红壤坡地茶园蒸腾及影响因子研究

用整株容器法研究了红壤坡地茶园的蒸腾作用。结果显示：（1）茶园蒸腾速率具有明显的早晚低、中午高的日变化特征，但在不同的日期蒸腾速率日变化曲线存在一定差异。（2）蒸腾速率受诸多田间小气候因子的影响，相关分析及多元逐步回归分析表明，气温与净辐射是影响茶园蒸腾作用的2个主要气象因子。（3）蒸腾速率与叶片气孔导度关系密切，且随着气孔导度的增加，蒸腾速率增大，最后探讨了植物蒸腾驱动力及其抑制的可能性及气孔行为的调节与水分利用。     

自然条件下植物叶片CO2同化率昼夜变化的生理生态特性

本文利用二氧化碳分析仪及开放式叶室，分别于旱、温季节在野外观测１３种乔木树种的叶片ＣＯ２同化速率的全天变化，分析各种植物白天净光合速率曲线类型的特点和夜间呼吸与气温的回归关系．结果：７月份植物白天光合时间相对较长，中午，植物光合曲线的午休现象表现不一，曲线特征取决于种的生物特性及环境因子．在气温较高的范围内（２５～３０℃）夜间阔叶树种的呼吸与气温呈负相关，但在１月份却不明显，针叶树种的夜间呼吸无论在高温、潮湿的７月份还是低温、干旱的１月份都不与温度呈现线性关系．     

红壤坡地茶园蒸腾及其影响因子研究

用整株容器法研究了红壤坡地茶园的蒸腾作用 ,结果显示 :(1)茶园蒸腾速率具有明显的早晚低、中午高的日变化特征 ,但在不同的日期蒸腾速率日变化曲线存在一定差异。 (2 )蒸腾速率受诸多田间小气候因子的影响 ,相关分析及多元逐步回归分析表明 ,气温与净辐射是影响茶园蒸腾作用的 2个主要气象因子。 (3)蒸腾速率与叶片气孔导度关系密切 ,且随着气孔导度的增加 ,蒸腾速率增大。最后探讨了植物蒸腾驱动力及其抑制的可能性及气孔行为的调节与水分利用。     

几种荒漠植物对干旱过程的生理适应性比较

在甘肃临泽实地取样进行试验,比较了胡杨、花棒和梭梭等荒漠植物离体枝条的光合、蒸腾作用对组织水势降低的响应,以探讨其对干旱过程的适应性.结果显示,梭梭在-2～-5.5MPa、胡杨在-1～-4.5MPa的枝叶水势下具有较高的光合速率和水分利用效率,花棒和二白杨则在水势低于-2 MPa时光合速率和水分利用效率均显著下降;同时,梭梭的最大蒸腾速率不足2 mmol m-2 s-1,而同样条件下胡杨和二白杨的最大蒸腾速率则在4～6 mmol m2 s-1.因此,几种荒漠植物中,梭梭最能够适应干旱荒漠环境;胡杨因蒸腾失水较多而对环境水分有较强的依赖性,适应极端干旱的能力不及梭梭;花棒虽具有蒸腾耗水少的特点,但因在环境严重缺水时光合效率低而影响了其对荒漠的适应能力.     

不同生境下报春苣苔的光合作用日变化特性

国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔Primulina tabacum Hance是苦苣苔科多年生草本植物。研究不同生境下报春苣苔在干湿季的光合作用日变化动态及其对环境因子响应,结果表明：旷地午间时段,光合有效辐射（PAR）增加伴随着空气湿度（RH）的显著下降,此时报春苣苔的净光合速率（Pn）因受光抑制和气孔限制的影响而下降。岩洞生境下报春苣苔的Pn没有受到抑制,但其Pn和光合碳水化合物（CH2O）生成速率较低,洞内光照缺乏是限制其光合碳同化的原因之一。3个样地检测的Pn、CH2O产生速率、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及Rubisco的Vo/Vc比率等在湿季均优于干季。主成分分析表明叶片Narea与Chl含量、比叶重（LMA）以及气孔密度对光合作用具有显著影响。Pearson相关分析表明不同生境下影响报春苣苔Pn的关键生态因子有所不同,旷地强光环境下过高的叶片水蒸气压亏缺（VPD）和气温（ta）直接限制净光合速率的水平,而在岩洞弱光高湿环境中,PAR则成为Pn的限制因子。同一环境因子在不同生境下对报春苣苔Pn的影响也有所不同：在旷地强光生境下,空气湿度（RH）的适度增加有利于降低过高的VPD,促进气孔开放而提高Pn。而在岩洞低光条件下,过高RH则会使降低VPD而不利于叶片的气体交换,使光合作用受影响。这个结果启示,在进行报春苣苔野外回归栽培时,应该注意PAR和RH等环境因子的控制。     

长白山区公路对路域植物物种组成及多样性的影响

采用样线法对长白山区公路旁天然次生林和原始阔叶林的植物物种组成及多样性进行调查。分别选取具有代表性的两个试验点,在公路两侧且其垂直走向布设3条相互平行的样线,间隔5m。在样线上布设样点,调查的生态因子包括光强、温度及湿度;样方调查分为灌木和草本样方,分别记录种类、高度、盖度、株数。根据公路两侧生态因子、灌草植物组成及多样性变化情况,分析公路建设的生态影响。结果表明：（1）随着离公路距离的增加,光照、温度、湿度等环境因子呈现规律性变化,距离公路10m的位置是生态因子变化从剧烈到缓和的转折点;（2）公路建设对植物组成产生影响,随着离公路距离的增加,呈现从喜光植物到耐阴植物的变化,0～20m之间是优势种变化较剧烈的范围,而10m之内和20m之外样方之间优势种变化不大;（3）受路域环境因子改变的影响,公路建设对沿线植物的多样性影响包括正负两种,既增加了路域植物的多样性,同时也破坏了原生植被群落的稳定性;（4）从长白山区公路对草本、灌木植物组成及生物多样性影响的范围和程度来看,草本的影响范围超过20m,灌木的影响范围达到10m,影响范围：草本灌木。随着与公路距离的增加,公路对植物组成及多样性的影响程度降低。     

酸沉降对森林植物影响过程和机理

文章丰要包括如下几方而的内容：（1）概述了酸沉降作用下森林衰退的状况及其相关工作的开展情况；（2）总结了酸沉降对森林植物的影响过程和机理；（3）阐述了酸沉降对森林植物影响研究的模型和临界酸负荷值的确定；（4）探讨了存在的问题和未来值得研究的方向。指山未来的研究方向主要是：酸沉降对森林生态系统的影响机理和森林生态系统对酸沉降的反馈机制；酸沉降对非优势种、稀有种及低等植物的影响；酸沉降与其它环境因子对森林植物的共同影响；酸沉降的监控和预测，建立适合我斟实际情况的研究模型；将常规分析手段和分子生物学技术相结合，加强抗性植物和指示植物的筛选工作；加强受损森林植被的恢复和重建工作；开展酸沉降对森林植被的格局动态及森林演替动态变化研究。     

中国北方草原植物光谱beta多样性年内变化驱动因子分析

虽然年际气候变化对植物多样性的影响较多,但是年内气候变化对植物beta多样性的影响尚不清楚。利用1982—2017年的遥感影像和相关数据,分析了月际、年际尺度气候变量和植物光谱beta多样性指数的变化,探讨了不同类型草原植物光谱beta多样性指数年内变化趋势以及主要气候驱动因子,建立了植物多样性与气候因子的回归方程。结果表明:西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原4、7、10月的群落具有较高的相似性,各月份植物beta多样性变化差异不显著(P0.05);安西草原化荒漠4月植物beta多样性较低,10月最高,植物返青不明显且秋季生长季有推迟;锡林郭勒典型草原和图牧吉草甸草原4月和10月beta多样性较高,植被生长季春季提前和秋季推迟趋势十分明显(P0.05)。中国北方草原年内植物beta多样性对环境温度变化十分敏感。相比于年际尺度,月际尺度上的气候因子对各月份草原植物beta多样性影响更大。且整体上温度与多样性呈现负相关。安西年内植物beta多样性受与低温有关因子的影响(R~2=0.2);与高温有关的因子是西鄂尔多斯(R~2=0.9)和图牧吉(R~2=0.06)年内植物beta多样性变化的重要驱动力;而锡林郭勒年内植物beta多样性气候驱动因素比较复杂,4、7、10月植物beta多样性分别与前1年8月月低温、当年年高温以及前1年8月月均温呈现负相关关系(R~2=0.02)。采用遥感数据提取的植物多样性指数,结合月度气候变量,可及时、有效地监测草原植物多样性的动态变化。     

暖温带和北亚热带过渡区白云山植物物种多样性与环境因子相关性

植物物种多样性及其环境因子关系研究一直是自然地理学和山地生态学的重要研究内容之一,特别是在不同温度带过渡区。该文以位于中国暖温带和北亚热带过渡地区的伏牛山北坡的白云山国家级自然保护区为研究区,采用实地调查法,对1 650~2 158 m海拔高度范围内15个样地内的乔木、灌木和草本种类数及乔木丰富度指数(Margalef)和多样性指数Shannon-Wiener进行了统计分析和测算;在此基础上,运用主成分分析法对影响植物物种多样性变化的3类20种环境因子进行分选和排序,并进行相关性分析。主成分分析结果显示,影响白云山植物物种多样性空间格局的3类环境要素贡献率大小排列依次为地形要素最大、土壤性状次之、气象因子最小;海拔、土壤厚度、大气湿度等9种环境因子是影响植物物种多样性空间变化的主要因子。相关性分析结果表明:影响乔木物种多样性变化的环境因子最明确,无论乔本层种类数,还是丰富度指数和多样性指数都与海拔、土壤厚度极显著相关(P0.01),与坡向和速效磷含量显著相关(P0.05);草本种类数与大气温度、土壤有机质和土壤碱解氮等微域气象或土壤性状关系密切;而影响灌木物种多样性变化的主要环境因子还尚不清晰,仅有坡向与之有统计上的显著相关性。研究结论丰富了秦岭-伏牛山作为中国主要气候区和生态区分界线的理论依据,同时也丰富了山地生态学理论。     

宁夏河东沙区柠条植株叶片蒸腾对干旱胁迫的响应

以宁夏河东沙地沙生灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)为材料,采用采用盆栽方法分析不同土壤水分条件下的柠条植株叶片蒸腾日变化特征及其与环境因子的相关关系,研究干旱胁迫下柠条蒸腾对主要环境驱动因子的响应机制,为区域植被恢复与重建及林分结构的优化配置提供理论依据。结果表明,(1)充分供水条件下的柠条蒸腾速率是土壤水分严重胁迫下的3.43倍,随着水分胁迫的加剧,蒸腾速率峰值前移,且日蒸腾过程在较为干旱时表现为双峰型;各水分梯度下柠条蒸腾速率日过程与气孔导度具有相同的变化规律,呈极显著的线性相关。(2)随着土壤含水量的逐渐降低,柠条苗木叶片蒸腾速率先增加后缓慢下降,过高的土壤含水量同样会抑制植物的蒸腾,该临界值为15.78%,即土壤质量含水量为田间持水量的74.1%。(3)低光强柠条叶片蒸腾作用的光响应曲线差别不大,都表现出随着光合有效辐射强度增加而缓慢上升的趋势,但启动速度随着土壤含水量的减少而降低;在土壤水分受到限制时(土壤质量含水量≤40%田间持水量),进一步增强光合有效辐射量(≥1 000μmol·m-2·s-1)并没有使蒸腾速率提高,严重水分胁迫下,增加光辐射强度反而导致蒸腾速率降低。(4)柠条蒸腾速率的主要影响因子偏相关分析表明:充分供水下,光合有效辐射(PAR)是主要影响因子,贡献率为54.4%;随着土壤含水量的下降,气孔对PAR的敏感性下降,叶片内外水汽压饱和亏缺成为调节柠条蒸腾过程的主导因素。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.