水封条件下黄铁矿尾矿中铊等金属的释放迁移行为

暴露于氧化环境的废矿尾矿等含硫化物的固体废弃物,在风化作用下产生的酸性矿山废水是导致矿山周边生态环境污染的主要原因。目前国内外研究工作主要集中在富氧环境下尾矿的重金属释放迁移行为,较少有研究关注到缺氧环境下含硫化物尾矿的环境行为及潜在的金属污染风险。设计了黄铁矿尾矿的水封淋滤装置,研究缺氧状态下不同深度淋滤液电导率、溶解氧、氧化还原电位、p H的变化规律以及铊(Tl)等金属的释放能力。结果表明:水封处理方法能使体系处于缺氧环境,并抑制了黄铁矿尾矿氧化产生酸性排放,维持体系处于中性的还原状态;水封条件下不同金属的释放迁移行为出现两种相反的趋势,即尾矿中Tl、Pb、Cr、Al、Fe等金属的迁移活性被有效抑制,其释放量随溶解氧降低而减少;而Mn、As、Ni、Cu、Rb、Sr等金属的迁移活性随溶解氧的降低而增强,其中Mn、As等变价金属的迁移活性与释放浓度增加更明显;重金属Ni、Cu、Rb、Sr等非变价金属因铁锰氧化物的还原被大量释放到水环境中。综上,利用水封法处置尾矿能有效控制含硫化物的尾矿氧化产酸,抑制部分金属的释放,但不能抑制变价金属及以氧化物形式存在的金属的释放。     

贵州西部土法铅锌矿区不同类型废渣重金属的释放特征

贵州省西北部水城-赫章铅锌矿带是贵州铅锌的主要产地,其中赫章县是我国著名的土法炼锌集散地,土法炼锌已有300多年历史.铅锌矿的开采导致大量含硫化物矿物的矿渣及尾矿等暴露于地表,在氧化作用、淋滤作用及地表水的     

煤中硫矿物及其在酸洗前后的变化

煤中矿物质包括煤中单独的离散矿物质和与煤中有机物结合的无机元素.煤中常见矿物为石英、粘土类、碳酸盐类和硫化物类矿物,其中硫化物和粘土矿物最为常见.     

次氯酸钠法处理硫化物恶臭污水

本文提出了利用次氯酸钠氧化法处理含硫化物恶臭污水的工艺，进行了小试并取得了良好的效果。去除了硫化氢和硫醇一类的恶臭物质，处理后的废水无色无臭。     

混凝沉淀-两段接触氧化法处理制革废水工程实践

采用混凝沉淀-两段接触氧化法处理制革区综合制革废水,经过半年多稳定运行,系统COD去除率达到96%,硫化物去除率达到99.5%,处理后出水的各项指标完全达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)制革行业废水二级标准。对废水处理系统的工艺作了简单介绍,对系统调试、运行结果进行了分析与总结。     

次氯酸钠光度法测定污水中的苯胺

本文对ＮａＣｌＯ为氧化显色剂，亚硝基铁氰化剂，测定污水中的苯胺。当λｍａｘ为６９４ｎｍ时，εｍａｘ为３×１０＾４，最低检出限为０．０１ｍｇ／１，０－２０ｍｇ／ｌ的苯胺溶液的线性相关系数为０．９９９８。应用本法测定炼厂和采油厂排放的污水，与萘乙二胺偶氮光度法的测定结果基本吻合。可消除石油类、苯酚、氨、硫化物及某些金属离子的干扰，是一种简便。快速的分析方法。     

模拟风化过程硫铁矿尾矿的产酸性及污染物的释放行为

以广东某硫铁矿为研究对象,静态评价了3个尾矿的产酸潜力,结合40周左右氧化淋滤风化实验,揭示出硫铁矿尾矿在风化过程中的地球化学行为.静态结果显示其中两个尾矿具有强产酸潜力,一个为产酸不确定.动态氧化淋滤实验结果表明:(1)受CaCO3的缓冲作用控制,产酸潜力尾矿淋滤液pH值从初始7.2缓慢阶梯式下降到5.2,并呈现酸化趋势;(2)pH 6.5左右氧化还原电位Eh出现拐点,从负值转变为正值,体系氧化性增强;(3)可溶物在氧化淋滤初期表现出较强的释放能力,pH值降到6.5、Eh转向正值后急剧减弱并趋于平缓.风化产物硫酸钙及铁氧化物对金属离子的吸附与共沉淀作用可能是导致含金属离子固溶物溶解释放减弱的主要原因.     

黄铁矿氧化酸化及含铊重金属的迁移释放

矿山酸性排水(ARD)导致严重的重金属污染.本文用动态浸滤试验方法研究了黄铁矿氧化产酸的特征及重金属和金属铊在黄铁矿氧化产酸过程中向环境迁移释放的特征.研究表明:(1)受碳酸盐控制,前16周浸滤液呈中性;20周后受硫化物的氧化反应控制,浸滤液pH＜4,开始酸性排放.(2)硫化物的氧化速率是非线性变化的,并随pH值下降而加快.(3)黄铁矿酸化过程中金属表现出不同的迁移释放特征:铊向环境的迁移随pH值下降而增强,而镉、铅、锌、铜等重金属呈现峰值,pH＜3时,Fe3+参与金属硫化物的氧化反应,进一步促使镉、铅、锌、铜等重金属的释放.     

用电化学检测器离子色谱法测定水中的氰化物和硫化物

本文试用电化学检测的离子色谱法分析地面水和污水中痕量的氰化物和硫化物并与相应的化学法对佣,查明了氯离子对氰化物测定的干扰情况,提出适宜的消除方法。本法较之常规的化学法快速、灵敏,氰化物和硫化物的检测下限分别可达2PPb和60PPb。     

天然氧化铁矿物对铅离子的吸附研究

通过对铅离子在天然铁的(氢)氧化矿物吸附行为的研究,总结了它们的吸附特征。(1)不同种类的铁(氢)氧化矿物的吸附能力明显不同,针铁矿的吸附能力最强,赤铁矿吸附能力变化最大。对于同种矿物,矿物中杂质的种类和含量是影响吸附能力的主要因素,矿物的晶体习性有一定的影响。(2)粒度较大(>140目)的情况下,天然矿物的粒度对矿物吸附能力的影响呈无规律性地变化。(3)pH值对铁氧化物矿物的吸附性能影响最大。(4)初始浓度越大,氧化铁矿物的吸附量也越大,但吸附率变化复杂且没有规律性。(5)Freundlich等温吸附式较为符合铁氧化矿物的吸附行为。     

煤热解过程中含硫气体的释放特征

利用热解炉-高分辨飞行时间质谱联用仪和热解炉-同步辐射光电离飞行时间质谱仪检测不同含硫量的煤IBC105和C22650在热解过程中释放的8种含硫气体,并对这8种含硫气体的释放规律进行了分析.实验结果表明,在200℃—400℃的热解区间内含硫气体释放相对较多,表明硫元素大部分是以有机态的形式在煤中赋存,而且芳香硫相对于脂肪硫含量较多;同时含硫量较高的煤IBC105中噻吩硫的热解释放量,较煤C22650多;由于煤中芳香性有机物的裂解多以苄基的形式出现,因此在两种煤中二苄基硫醚释放量都较噻吩或者苯并噻吩多.     

Distribution of volatile organohalogen compounds in petrochemical plant water streams

The study assesses halogenated volatile organic compound concentrations in the water and wastewater streams of a petrochemical plant. Water samples were collected at 11 sampling points during 5 sampling campaigns. The samples were collected from the oil dewaxing unit and in the wastewater treatment plant. Dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were the most frequently determined compounds. Tetrachloroethene was also detected at the wastewater treatment plant inlets. The concentrations of halogenated volatile organic compounds dropped significantly at wastewater discharge points compared to wastewater treatment plant inlets. The application of 1,2-dichloroethane/dichloromethane ratio as a tool to assess evaporation processes is discussed.     

煤加压气化废水混凝-Fenton氧化法预处理与谱图分析

煤加压气化废水中含有多种难降解有机物,其成分因原煤性质和气化工艺的不同而复杂多变,属于难处理工业废水,目前主要的处理方法有臭氧氧化法、活性炭吸附法、Fenton试剂法、超声空化效应等,文章综合比较各种方法的优缺点,针对煤加压气化废水的特点,利用不同类型的无机混凝剂和Fenton试剂对气化废水进行了混凝-Fenton法处理,并确定了最佳处理条件。在最佳条件下,COD、BOD5、氨氮、挥发酚和色度的平均去除率分别达到81.27%、76.87%、72.45%、86.42%和99.9%,BOD5与COD的比值由0.34提高到0.45。在对处理前后的废水的液-质联用谱图分析得知,处理后苯酚的去除率约为97.6%左右。结果表明煤加压气化废水经过混凝-Fenton法联合处理后出水能达到国家标准,并且成本相对较低,具有广阔的实际应用前景。     

陆地生态系统含硫气体释放研究进展

由自然生态系统释放的含硫气体在全球硫循环中起着重要作用。陆地生态系统主要的自然硫释放源有湿地、土壤、植被、内陆水体和火山等，由自然源释放的含硫气体主要产生于有机硫化物的降解和硫酸盐的还原，同时受温度、光照等环境因素的影响。文章主要综述了对人类有影响的几种含硫气体(DMS、H2S、COS、CH3SH、CS2和DMDS等)从各种自然源释放的情况，同时简要介绍了环境因素如温度、光照、土壤状况、氧化还原条件等对自然源释放含硫气体的影响，最后结合中国的研究现状，指出今后应开展和加强陆地生态系统含硫气体释放通量监测、释放机理及在大气中的转化等方面的研究，以及在此基础上建立含硫气体释放模型。     

Removal of multicomponent VOCs in off-gases from an oil refining wastewater treatment plant by a compost-based biofilter system

Waste gases from oil refining wastewater treatment plants are often characterized by the presence of multicomponent and various concentrations of compounds. An evaluation of the performance and feasibility of removing multicomponent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in off-gases from oil refining wastewater treatment plants was conducted in a pilot-scale compost-based biofilter system. This system consists of two identical biofilters packed with compost and polyethylene (PE). This paper investigates the effects of various concentrations of nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and empty bed residence time (EBRT) on the removal efficiency of NMHC. Based on the experimental results and practical applications, an EBRT of 66 s was applied to the biofilter system. The removal efficiencies of NMHC were within the range of 47%–100%. At an EBRT of 66 s, the average removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, and xylene were more than 99%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. The results demonstrated that multicomponent VOCs in off-gases from the oil refining wastewater treatment plant could be successfully removed in the biofilter system, which may provide useful information concerning the design criteria and operation of full-scale biofilters.     

Ecotoxicity assessment of soil irrigated with domestic wastewater using different extractions

The toxicity of soil irrigated with treated domestic wastewater (site A) and untreated gray wastewater (site B) were investigated. Soil extracts were prepared using distilled water, acid solvent (0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl), and organic solvent (acetone:petroleum ether:cyclohexane= 1:1:1) to understand the type of pollutants responsible for the ecotoxicity associated with wastewater irrigation. The soil toxicity was assessed using a luminescence inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri for acute toxicity, a micronucleus assay with Vicia faba root tips and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay of mice lymphocytes for genotoxicity. The physicochemical properties and the heavy metal (HM) contents of the irrigated soil were also analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater irrigation at site A had no effects on the soil properties. With the exception of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn, the accumulation of HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) occurred. However, the irrigation at site A did not result in obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity in the soil. The soil properties changed greatly, and HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) accumulated in site B. There were significant increases in the acute toxic and genotoxic effects in the soils from site B. The ecotoxicity in site B came primarily from organic-extractable pollutants.     

Removal of odors and VOCs in municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment plants using a novel three-stage integrated biofilter: Performance and bioaerosol emissions

• TSIBF was composed of ABRS, FRS and HBRS. • THIBF can effectively remove various odors, VOCs and bioaerosols. • Different reaction segments in TSIBF can remove different types of odors and VOCs. • TSIBF can reduce the emission of bioaerosols through enhanced interception. A novel three-stage integrated biofilter (TSIBF) composed of acidophilic bacteria reaction segment (ABRS), fungal reaction segment (FRS) and heterotrophic bacteria reaction segment (HBRS) was constructed for the treatment of odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from municipal solid waste (MSW) comprehensive treatment plants. The performance, counts of predominant microorganisms, and bioaerosol emissions of a full-scale TSIBF system were studied. High and stable removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and VOCs could be achieved with the TSIBF system, and the emissions of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and acidophilic sulfur bacteria were relatively low. The removal efficiencies of different odors and VOCs, emissions of culturable microorganisms, and types of predominant microorganisms were different in the ABRS, FRS and HBRS due to the differences in reaction conditions and mass transfer in each segment. The emissions of bioaerosols from the TSIBF depended on the capture of microorganisms and their volatilization from the packing. The rational segmentation, filling of high-density packings and the accumulation of the predominant functional microorganisms in each segment enhanced the capture effect of the bioaerosols, thus reducing the emissions of microorganisms from the bioreactor.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的抑制现象

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺因其高效低耗优势,在废水生物脱氮领域中具有广阔的应用前景.然而,基质、有机物、盐度、重金属、磷酸盐及硫化物等物质对Anammox工艺产生的抑制作用制约了工艺的推广应用.基质主要通过游离氨和游离亚硝酸对Anammox产生抑制,而温度和pH是基质抑制的重要调控参数.非致毒性有机物对Anammox的作用因其种类跟浓度而异.在较低的浓度条件下对Anammox的抑制作用不显著,而高于抑制阈值将严重抑制Anammox.其抑制机制尚无定论.部分研究证明致毒性有机物(醇、醛、酚及抗生素等)对Anammox具有抑制作用,但研究有待拓展深化.超过抑制阈值的盐度会抑制Anammox活性,但合适的盐度(3~15 g L-1NaCl)却能够促进Anammox生物颗粒的形成.重金属对Anammox的抑制报道较少.因试验条件及菌种等的差异使得磷酸盐及硫化物对Anammox的抑制在不同试验中存在很大差异.Anammox抑制是可控的,通过pH和温度调节、基质浓度及负荷控制、污泥驯化以及添加辅助剂等方法可解除或缓解抑制.建议今后在特种废水的Anammox脱氮、复合抑制以及Anammox抑制的分子生态学机理等方面开展深入研究.     

微生物燃料电池处理含硫废水的研究进展

随着工业的快速发展及化石能源的大量消耗,迫切地需要寻找一种可持续发展的绿色节能技术来替代不可再生能源.微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)以其处理难降解废水的同时产生电能的优势引起了人们的广泛关注,成为近几年的研究热点,而含硫废水一直以来是废水处理的难点.本文回顾了MFC生物除硫的发展历程,...     

水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究

在室内培养条件下,测定了水稻土中含硫气体的释放．结果表明,该土壤中有硫化氢(Ｈ２Ｓ),羰基硫(ＣＯＳ),二甲基硫(ＤＭＳ)三种气体释放．当土壤中加入半胱氨酸后,ＣＯＳ和Ｈ２Ｓ气体的浓度有了明显增加,并有ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ测出,而ＤＭＳ的浓度变化不大．这些结果表明半胱氨酸的分解可能是 ＣＯＳ,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ的产生源之一．在好氧(正常大气)条件下,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ的释放量低于厌氧(氮气氛围)条件下的释放量,ＤＭＳ则高于厌氧条件下．这表明水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生 Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ需较强的还原条件,产生这四种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件．产生ＤＭＳ的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量．在光照条件下,各含硫气体的释放量普遍高于无光照条件下的释放量．释放含硫气体的大多数微生物适宜的含水率为５０%且对土壤的ｐＨ值有一定要求．