基于GIS数字城市规划的应用研究

介绍了GIS在数字城市规划中的应用模式,针对数字城市建立了GIS数据模型、数字城市规划模型、数字城市基本模型、公众参与冲突的协调机制理论模型,在GIS概念的基础上,给出了数字城市的框架与关键技术,并对解决城市规划中的优势进行了分析.该方法表明,GIS技术在城市规划中能起到重要的作用.图2,参5.     

西部小城市旅游规划和城市规划协调关系——以陕西旬阳太极城旅游区规划为例

阐述了旅游规划和城市规划的主要研究内容，并就目前出现的城市旅游和旅游规划协调问题进行了探讨。以陕西省旬阳县为实证，就小城市的旅游规划和城市规划进行探讨，并提出了旅游规划和城市规划的协调的方案，指出旅游规划的实施对促进城市生态环境的改善等具有十分重要的意义。     

面向城市规划的热环境与风环境评估研究与应用——以济南中心城为例

在城市尺度规划中如何定量评估规划方案对热环境与通风环境的影响是一个技术难题。基于遥感和GIS技术,建立了一套面向城市规划的热环境与通风环境评估指标和技术方法,其中热环境可采用遥感估算的地表热岛强度(SUHI)、热岛比例指数(UHPI)以及生态冷源等级进行评估;通风环境评估则包括背景风环境和地表通风潜力两方面,前者可通过气象观测统计或数值模拟得到,后者可根据下垫面动力粗糙度长度(RL)和天空开阔度(SVF)进行估算。基于城市形态学模型,RL可以由建筑密度和建筑高度进行估算,SVF可由高分辨率数字建筑高程模型进行估算。在此基础上进行通风潜力等级划分,并采用通风潜力指数(VPI)定量评估一个地区的总体通风状况。应用上述指标和方法,利用2015年济南6月12日Landsat 8卫星资料、2013年1∶2 000基础地理信息资料和2020年城市规划资料,对济南中心城区规划前后热环境与风环境进行了定量评估,并基于生态冷源、热岛强度、地表通风潜力和背景风初步开展了济南中心城通风廊道规划应用,同时给出了相关规划策略和建议。研究结果显示:(1)文章建立的热环境与风环境评估指标和技术方法可有效应用于城市规划前后变化评估中;(2)热岛强度、地表通风潜力的高低与城市分区功能定位和土地利用类型有直接关系,规划后(2020年)热岛比例指数(UHPI)从0.31增加到0.38(均为"较轻"等级),通风潜力指数(VPI)从0.89("好"等级)降至0.74("较好"等级);(3)初步构建的3条一级廊道和10条二级廊道规划方案,将有利于缓解济南中心城区热岛效应和增强城市空气流动性。     

基于CA的城市形态扩展多解模拟——以北京市东部平原区情景分析为例

构建了一个基于人工神经网络的约束型城市扩展CA模型。利用该模型,预测了北京市东部平原区在3种情景规划之下的未来50年的城市形态,为不同的城市发展模式之间的比较分析奠定基础。然后以2024年的北京东部平原区模拟城市形态为基准,从自然生态功效、社会服务功效、经济利益功效3个方面对3种规划模式进行了情景分析,从而系统的比较了3种规划模式的复合生态功效,为城市规划决策提供有力的支持。     

生态规划在冕宁县城市总体规划中的作用研究

以冕宁县的生态规划为例,通过对冕宁县生态城市规划建设背景的研究,确定其生态城市建设的定位,通过分析冕宁县城市的现状,得出了冕宁县进行生态城市规划的总体思路.生态城市建设的重点是对城市的生态功能进行划分,生态功能划分的原则包括生态城市功能区划的原则、可持续发展原则、区域相关原则、部分与整体协调原则、相似性原则、环境容量和环境承载力原则以及区域特色原则等等.通过对冕宁县城市生态区域的划分,将生态规划彻底融入冕宁县的总体规划之中,进一步改善冕宁县生态环境、人居环境和发展环境,不断提高城乡人民生活质量,将冕宁建设成为生态县.     

投入产出分析在污染物发生系统研究中的应用

污染物发生系统的研究对于经济和环境规划具有重要意义.本文首先回顾了列昂节夫投入产出法在环境研究中的应用,并指出了该方法在应用中所存在的某种难题.针对这难题,本文论述了新型投入产出模型的基本原理及其在污染物发生系统研究中的适用性,并阐述了应用新型投入产出模型进行污染物发生系统预测和多目标规划的方法.以新型投入产出模型为基础建立的城市污染物发生系统多目标规划模型,其求解结果将为经济和环境决策提供科学依据.     

环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设

鉴于城市规划在环境保护方面的局限性，本文以武汉市九峰城市森林保护区环境保护规划为例，提出了环境保护规划的技术路线、环境规划目标以及结论等，指出了城市大气、水体、声、固体废物和生态环境综合整治规划，并探讨环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设。     

城市自然生态空间的价值评估及规划启示

城市自然生态空间是城市生态文明建设重要的物质基础。在规划过程中,应该将城市自然生态空间的生态价值评估作为城市规划的重要理论基础,通过相应的规划方法引导城市生态化建设和品质提升。文章通过对城市自然生态空间的界定,以及对城市自然生态空间生态价值评估的理论模型的研究,提出对规划建设的启示：积极构建城市自然生态空间统一的评估指标体系和建立适应中国本土的动态评估模型能够理性的指导城市的生态化建设,同时通过对城市自然生态空间的价值评估能够科学制定城市生态调控政策和正确引导公共参与城市生态化建设。     

昆明市安宁县生态系统研究在规划和发展中的应用

城市生态系统研究,目的是寻求高度集中的人口及所从事的各种社会经济活动与自然环境的良好合作途径.该“合作”途径若融于指导一个地区或城市发展的规划方案中,就能使经济有序发展,生态系统良性循环.而传统城市规划,基本上是从属于经济发展和积极利用自然环境的.因此,一个地区或城市的发展规划,改盲目利用自然环境为与自然环境“合作”的思想,是当前城市规划面临的十分迫切的问题.     

GIS系统在城市大气污染控制与能源结构优化中的应用

通过对GIS系统与能源结构优化模型和大气污染物控制模型的集成研究，开发出具有较强应用价值的GIS优化控制系统。该系统具有数据采集系统、分析系统和决策系统，可用于城市能源结构优化研究，大气污染控制研究，并可促进城市的可持续性发展。     

城市居住小区的公路交通噪声预测与规划

城市发展、公路建设、各类机动车辆的增加导致城市噪声环境质量下降。为了改善城市人居环境,居住小区交通噪声预测与规划应当受到重视。本文提出了一种居住小区交通噪声预测与规划的新方法。该方法充分运用地理信息系统空间分析、空间建模与显示查询的能力,结合完善可靠的交通噪声预测模型,建立了具有实际应用价值的城市居住小区交通噪声预测与规划系统。该系统能为环境评价、环境规划与建筑设计提供相关的技术支持。     

A GIS-based approach to spatio-temporal analysis of environmental pollution in urban areas: A case study of Prague's environment extended by LIDAR data

Environmental pollution of urban areas is one of key factors that state authorities and local agencies have to consider in the decision-making process. To find a compromise among many criteria, spatial analysis extended by geostatistical methods and dynamic models has to be carried out. In this case, spatial analysis includes processing of a wide range of air, water and soil pollution data and possibly noise assessment and waste management data. Other spatial inputs consist of data from remote sensing and GPS field measurements. Integration and spatial data management are carried out within the framework of a geographic information system (GIS). From a modeling point of view, GIS is used mainly for the preprocessing and postprocessing of data to be displayed in digital map layers and visualized in 3D scenes. Moreover, for preprocessing and postprocessing, deterministic and geostatistical methods (IDW, ordinary kriging) are used for spatial interpolation; geoprocessing and raster algebra are used in multi-criteria evaluation and risk assessment methods. GIS is also used as a platform for spatio-temporal analyses or for building relationships between the GIS database and stand-alone modeling tools. A case study is presented illustrating the application of spatial analysis to the urban areas of Prague. This involved incorporating environmental data from monitoring networks and field measurements into digital map layers. Extra data inputs were used to represent the 3D concentration fields of air pollutants (ozone, NO₂) measured by differential absorption LIDAR. ArcGIS was used to provide spatial data management and analysis, extended by modeling tools developed internally in the ArcObjects environment and external modules developed with MapObjects. Ordinary kriging methods were employed to predict ozone concentrations in selected 3D locations together with estimates of variability. Higher ozone concentrations were found above crossroads with their heavy traffic than above the surrounding areas. Ozone concentrations also varied with height above the digital elevation model. Processed data, spatial analysis and models are integrated within the framework of the GIS project, providing an approach that state and local authorities can use to address environmental protection issues.     

A GIS-based model for rating natural protection areas according to natural protection priorities

There has been a major urban shift of population in Turkey over the last century. Most people lived in rural areas until 1960, but now more than half live in urban areas. This trend has continued over the last 20 years, as families moved further away from city centres to find houses in the country, and this has caused land use to change rapidly. In decision-making studies to protect nature areas, rating and assessment of ecological data by scientific verification is difficult due to the huge volume and diversity of data. Therefore, the search for the most suitable and applicable method to achieve physical planning based on ecological understanding has been sought. The necessity for numerous parameters to be taken into account has stimulated the use of geographic information systems (GIS). This study assesses the usefulness of a GIS-based model in the protected area of Kaynaklar County, to the south of the city of Izmir. Existing cultural and natural land-use types, as well as soil, hydrologic, geologic and geomorphologic data layers (future classes) were gathered from field observation and using Landsat and IKONOS satellite images, and transferred to a database according to GIS rules. Index values were determined by taking impact on attributes of natural protection as a priority and these were attached to each feature class. Layers of data were merged by spatial intersection methods and new polygons were created for both cultural and natural features. A three-grade final map of the study area was generated using total index values of each new polygon.     

智能型数字校园网的探讨

随着计算机网络技术的发展,数字化校园网的建设已经进入成熟的后期阶段,但是纵观现有的各高校的数字化校园网络,其智能型的数字校园网还处于初级发展阶段．因此。通过基于智能型的数字校园网从概念、实现目标、规划与设计等方面进行了初步探讨研究．图1,参5．     

Vertical growth in a coastal city: an analysis of Boa Viagem (Recife,Brazil)

Coastal zones around the world have experienced urban growth in the last 50 years. This landscape change brings new aspects for those zones and the environment. Real estate speculation is a decisive factor that changes landscape, with urban growth that occurs both in the extent and volume of construction. Boa Viagem (BV) beach at Recife, Northeast Brazil was just a sand bar covered by an Atlantic Forest until middle of the 1800s. Today, it has turned into a busy area of the city where residences, services and commerce co-exist in a densely packed arrangement. This work demonstrates and analyses vertical growth in BV and urban changes from 1961 to 2011. It was developed using digital image processing and visual analysis of satellite imagery and aerial photos. A GIS was created using SPRING and ArcScene, to calculate variations in area and volume creating a Volumetric Index (VI). The Minimal Mapping Area was used in sixteen census tract as samples of the area. Occupation and vertical growth were especially accentuated from 1981 to 1996 with the peak at 2011. Increases in vertical growth from shore to inland are evident in all parts of the district. This finding was confirmed by three-dimensional GIS representations of the study area and the VI during the period of this work, showing the potential of 3D GIS models for studying dense urbanization areas in coastal zones.     

Geographic Analysis of California Condor Sighting Data

Observation and habitat data were compiled and analyzed in conjunction with recovery planning for the endangered California Condor ( Gymnogyps californianus ). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to provide a quantitative inventory of recent historical Condor habitats, to measure the association of Condor activity patterns and mapped habitat variables, and to examine spatio-temporal changes in the range of the species during its decline. Only five percent of the study area within the historic range is now used for urban or cultivated agricultural purposes. Observations of Condor feeding perching, and nesting were nonrandomly associated with mapped land cover, in agreement with life history information for the species. The precipitous decline in numbers of Condors in this century produced only a small reduction in the limits of the observed species' range, as individual birds continued to forage over most of the range. Some critical risk factors such as shooting and lead poisoning are difficult to map and have not been included in the database. Besides the applications demonstrated in this case study, GIS can be a valuable tool for recovery planning, in the design of stratified sampling schemes, or for extrapolation of habitat models over unsurveyed regions. We conclude with recommendations from this case study regarding when to consider using GIS and the importance of pilot studies and sensitivity analysis.     

Soil landscape constraint mapping for coastal land use planning using geographic information system

The aim of the study was to delineate soil landscape constraints to various land uses for urban and regional planning in the coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil landscape units mapped at 1:100,000 or coarser were sub-divided into component facets using advanced terrain modelling techniques in a geographic information system (GIS). The output facet grids were further overlain and linked with relevant GIS layers and soil databases to derive soil landscape constraint ratings for various land use purposes such as residential development, cropping and grazing. The constraint ratings for a specific land use were calculated based on objective and rule-based assessments of soil and landscape features such as engineering hazards, intrinsic fertility, drainage and other parameters. A series of soil landscape constraint maps which portray specific land use capability have been produced for the NSW coast. The methodology developed in this study has been demonstrated to be efficient in delineating soil landscape constraints and there is over 90% agreement between the model outputs and the assessment by soil surveyors with local knowledge. The output maps show levels of unprecedented detail of soil and landscape constraint for the coast of NSW and can be readily interpreted by land use planners and land managers for sustainable land use decision making practices.     

生态风景林理论在城市道路景观规划设计中的运用

城市生态风景林是城市森林的重要组成部分,在对城市生态风景林的理论进展和相关概念辨析的基础上,结合城市道路绿化现状和道路生态风景林的特征,创新性地提出以生态风景林理论指导城市道路景观规划设计,并以合肥方兴大道生态风景林规划设计为例,着重论述城市道路生态风景林规划设计的方法、理念和内容。     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。