probabilistic National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Exposure Model applied to carbon monoxide (pNEM/CO) was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to estimate frequency distributions of population exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and the resulting carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels. To evaluate pNEM/CO, the model was set up to simulate CO exposure data collected during a Denver Personal Exposure Monitoring Study (PEM) conducted during the winter of 1982-1983. This paper compares computer-simulated exposure distributions obtained by pNEM/CO with the observed cumulative relative frequency distributions of population exposure to CO from 779 people in the Denver PEM study. The subjects were disaggregated into two categories depending upon whether they lived in a home with a gas stove or an electric stove. The observed and predicted population exposure frequency distributions were compared in terms of 1-hr daily maximum exposure (1DME) and 8-hr daily maximum moving average exposure (8DME) for people living in homes with gas stove or an electric stove. For 1DME, the computer-simulated results from pNEM/CO agreed most closely within the range of 6-13 ppm, but overestimated occurrences at low exposure (<6 ppm) and underestimated occurrences at high exposure (>13 ppm). For 8DME, the predicted exposures agreed best with observed exposures in the range of CO concentration between 5.5 and 7 ppm, and over-predicted occurrences below 5.5 ppm and under-predicted occurrences above 7 ppm. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of phosphate recovery from greenhouse wastewaters by using precipitation/crystallization process. More than 90% of the phosphate could be removed from the greenhouse wastewater. Various calcium phosphate salts were obtained in the process; hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] could be the main product from the precipitates. Phosphate removal was affected by the presence of magnesium ion in wastewaters. An increase of magnesium concentrations in wastewaters decreased phosphate removal rates. The chemical contents of precipitates in terms of calcium, magnesium and phosphate were affected by calcium to magnesium molar ratio. Higher calcium contents were obtained at wastewaters with high calcium to magnesium molar ratio. An addition of magnesium did not affect the potassium contents in the precipitates. K-struvite, MgKPO4 x 6H2O, was not the major product in the precipitate, even with addition of a large quantity of magnesium. 相似文献
14.
P A Gabele 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association》1990,40(3):296-304
In response to the occurrence of the increasingly severe ambient ozone exceedances, regional environmental managers are examining the possibility of a cleaner fuel for automobiles. At this time the leading candidate appears to be methanol. In anticipation of a shift to methanol, flexible-fueled automobiles capable of operating on gasoline and/or methanol are being developed. This study examines both the exhaust and evaporative emissions from a prototype General Motors Variable Fuel Corsica. Results are reported for tests conducted at temperatures of 40 degrees, 75 degrees, and 90 degrees F, and for fuels M0 M25, M50, M85, and M100. In addition to regulated emissions and fuel economy, emission rates for methanol, aldehydes, and a large number of hydrocarbon compounds were measured. The data indicate that increasing the fuel's methanol content does not affect the exhaust organic emission rate (calculated in accordance with the regulation) from flexible-fueled cars, but formaldehyde and methanol comprise increasingly greater portions of the organic material while hydrocarbons comprise less. Increasing fuel methanol content has no significant effect on exhaust regulated emission rates (organic material, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) nor on the composition of total hydrocarbons, except for methane, which increases substantially. The effect of ambient temperature on both exhaust and evaporative emissions is similar to its effect on gasoline cars: organic and carbon monoxide exhaust emissions increase substantially at the lower temperatures, and evaporative emissions increase steadily with increases in temperature. 相似文献
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采用电絮凝技术对含PAM的三次采油废水进行处理,研究了不同极板、pH、电流密度、极板间距、搅拌速度、反应时间以及极性交换周期对大庆三次采油废水处理效果的影响。通过处理效果和成本分析,铝作为极板时处理效果要优于铁板,最佳实验条件下COD去除率达到了94.6%。同时对三次采油废水的主要性质和电絮凝处理三次采油废水的作用机理进行了分析,发现COD主要通过絮凝沉降作用去除,而电化学氧化作用和气浮作用对COD的去除效果并不显著。与普通化学混凝法相比,电絮凝处理三次采油废水在处理效果和成本方面有着独特的优势。 相似文献
16.
针对海洋柴油溢油,采用破乳剂对油水快速分离进行了研究.分别对油水比、温度、破乳剂量及存在Ca2 、Mg2 的影响因素,进行了系列油水快速分离试验,并测定了破乳剂作用下乳液的界面张力.试验结果表明,柴油溢油形成的乳液稳定性较差,油水分离较容易,但分离后的水中含油量较高.加入聚醚类非离子型破乳剂FA、FB、FC和FD,可达到油水低温、快速分离的目的,且分离后的水中含油量较低.随着破乳剂浓度的增加,界面张力降低,当破乳剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,界面张力最小,脱水效果最好.Ca2 、Mg2 对聚醚类非离子型破乳剂的影响很小. 相似文献
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Modeling recovery of Swedish ecosystems from acidification 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dynamic models complement existing time series of observations and static critical load calculations by simulating past and future development of chemistry in forest and lake ecosystems. They are used for dynamic assessment of the acidification and to produce target load functions, that describe what combinations of nitrogen and sulfur emission reductions are needed to achieve a chemical or biological criterion in a given target year. The Swedish approach has been to apply the dynamic acidification models MAGIC, to 133 lakes unaffected by agriculture and SAFE, to 645 productive forest sites. While the long-term goal is to protect 95% of the area, implementation of the Gothenburg protocol will protect approximately 75% of forest soils in the long term. After 2030, recovery will be very slow and involve only a limited geographical area. If there had been no emission reductions after 1980, 87% of the forest area would have unwanted soil status in the long term. In 1990, approximately 17% of all Swedish lakes unaffected by agriculture received an acidifying deposition above critical load. This fraction will decrease to 10% in 2010 after implementation of the Gothenburg protocol. The acidified lakes of Sweden will recover faster than the soils. According to the MAGIC model the median pre-industrial ANC of 107 microeq L(-1) in acid sensitive lakes decreased to about 60 microeq L(-1) at the peak of the acidification (1975-1990) and increases to 80 microeq L(-1) by 2010. Further increases were small, only 2 microeq L(-1) between 2010 and 2040. Protecting 95% of the lakes will require further emission reductions below the Gothenburg protocol levels. More than 7000 lakes are limed regularly in Sweden and it is unlikely that this practice can be discontinued in the near future without adverse effects on lake chemistry and biology. 相似文献
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Mussels as indicators of biological recovery zone 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM) is a global contaminant of unknown origin that is structurally related to the endocrine modulating pesticides 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and Dicofol. Therefore, the potential reproductive toxic effects of TCPM were investigated in sexually mature male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 20) treated with 1.0, 10.0 or 100 ppm of TCPM mixed in the diet for 28 days. The calculated TCPM intake was 0.0, 0.1, 1.2 and 12.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in terminal blood samples were significantly (P < 0.02) elevated in the highest dose group compared to the controls. In contrast, dietary exposure to TCPM had no effect on circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and the T/LH ratio. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with increasing concentrations of TCPM failed to either induce proliferation or to block the proliferative effect induced by estradiol indicating that TCPM is neither estrogenic or anti-estrogenic. Relative binding affinity studies using androgen receptors from the prostate revealed that TCPM has a binding affinity comparable to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), the principle metabolite of DDT. In addition, the calculated Ki (0.62 microM) for TCPM is lower than the reported Ki's for the antiandrogenic pesticides p,p'-DDE and vinclozolin. Although TCPM binds with the androgen receptor in vitro, the absence of both an effect on serum T levels and morphological changes in the testis suggests that the mechanism of action for elevated FSH levels seen in vivo may not involve an antiandrogenic effect of TCPM at the dose level used in this study. The no adverse effect level for reproductive effects of TCPM is 10 ppm which is equivalent to a calculated intake of 1.2 mg/kg/day. 相似文献