陆生植物替代藻粉对幼年刺参生长和免疫的影响

以市售藻粉为对照组,用陆生白花三叶草和火棘果替代50％的市售藻粉与刺参基础饲料配合,保持温度12-16.C、海水盐度31‰-32‰、pH7.46-7.69,在实验室内饲养幼年刺参40天,研究海的参生长性能和免疫性能变化.研究表明,陆生植物可用作配合饲料饲养刺参.实验所采用的火棘果对刺参的生长和免疫性能均具有促进作用,为寻求海参新饲料提供了新方向.     

鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用研究

2009年在山东无棣的滨州市水产研究所养殖基地,进行了鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用的试验,结果表明:鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖与单纯贝类生态养殖对水质的净化作用相比较,鱼虾贝类立体混养对CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、硫化物、挥发酚的去除率明显高于贝类单独养殖的去除率,总磷的去除率二者相差不大,唯单纯贝类养殖对总氮的去除率高于鱼虾贝类立体养殖。     

农村畜禽养殖污染的综合防治

畜禽养殖污染已成为农村环境污染的突出问题。本文通过调查分析广安市辖区内畜禽养殖业的发展和污染现状,在实地研究广安市两个畜禽养殖示范工程的基础上,借鉴现有的畜禽养殖污染防治技术成果,提出了一套以"养殖—沼气—农灌"和"养殖—堆肥—沼气—农灌"两种模式为技术基础,结合政策和法律措施,系统防治畜禽养殖污染的方案,有助于指导农村畜禽养殖的科学、绿色发展。     

生猪养殖适度规模:产出、效益与环境——基于全国8省份1484个养殖户数据的实证

近年来，我国生猪养殖市场产生了剧烈波动，也催生了对生猪养殖适度规模问题的思考。本文基于8省份1484份生猪养殖户的调查数据，采用Translog生产函数和C-D生产函数，从产出、效益和环境三个维度对生猪养殖规模效应进行实证研究。研究表明：生猪养殖规模与环境污染之间存在倒“U”形关系；综合考虑产出、效益和环境三个方面，适度规模应为年出栏1000~1999头；养殖经验对生猪养殖的产出和效益影响显著，环保认知和参加培训状况对环境污染影响显著。基于此，积极引导养殖户合理科学扩大养殖规模、增强环境意识，提升生猪养殖从业人员长期经营的驱动力，对促进养殖行业绿色发展具有重要意义。     

瑞典畜禽养殖许可制度研究及其启示

我国畜禽养殖行业中的规模化养殖单位,养殖畜禽品类繁多且污染产生量巨大,而现行的排污许可证申请制度却无法起到畜禽养殖污染防治的效果。为制定更加具体的最佳可行技术标准,完善畜禽养殖行业排污许可证的申请与核发程序,故而通过域外比较瑞典相关立法规定提供参考。瑞典自其环境保护事业开展半个世纪以来,已经形成了由畜禽养殖许可证申请人提交环境影响报告,郡行政议事会同时参考畜禽养殖业最佳可行技术标准,审核资质并发放许可证的畜禽养殖许可制度体系。借鉴瑞典的立法经验,我国畜禽养殖业污染防治应以预防为主,并快相关专项立法的制定进程,以建立畜禽养殖行业排污许可综合管理制度。     

畜禽养殖清洁生产:国外经验与启示

畜禽养殖污染治理是很多国家面临的共同难题。本文从畜禽养殖清洁生产管理和政府规制两个层面入手,对发达国家在应用清洁生产技术、控制养殖规模和推行清洁性操作三方面进行了理论借鉴,并结合美国、欧盟和日本的清洁生产实践详细梳理了发达国家畜禽养殖清洁生产的经验。在此基础上,本文进一步阐述了当前我国畜禽养殖清洁生产的障碍性因素和应对策略,旨在加快推进我国畜禽养殖清洁生产的进程。     

发达国家畜禽养殖业环境政策与我国治理成本分析

＂十二五＂期间,我国将畜禽养殖纳入主要污染物减排管理体系,为畜禽养殖污染防治带来良好的契机。通过分析总结国外发达国家畜禽养殖污染防治的环境监管体系和资金管理体系特征,提出我国＂十二五＂期间的规模化畜禽养殖污染防治治理成本构想。     

水产养殖环境管理与污染减排的政策建议

随着我国水产养殖业的迅速发展,水产养殖环境问题日益突出。针对我国水产养殖业在行政管理、法律法规制度和养殖户管理等方面存在的环境管理问题,结合国际水产养殖业环境管理经验,本文从制定水产养殖环境管理专门法规、实施水产养殖排污许可证制度、加强环境友好养殖技术集成创新和推广生态健康养殖模式等方面提出了政策建议。     

新冠疫情影响下大鲵养殖农户可持续生计研究——基于张家界的实证北大核心

开展新冠疫情冲击下野生动物养殖农户可持续生计研究,是当前可持续生计研究的热点内容之一。基于SLA分析框架和扎根理论分析方法,构建大鲵养殖农户可持续生计研究模型,选取张家界市4类典型大鲵养殖农户进行质性分析。结果表明:(1)生计能力突出的大鲵养殖农户能够主动适应风险完成生计转型,生计能力脆弱的大鲵养殖农户被动抵抗风险或退出养殖。(2)大鲵养殖农户面临的主要生计风险类型有生计资本风险、政策风险、生计策略风险、疫病风险和市场风险,社会因素干扰比自然因素的影响程度更大。(3)大鲵养殖农户可持续生计存在受教育程度较低、生计资本有限、扶持政策延续性不够、产品宣传不到位、市场不稳定和产业创新不足等问题。     

规模化水平对中国生猪养殖环境效率的影响研究

以碳排放作为非期望产出，基于2008—2020年中国29个省份数据，采用Super-SBM模型和GML指数测算各个省份生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率，利用Tobit模型分析了生猪养殖规模化水平对环境效率的影响。结果表明：(1)考察期内，中国生猪养殖环境效率未达到最优状态，区域差异明显；(2)考察期内，中国生猪养殖绿色全要素生产率发展趋势整向好，从区域增速差异看，东部地区增速最快，东北地区增速较慢；(3)考察期内，规模效率是提升生猪养殖环境效率的关键，生猪养殖规模化水平对环境效率的影响呈“U”型，目前已跨越拐点，继续提高养殖规模化水平有助于提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

Responses of Two Invasive Plants Under Various Microclimate Conditions in the Seoul Metropolitan Region

The possible consequences of global warming on plant communities and ecosystems have wide-ranging ramifications. We examined how environmental change affects plant growth as a function of the variations in the microclimate along an urban-suburban climate gradient for two allergy-inducing, invasive plants, Humulus japonicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The environmental factors and plant growth responses were measured at two urban sites (Gangbuk and Seongbuk) and two suburban sites (Goyang and Incheon) around Seoul, South Korea. The mean temperatures and CO(2) concentrations differed significantly between the urban (14.8 °C and 439 ppm CO(2)) and suburban (13.0 °C and 427 ppm CO(2)) sites. The soil moisture and nitrogen contents of the suburban sites were higher than those at the urban sites, especially for the Goyang site. The two invasive plants showed significantly higher biomasses and nitrogen contents at the two urban sites. We conducted experiments in a greenhouse to confirm the responses of the plants to increased temperatures, and we found consistently higher growth rates under conditions of higher temperatures. Because we controlled the other factors, the better performance of the two invasive plants appears to be primarily attributable to their responses to temperature. Our study demonstrates that even small temperature changes in the environment can confer significant competitive advantages to invasive species. As habitats become urbanized and warmer, these invasive plants should be able to displace native species, which will adversely affect people living in these areas.     

Correspondence analysis of paper recycling society: consumers and paper makers in Japan

Paper passes through many hands. In the present paper, key parts of this cycle in Japan were examined, using questionnaire surveys of households and paper makers. The study aimed to examine the paper makers' strategy for paper production and their attitude to recycling, in comparison with those of the consumers. The study especially focused on toilet paper because consumers have a lot of freedom in purchasing toilet paper. A total of 1242 consumers and 60 paper makers responded. The major findings were as follows. First, we compared the criteria of consumers for purchasing toilet paper with the conjectures of paper makers. Brand, advertisements and the appearance of shopping displays received 60% support from paper makers, but less than 12% of consumers selected these criteria even if we exclude those who do not buy toilet paper or do not have any particular criteria. On the other hand, multiple plies and benefit to the earth were selected by moderate numbers (between 20 and 25%) of consumers, while only 16.77 and 5.69%, respectively of paper makers marked these criteria. Paper makers strongly believe that many retailers sell toilet paper as a loss-leader. By comparing those matters considered important for recycling by consumers with those considered important by makers, it was shown that many makers have a clear awareness of the particular problem, the lack of used paper consumption, in the current paper recycling situation in Japan.     

浅析造纸行业的清洁生产工艺及节能减排

简述了我国造纸业现状及面临的环境压力,介绍了我国清洁生产现状及发展趋势。针对造纸业＂消耗高、污染大、效率低＂的问题,结合实际造纸行业案例,提出了相应的清洁生产工艺和方案,以及关于大力发展造纸业清洁生产、促进节能减排的建议。     

Biomass use in chemical and mechanical pulping with biomass-based energy supply

The pulp and paper industry is energy intensive and consumes large amounts of wood. Biomass is a limited resource and its efficient use is therefore important. In this study, the total amount of biomass used for pulp and for energy is estimated for the production of several woodfree (containing only chemical pulp) and mechanical (containing mechanical pulp) printing paper products, under Swedish conditions. Chemical pulp mills today are largely self-sufficient in energy while mechanical pulp mills depend on large amounts of external electricity. Technically, all energy used in pulp- and papermaking can be biomass based. Here, we assume that all energy used, including external electricity and motor fuels, is based on forest biomass. The whole cradle-to-gate chain is included in the analyses. The results indicate that the total amount of biomass required per tonne paper is slightly lower for woodfree than for mechanical paper. For the biomass use per paper area, the paper grammage is decisive. If the grammage can be lowered by increasing the proportion of mechanical pulp, this may lower the biomass use per paper area, despite the higher biomass use per unit mass in mechanical paper. In the production of woodfree paper, energy recovery from residues in the mill accounts for most of the biomass use, while external electricity production accounts for the largest part for mechanical paper. Motor fuel production accounts for 5–7% of the biomass use. The biomass contained in the final paper product is 21–42% of the total biomass use, indicating that waste paper recovery is important. The biomass use was found to be about 15–17% lower for modelled, modern mills compared with mills representative of today's average technology.     

中国固体废物进出口格局演化分析——以废纸为例

固体废物进出口是影响我国生态文明建设及区域可持续发展的重要因素,也是最近环境管理关注的焦点。为了认识我国固体废物的进出口形势和全球固体废物贸易的格局,本文以进口量最大的固体废物——废纸为例,系统总结梳理了近年来我国废纸进出口情况的演化,绘制了2016年国际废纸贸易的流向地图,从2015年以来的废物管理政策调整出发探讨未来废纸产业的发展和转变。研究发现:(1)作为主要的造纸原材料,我国废纸进口量从1996年的137万t增加到2016年的2850万t,增长了近20倍。(2)当前全球废纸贸易突出表现为发达国家出口、发展中国家进口的格局,我国作为最大的废纸进口国,进口约占全球总量55%的废纸,美国则为最大的废纸出口国,出口约占全球总量36%的废纸。(3)应对洋垃圾入境的挑战,未来我国应在进口管控、再生资源产业发展等多个方面继续加强政策的引导和调控作用,激励国内的再生资源市场,促使废纸利用企业调整产业布局,加快产业转型。     

我国造纸工业对环境的污染及解决方法

本文论述造纸工业的主要污染源及解决造纸工业对环境污染问题的关键技术和方法, 提出我国造纸工业环境保护的基本对策,认为我国的造纸工业也能成为洁净工业。     

国内外造纸行业水污染排放标准比较研究

中国是造纸大国,制浆造纸在中国属于重污染行业。2008年国家发布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》对整个行业可能排放的污染物提出了要求。本文通过将该标准与国外造纸行业相关的水污染物排放标准进行比较研究,找出我国标准与国外的差别,并为完善我国造纸行业水污染物排放标准提出建议。     

Amounts of non-fibrous components in recovered paper

Paper and board recycling is now a central issue in papermaking. Understanding of material flows, as a part of the total production chain, as well as, fibrous and non-fibrous component flows needs further clarification. These flows are studied at a European level, with special focus on Germany and Sweden. Non-fibrous components are discussed in terms of a material which hampers the processing of paper and board. Resource-efficiency improvements, in conjunction with economic benefits, are sought and recycling has been able to fulfil both of these. The main drivers to maximize the use of recovered paper in paper and board manufacturing, have been improved over the last decades. These drivers are cost, environmental image and good technical properties to be used as raw material.The increased recycling rate has reduced the quality of the collected paper, produced recycled paper, and replaced virgin pulp. Also, recycling as a process, like deinking, produces large amounts of waste material that has challenges to find proper utilization. These problem areas are addressed in this paper, too.One focus area in the analysis of statistical information is an estimation of the share of non-fibrous components and fibre volumes of paper in Europe (EU) for the year 2010.     

Sequential bioconversion of used paper to sugars by cellulases from Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium funiculosum

Used paper, a potential resource of alternative energy, can be recycled but mostly it forms a significant component of solid waste. Used office paper, foolscap paper, filter paper and newspaper have been treated with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium funiculosum to bioconvert their cellulose component into sugars. Both non-pretreated and pretreated paper was incubated successively with the two cellulases during four consecutive incubation periods of 1 h each. The amount of sugars released during this sequential treatment was compared with the total sugar produced during a 4 h period of continuous incubation with each enzyme system independently. Pre-treatment milling of paper proved to effectively increase the sugar formation under all incubation conditions. Successive incubation with the two enzyme systems of both non-pretreated and pretreated paper materials was more efficient than the corresponding continuous bioconversion. The highest relative sugar yield was experienced during successive treatment of pretreated materials when T. reesei cellulase initiated the degradation. However, maximum bioconversion of pretreated newspaper was obtained when P. funiculosum initiated degradation. Pretreated foolscap paper was the most susceptible substrate with maximum bioconversion when exposed to both forms of successive cellulase treatment.     

Ecolabeled paper towels: consumer valuation and expenditure analysis

Ecolabeled paper towels are manufactured using post-consumer recycled material and sold in markets using a recycle logo. Environmentally conscious consumers purchase these paper towels and thereby contribute to improving environmental quality. In this paper, we estimate the implicit value placed by consumers on ecolabeled paper towels using a hedonic price function and conduct an expenditure analysis using Heckman's selection model. Using the data set from the Internet-based grocery stores called as Peapod we find that some consumers recognize ecolabels on paper towels and place a substantial, positive price premium on them. The expenditure analysis indicates that for the preferred functional form, the demand for ecolabeled paper towels is inelastic for environmentally conscious consumers. The simulated results from the selection model indicate that a small subsidy for ecolabeled paper towels will not substantially change consumers' purchase decisions.