Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h^-1 aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L^-1COD, 0.84 mg·L^-1 ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g^-1VSS, 38.8 mg·g^-1VSS and 90.8 mg·g^-1VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

蚯蚓粪复配硼钼调理剂对土壤改良和茄子生长的影响作用

土壤质量决定着农产品的质量和农业生产的可持续发展,然而土壤退化成为农业生产的重要限制因素之一,施用土壤调理剂有利于减缓土壤退化的速度。该研究配制土壤调理剂,即蚯蚓粪:草菇渣:蛭石=6:3:1、钼酸钠50 g·kg^-1、硼酸13.3 g·kg^-1,并设5个不同的处理CK、QY-T1、QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4,研究该调理剂对土壤理化性质和肥力的影响作用,分析其对茄子硼、钼和生长状况的促进作用。结果表明,该调理剂能提高土壤温度,5 cm、09:00的土壤温度QY-T4较高,但10 cm、14:00的土壤温度QY-T3最高;土壤容重随着施用量的增大而显著降低至1.50 g·cm^-3以下,土壤pH值从CK的4.93提高到QY-T4的5.57、微生物量碳分别比CK高29.9%、36.1%、47.6%和52.2%,有机质分别比CK高10.8%、11.7%、12.5%和7.0%,QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4土壤有效硼达到0.35、0.36、0.42mg·kg^-1,QY-T1、QY-T2的有效钼分别为0.107、0.140mg·kg^-1,随着调理剂的增多而增多,但QY-T3、QY-T4分别为0.101、0.092 mg·kg^-1反而随着调理剂的增多而下降,茄子硼、钼含量都随着调理剂的增加而增大,且显著高于对照(P<0.01);总产量比CK分别提高了29%、36%、190%和66%,总个数分别增加了25%、28%、155%和66%,59 d株高和叶片面积分别比CK增高了23%、1.4%、23%、16%和6.8%、11%、9.3%、7.4%,而叶片数量,所有的处理差异不显著,因此推荐该土壤调理剂用量与QY-T3相同,为1.5×10⁴kg·hm^-2。该研究可为土壤调理剂修复土壤退化的应用提供依据。     

青藏高原东缘冬季PM2.5中碳组分特征和来源解析

于2017年冬季12月13—21日在青藏高原东缘理塘地区分昼夜采集PM_2.5样品,并用DRI2001A热光碳分析仪测定了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,研究青藏高原PM_2.5中碳组分的化学特征及主要来源,以期为理塘地区制定污染排放政策提供参考。结果表明,2017年冬季青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5平均质量浓度为44.34μg·m^?3,OC和EC的质量浓度为12.72μg·m^?3和3.85μg·m^?3,分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的29.61%和8.96%。通过经验公式,计算得到总碳气溶胶(TCA)质量浓度为24.20μg·m^?3,占PM_2.5的54.84%,说明碳质气溶胶对青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5有着十分重要的贡献。OC和EC在白天和夜间都有较高的相关性(相关系数分别为0.74和0.91),表明OC和EC的来源基本一致,受燃烧源影响较大。其中白天的相关系数低于夜间,说明青藏高原东缘理塘地区白天碳组分来源相对复杂。昼夜浓度对比显示,青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5白天和夜间的质量浓度分别为53.88μg·m^?3和33.44μg·m^?3,OC和EC浓度白天高于夜间,表明白天人为排放相对较高。冬季观测期间,PM_2.5中二次有机碳(SOC)昼夜浓度分别为1.11μg·m^?3和3.03μg·m^?3,分别占OC质量浓度的7.09%、26.59%,表明青藏高原东缘理塘城区白天碳组分主要为一次源。利用PMF 5.0软件对理塘城区碳组分进行进一步的解析,结果显示燃煤和生物质燃烧的混合源对总碳(TC)的贡献高达47.84%,占比最高;其次是汽车尾气和柴油车尾气源,贡献率分别为28.62%和23.54%。     

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

Lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia (NH₃) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg·L^-1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg·L^-1 for Larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg·L^-1 for Laurelville WWTP, respectively. Two- year average BOD₅ effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 mg·L^-1, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg·L^-1. The systems also showed low fecal coliform (FC) levels in their effluents.     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分时空变化特征及来源解析

为研究天津市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM_2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m^-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m^-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m^-3,郊区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m^-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m^-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m^-3;白天PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m^-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m^-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m^-3,夜间PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m^-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m^-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m^-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM_2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m^-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m^-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM_2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

Remediation of soil heavily polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls using a low-temperature plasma technique

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） were removed by low-temperature plasma technique （dielectric barrier discharge） from heavily polluted soil and their intermediate products were analyzed. The removal rate ranged from 40.1 to 84.6% by different treatments, and they were also influenced significantly （P 〈 0.01） by soil particle-size, electric power, gas flow rate and reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions of PCB removal from the soil were obtained experimentally when soil particle-size, electrical power, flow rate and reaction time were 5-10mm, 21w, 120mL. rain and 90rain, respectively. However, decreasing electrical power, flow rate and reaction time to 18 w, 60 mL. min- and 60 min respectively were also acceptable in view of the cost of remediation. This technique was characterized by the additional advantage of thorough oxidation of PCBs in the soil, with no formation of intermediate products after reaction. The technique therefore shows some promise for application in the remediation of soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants in brown field sites in urban areas.     

我国半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化马铃薯田土壤NH3挥发特征和强度及影响因素

氨(NH₃)挥发是农业生态系统氮肥损失的重要途经,然而,北方干旱半干旱地区水肥耦合马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发规律缺少数据支撑.该研究利用通气法田间原位观测我国西北滴灌水肥一体化和传统沟灌施肥马铃薯田水肥耦合土壤NH₃挥发特征,设置滴灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(DDF)、滴灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(DGF)、滴灌不施肥(DCK)、沟灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(FDF)、沟灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(FGF)、沟灌不施肥(FCK)6个处理.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率峰值出现在施用氮肥后1—2周,不同水肥处理土壤NH₃挥发存在显著差异(P<0.01).2018年DDF、DGF、DCK、FDF、FGF、FCK土壤NH₃累积挥发量分别为21.50、28.14、7.20、37.06、66.25、11.88 kg·hm^-2;2019年,分别为9.42、15.25、7.24、34.73、76.81、8.56 kg·hm^-2.2018年和2019年,沟灌FDF处理的NH₃挥发损失率分别是滴灌DDF处理的1.76倍和11.89倍;沟灌FGF处理分别是滴灌DGF的2.60倍和8.54倍.滴灌DGF处理NH₃挥发强度比滴灌DDF处理分别增加27.03%和52.94%,沟灌FGF处理比沟灌FDF处理分别增加76.04%和118.37%.随施肥量增加,传统沟灌马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率和NH₃挥发强度的增量高于滴灌水肥一体化模式.NH₃挥发速率与土壤体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著相关(P<0.01).和传统沟灌比较,滴灌水肥一体化技术降低马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率,减轻NH₃挥发强度,提高马铃薯水肥利用率,减轻环境污染.     

猪粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以 3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料 ,进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统 ,周期 1 5d ;二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟 ,周期 30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、pH值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明 ,3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高 ,产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施 ,猪粪和锯末联合堆制可以在 4 5d内获得高质量的有机肥 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of organic acids on Cd adsorption and desorption by two anthropic soils

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of malic, tartaric, oxalic, and citric acid on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd by two typical anthropic soils (lou soil and irrigation-silted soil) in North-west China. Cadmium adsorption and desorption were studied under a range of temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C), organic acid concentrations (0.5–5.0 mmol·L^-1), and pH values (2–8). The results showed that the Cd adsorption capacity of the lou soil was significantly greater than that of the irrigation-silted soil. Generally, Cd adsorption increased as the temperature increased. In the presence of NaNO₃, the adsorption of Cd was endothermic with ΔH values of 31.365 kJ·mol^-1 for lou soil and 28.278?kJ·mol^-1 for irrigation-silted soil. The endothermic reaction indicated that H bonds were the main driving force for Cd adsorption in both soils. However, different concentrations of organic acids showed various influences on the two soils. In the presence of citric acid, chemical adsorption and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces for Cd adsorption rather than H bonds. Although the types of organic acids and soil properties were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption and desorption of Cd were similar in the two soils. The adsorption percentage of Cd generally decreased as organic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the adsorption percentage increased as the pH of the initial solution increased. The exception was that adsorption percentage of Cd increased slightly as oxalic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the desorption percentage of Cd increased with increasing concentrations of organic acids but decreased as the initial solution pH increased.     

Zn和Cd胁迫作用对长梗白菜形态和生理性能的生态毒理影响

本文以不同Cd、Zn浓度胁迫下的长梗白菜为研究对象,采用盆栽实验,分析了Cd和Zn胁迫下长梗白菜形态参数(重量、长度、表面积、叶的分形维数)、生理性能的影响以及从土壤中提取Cd和Zn的能力.结果 表明,Cd、Zn胁迫对长梗白菜的生长具有"低促高抑"效应,且共同胁迫对生长的影响大于单一胁迫.在0.6 mg·kg-1 Cd...     

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、低氮(LN,75 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、高氮(HN,150 kg·hm^?2·a^?1),两种凋落物管理方式(保留凋落物,L和去除凋落物,R),土壤采样后,通过室内间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究土壤氮素矿化潜势差异,以及不同底物条件下(铵态氮水平:N 0,100、150、200 mg·kg^?1)土壤硝化潜势的差异。结果表明:土壤氮素快速矿化主要在培养前7 d,矿化累积量(Nt)为102.81—153.71 mg·kg^?1,矿化潜势(N0)范围为193.84—289.80 mg·kg^?1,N0依次为:保留凋落物低氮(LN-L)>保留凋落物对照(CK-L)>去除凋落物低氮(LN-R)>去除凋落物对照(CK-R)>去除凋落物高氮(HN-R)>保留凋落物高氮(HN-L);两种凋落物处理方式下,LN水平土壤的Nt与N0均高于CK、HN。保留凋落物情况下,有较高的土壤硝化潜势;在无添加硝化底物(铵态氮水平为N 0 mg·kg^?1)的条件下,野外氮添加水平高的土壤硝化潜势也高;而在添加不同硝化底物(铵态氮)的条件下,土壤硝化潜势并未随硝化底物水平的增加而增加,且硝化底物水平为N 100 mg·kg^?1时硝化潜势最大。研究表明,虽然保留凋落物可以增加土壤氮矿化潜势,而氮沉降则影响氮矿化潜势。当研究土壤硝化潜势时,应当根据土壤类型等因素选择合适的硝化底物(铵态氮)添加量。     

Effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste for accelerating biogas generation during simulated landfilling

Effect of aerobic pretreatment of MSW on landfill gas generation was investigated. Volatile solid (VS) loss of MSW is an effective and comparable indicator. Chinese MSW requires at least a reduction of VS about 27% (w/w) prior to disposal. Aerobic pretreatment of MSW reduced lag phase more than 90% before methanogenesis. Aerobic pretreatment degree influences quantity of gas generation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation. Aerobic pretreatment degree (APD) was determined on the basis of reduction in volatile solids (VS) on a wet weight basis. In this study, intermittent aeration (IA) was applied to three reactors as a main aeration mode; since a single reactor was operated under continuous aeration mode. However, the purpose of the experiment was to reduce VS content of waste, irrespective of the comparison between aeration modes. Fresh MSW was first pretreated aerobically with different aeration rates (10, 40, 60 and 85 L/min/m³) for the period of 30–50 days, resulting in VS-loss equivalent to 20%, 27%, 38% and 53% on w/w basis for the wastes A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. The cumulative biogas production, calculated based on the modified Gompertz model were 384, 195, 353, 215, and 114 L/kg VS for the wastes A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Untreated waste (A0) showed a long lag phase; whereas the lag phases of pretreated MSW were reduced by more than 90%. Aerobically pretreated wastes reached stable methanogenic phase within 41 days compared to 418 days for untreated waste. The waste mass decreased by about 8% to 27% compared to untreated MSW, indicative that even more MSW could be placed in the same landfill. The study confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation.     

Retention of 137cesium in acid sulphate soils of South Central Thailand

Adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha^-1) on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption-desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26-99.97%) of added ¹³⁷Cs (3.7 × 10³-7.03 × 10⁵ Bq l^-1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher K_ads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ had little influence on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between K_ads and soil pH was observed. The ¹³⁷Cs adsorption-desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09-0.58%) of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial ¹³⁷Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability.     

海南岛甘什岭低地次生雨林土壤有机碳及影响因素

热带雨林是世界上最复杂的森林生态系统,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。热带低地次生雨林是受人类干扰较为严重的雨林类型,而关于其土壤有机碳库的研究甚少。以海南岛甘什岭热带低地次生雨林为研究对象,通过野外调查采样与室内分析相结合等方法,研究了经人为采伐干扰后自然更新恢复形成的3种林分类型(Ⅰ为较大采伐强度下恢复的灌丛与低矮乔木,Ⅱ为经中等采伐强度恢复成林分密度较大的次生雨林,Ⅲ为因交通条件不便,受采伐干扰较小的次生雨林)的土壤有机碳含量、碳密度的垂直分布特征及其影响因素,旨在为热带低地次生雨林恢复与土壤固碳能力研究提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)3种类型低地次生雨林的土壤有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,垂直分布特征为0—20 cm土层有机碳含量最高(3.07—4.49 g·kg^?1),在类型Ⅲ的变异系数最大为5.60%;(2)土壤有机碳密度的分布特征与有机碳含量基本一致,0—100 cm土层土壤有机碳密度为4.14—6.42 kg·m^?2,仅为全国平均水平的50.8%;(3)土壤有机碳与土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷均呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01),与林分凋落物厚度和物种丰富度呈显著正相关性(P<0.05)。热带雨林特有的水热条件、物种丰富度、土壤质地和极度缺磷现象的综合作用是形成其土壤有机碳积累特征的主要因素,加强受干扰破坏热带雨林的保护与修复,有助于土壤有机碳的积累。     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

上海市公园绿地常见落叶树木叶片汞浓度时空特征及环境意义

植物叶片汞浓度与大气气态单质汞(GEM/Hg0)浓度的线性关系表明叶片汞浓度大小可用于指示植物生长区内GEM浓度的高低水平.通过分析上海市绿地公园(25座)中常见落叶树木樱花、水杉、法桐叶片汞浓度的时空变化特征,探究区域内GEM含量水平及分布特征.2017年5—10月对7座公园中这3种树木叶汞浓度进行连续监测,结果显示叶汞浓度与叶片生长时间呈显著线性正相关关系(P<0.01),表明叶片在生长期内不断吸收累积大气汞.而且在生长期内,3种树木叶汞浓度日累积速率(g·kg^-1·d^-1)具有相似的变化趋势,意味着不同树木叶汞的累积对外界环境的响应可能是一致的,除树种差异外.同年11月初,25座公园(包含上述7座)中樱花、水杉、法桐衰老叶片叶汞浓度为(54.2±12,31.8—76.7)μg·kg^-1、(42.0±9,23.5—67.9)μg·kg^-1、(36.1±11,21.4—60.3)μg·kg^-1(平均值,范围),有显著的种间差异(P<0.01),而在中心城区和郊区间无显著差异(P>0.05).空间插值分析结果初步表明衰老叶片叶汞浓度的空间梯度差异不大,且高值区域没有完全重合.这表明了利用衰老叶片叶汞浓度反映区域GEM浓度整体水平空间分布规律存在一定的不确定性,仍需进一步深入研究.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.