Ordering phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors

Low-dimensional organic conductors could establish themselves as model systems for the investigation of the physics in reduced dimensions. In the metallic state of a one-dimensional solid, Fermi liquid theory breaks down and spin and charge degrees of freedom become separated. But the metallic phase is not stable in one dimension: as the temperature is reduced, the electronic charge and spin tend to arrange themselves in an ordered fashion due to strong correlations. The competition of the different interactions is responsible for which broken-symmetry ground state is eventually realized in a specific compound and which drives the system toward an insulating state. Here, we review the various ordering phenomena and how they can be identified by optic and magnetic measurements. While the final results might look very similar in the case of a charge density wave and a charge-ordered metal, for instance, the physical cause is completely different. When density waves form, a gap opens in the density of states at the Fermi energy due to nesting of the one-dimension Fermi surface sheets. When a one-dimensional metal becomes a charge-ordered Mott insulator, on the other hand, the short-range Coulomb repulsion localizes the charge on the lattice sites and even causes certain charge patterns. We try to point out the similarities and conceptional differences of these phenomena and give an example for each of them. Particular emphasis will be put on collective phenomena that are inherently present as soon as ordering breaks the symmetry of the system.     

天然石英砂的表面络合模型研究

天然泥沙颗粒表面特性复杂,其与营养物质及重金属之间的相互作用,是研究天然水体水环境效应的关键科学问题之一.本文以石英砂为例,在考虑天然泥沙表面形貌引起的电荷非均匀分布的基础上,建立了统计意义上的表面电荷分布-表面电位数学关系,并修正表面络合模型,对表面络合常数采用更合理的静电力校正,模拟营养物质及重金属在天然泥沙颗粒表面的吸附-解吸关系.同时,表面滴定实验及吸附实验数据被用来进行模型验证.结果表明,泥沙颗粒的吸附特性受pH值、水相平衡浓度和背景离子强度等影响,考虑颗粒表面电荷非均匀分布的修正模型,更接近天然泥沙的吸附特性,相比传统表面络合模型,能够更好地模拟吸附结果.     

城市生态环境质量调控能力设计--以北京市温榆河生物通道设计为例

以北京市温榆河生物通道设计为例,提出建设生态城市的关键是提高城市自身的环境质量调控能力,其设计应注重2个方面:①把以植物为主体的、具有合理异质性并达到一定面积的自然组分作为控制性组分,并保证其持久存在;②要保证"物种流"在城市景观内的顺畅流动。      

不同升温速率下模块装药的烤燃特性分析

目的 研究不同升温速率下模块装药烤燃特性的变化.方法 基于模块装药结构及其烤燃化学反应机理,提出基本假设,建立二维非稳态烤燃计算模型,通过数值模拟计算分析研究模块装药在不同工况下的烤燃特性.结果 在3.30、5.25、7.20 K/h的加热条件下,模块装药发生烤燃响应的着火温度分别为476.6、473.1、477.1 ...     

浅谈环境监测站如何实施计量认证

建立以质量为核心的管理体系,对监测的全过程实施质量控制。通过内部审核,发现质量体系实施中的问题;通过管理评审,由技术负责人确认问题,做出决策;再通过纠正措施和预防措施来解决问题,从而形成一个不断实施质量改进的环境监测站自我完善机制。     

Cultivated cells from mid-trimester amniotic fluids. IV. Cell type identification via one and two-dimensional electrophoresis of clonal whole cell homogenates

Clones of cultivated amniotic fluid cells that have distinct morphologic and growth characteristics (F, AF and E-type) were examined by one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by two-dimensional electrophoresis employing isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE (IEF-PAGE). No qualitative differences in band pattern were observed in SDS-PAGE between the various amniotic fluid cell types, but consistent quantitative differences in the ratios of four bands of presumed filamentous proteins provided good distinction between amniotic fluid cells and postnatal skin fibroblast-like cells. By adding separation on the basis of electrical charge to that of molecular size (IEF-PAGE), we observed reproducible qualitative differences in the protein spot patterns between F and both AF and E-type amniotic fluid cells. At least eight discrete proteins appear not to be synthesized by prenatal F-type cells in comparison with their isogenic AF and E counterparts under identical culture conditions. The two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns thus confirm that F and AF amniotic cells, in spite of their morphologic and growth kinetic similarities, are developmentally distinct cell types that retain their differentiated states in culture.     

Destructing surfactant network in nanoemulsions by positively charged magnetic nanorods to enhance oil-water separation

The separation of ultrafine oil droplets from wasted nanoemulsions stabilized with high concentration of surfactants is precondition for oil reuse and the safe discharge of effluent. However, the double barriers of the interfacial film and network structures formed by surfactants in nanoemulsions significantly impede the oil-water separation. To destroy these surfactant protective layers, we proposed a newly-developed polyethyleneimine micelle template approach to achieve simultaneous surface charge manipulation and morphology transformation of magnetic nanospheres to magnetic nanorods. The results revealed that positively charged magnetic nanospheres exhibited limited separation performance of nanoemulsions, with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 50%, whereas magnetic nanorods achieved more than 95% COD removal in less than 30 s. The magnetic nanorods were also applicable to wasted nanoemulsions from different sources and exhibited excellent resistance to wide pH changes. Owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, the interfacial dispersion of magnetic nanorods was significantly promoted, leading to the efficient capture of surfactants and widespread destruction of both the interfacial film and network structure, which facilitated droplet merging into the oil phase. The easy-to-prepare and easy-to-tune strategy in this study paves a feasible avenue to simultaneously tailor surface charge and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, and reveals the huge potential of morphology manipulation for producing high-performance nanomaterials to be applied in complex interfacial interaction process. We believe that the newly-developed magnetic-nanorods significantly contribute to hazardous oily waste remediation and advances technology evolution toward problematic oil-pollution control.     

Food selection in larval fruit flies: dynamics and effects on larval development

Selecting food items and attaining a nutritionally balanced diet is an important challenge for all animals including humans. We aimed to establish fruit fly larvae (Drosophila melanogaster) as a simple yet powerful model system for examining the mechanisms of specific hunger and diet selection. In two lab experiments with artificial diets, we found that larvae deprived of either sucrose or protein later selectively fed on a diet providing the missing nutrient. When allowed to freely move between two adjacent food patches, larvae surprisingly preferred to settle on one patch containing yeast and ignored the patch providing sucrose. Moreover, when allowed to move freely between three patches, which provided either yeast only, sucrose only or a balanced mixture of yeast and sucrose, the majority of larvae settled on the yeast-plus-sucrose patch and about one third chose to feed on the yeast only food. While protein (yeast) is essential for development, we also quantified larval success on diets with or without sucrose and show that larvae develop faster on diets containing sucrose. Our data suggest that fruit fly larvae can quickly assess major nutrients in food and seek a diet providing a missing nutrient. The larvae, however, probably prefer to quickly dig into a single food substrate for enhanced protection over achieving an optimal diet.     

Biomimetics and the case of the remarkable ragworms

Biomimetics is a rapidly growing field both as an academic and as an applied discipline. This paper gives a short introduction to the current status of the discipline before it describes three approaches to biomimetics: the mechanism-driven, which is based on the study of a specific mechanism; the focused organism-driven, which is based on the study of one function in a model organism; and the integrative organism-driven approach, where multiple functions of a model organism provide inspiration. The first two are established approaches and include many modern studies and the famous biomimetic discoveries of Velcro and the Lotus-Effect, whereas the last approach is not yet well recognized. The advantages of the integrative organism-driven approach are discussed using the ragworms as a case study. A morphological and locomotory study of these marine polychaetes reveals their biomimetic potential, which includes using their ability to move in slippery substrates as inspiration for novel endoscopes, using their compound setae as models for passive friction structures and using their three gaits, slow crawling, fast crawling, and swimming as well as their rapid burrowing technique to provide inspiration for the design of displacement pumps and multifunctional robots.     

A nonlinear filtering algorithm for multi-dimensional finite element pollutant advection schemes

A nonlinear filter is developed for use with finite element methods in solving the atmospheric diffusion equation. Usually, high-order accurate finite element methods lead to ripples near sharp gradients. This is an undesirable feature in air quality modeling. The filter eliminates these ripples by adding artificial diffusion along the direction of the streamlines. Since it is applied only in regions where the ripples are located, the accuracy of the solution is maintained. Here, the filter was used with the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method. It displayed good performance characteristics in the standard rotating puff test, and in a new test where the angular velocity profile is parabolic. It did not cause excessive crosswind diffusion that was present in a previously developed two-dimensional filter, or Forester filters applied to one-dimensional, spatially split algorithms. The new test problem was designed specifically to show that the rotating puff test may not always be the appropriate test to evaluate the performance of transport schemes, especially those that split the horizontal transport into one-dimensional operators. As expected, a one-dimensional splitting scheme (Chapeau function) displayed worse performance than fully two-dimensional schemes under more severe conditions of the new test problem.     

Cadmium status in Egypt

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UK air quality in 2050—synergies with climate change policies

Estimates are made of air quality in the UK around the time of 2050 on the assumption that significant changes are made to energy and transport technologies to move towards the goal of a 60% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 on a 1990 base. London is used as an example to assess possible future concentrations of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen. Emission reductions and their effects on ozone concentrations in the southern UK are also discussed. The paper concludes that significant synergies and co-benefits are possible through a concerted consideration of air quality and climate change policies.     

农业非点源模型——AGNPS计算

由于非点源污染产生机制的特殊性,导致实地调查和试验研究不易实行。而数学模型方法在这一领域尤其能够体现出它的优点,其中AGNPS模型是应用较为广泛者之一。介绍了AGNPS模型的基本结构,主要包括水文、侵蚀和化学污染物的迁移3部分。     

农业非点源模型——AGNPS计算

由于非点源污染产生机制的特殊性，导致实地调查和试验研究不易实行。而数学模型方法在这一领域尤其能够体现出它的优点，其中AGNPS模型是应用较为广泛者之一。介绍了AGNPS模型的基本结构，主要包括水文、侵蚀和化学污染物的迁移3部分。     

CO2捕集与封存研究进展及其在我国的发展前景

碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术已被广泛地认为是一种潜力巨大、可供选择的CO2减排手段。据预测,其减排贡献将从2020年占总减排量的3%上升至2030年的10%,并在2050年将达到20%左右,成为CO2减排份额最大的单项技术。本文介绍了CCS的主要技术环节(捕集、运输、封存)、封存地类型和目前国际上开展的主要CCS示范项目及发展趋势。同时特别探讨了海底封存CO2的可行性、封存潜力以及我国在海底封存CO2方面的研究进展和发展前景。     

两点激励中相关系数的影响

目的用谱函数分析的方式,推导结构在两点激励下的随机振动响应的计算公式。方法通过互谱与相关系数的关系,讨论结构在两点激励下的响应特点。结果对于线性结构,不同相关系数的两点激励下结构激发的模态效果不同,随着相关系数的增大,结构的响应在相邻的谐振峰上,出现增大、减小交替出现的现象。结论相关系数对结构响应影响的特点,应该引起工程结构设计人员的重视。     

Sub-grid representation of emission source clusters in regional air quality modeling

A key aspect in modeling the fate of pollutants released into the atmosphere is the parameterization of sub-grid scale processes so as to quantify their effect on resolvable scale features. Averaging emissions of species over grid squares characteristic of present-day regional and global models generally results in underpredicting concentrations of these species. This also causes inaccurate predictions for secondary pollutant species derived through complex chemical mechanisms. An algorithm is developed to provide improved sub-grid representation of emissions. A two-dimensional finite element technique is used to discretize the horizontal domain. The three-dimensional transport equation is time-split into this two-dimensional component and a one-dimensional vertical component to represent the transport processes. Compared to the locally one-dimensional finite element method (LOD-FEM), this technique allows use of variable grid sizes in the discretization of the horizontal domain, thus providing for local mesh refinement and consequently improved sub-grid representation in the numerical solution. The advantages of the scheme are inherent: the computational burden in terms of storage requirements is not increased, and the need for developing the troublesome interface boundary condition of a nested-grid procedure is avoided. A simplified first-order chemistry module has been incorporated to test the scheme for both primary and secondary pollutant species. Several test cases are presented to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. Results from test cases for a simplified scenario indicate that the procedure enables one to simulate a more realistic range of concentrations for both the reactant and product species. Furthermore, comparison with the analytical solutions indicates that the numerical scheme is capable of reproducing the analytical solution, both qualitatively as well as quantitatively, in a superior manner compared to a uniform mesh.     

合理回收和再利用涤纶POY废油剂

洛阳石油化工总厂长丝车间POY废油剂原来是各条生产线分别收集，然后由污水处理场处理。设计合理的POY废油剂回收方案，将回收的POY油剂经多级过滤，再利用于生产，可以节约油剂消耗量，同时大大减少了环保处理费用。     

碳纳米管/BiOBr复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

采用一步溶剂热的方法成功制备了微量多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）修饰的溴氧化铋（BiOBr）复合材料,实现了对盐酸四环素（TC）的高效稳定降解.在MWCNT添加量为0.01mg（0.001wt%）时,制得的MWCNT/BiOBr催化剂具有较低的光致发光强度、较大的光电流和较小的EIS弧,显著提高了光催化效率.性能的显著提高是由于MWCNT的高捕获电子能力,它不仅能增强光吸收,而且还加速了电荷载流子的分离.通过自由基捕获实验和电子自旋共振（ESR）确定其主要活性组分为·O₂^-,并提出了提高复合材料光催化活性的可能机理.     

Clockwork blue: on the evolution of non-image-forming retinal photoreceptors in marine and terrestrial vertebrates

This paper presents a hypothesis that could explain why blue light appears to dominate non-image-forming (NIF) ocular photoreception in marine as well as terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, there is more and more evidence suggesting that 'novel' retinal photoreceptors, which are sensitive to blue light and were only discovered in the 1990s, could be a feature shared by all vertebrates. In our view, blue light photoreception evolved and persisted as NIF photoreception because it has been useful in the colonisation of extensive photo-dependent oceanic habitats and facilitated the move of vertebrates from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Because the available scattered evidence is compatible with the validity of our hypothesis, we hope that our rationale will be followed up. Indeed, it (1) involves testable predictions, (2) provides plausible explanations for previous observations, (3) unites phenomena not previously considered related to one another and (4) suggests tests that have not been carried out before. Overall, our approach not only embraces cross-disciplinary links; it, moreover, serves as a reminder of an all-embracing evolutionary history, especially with regard to a ubiquitous photoreceptive 'clockwork-blue' in marine and terrestrial vertebrates.