雌二醇、壬基酚和三丁基锡对草金鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量的联合效应

雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)是生物合成的天然雌激素,壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)则是人工合成的环境拟雌激素和环境抗雌激素,这3种污染物在自然水体中均广泛分布,给多种水生生物的健康造成威胁,然而其共同存在下的联合效应尚不明确.本文以草金鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试生物,以鱼体血浆中卵黄蛋白原浓度为观测指标,研究雌二醇和壬基酚的雌激素活性及三丁基锡的抗雌激素活性.在单独暴露实验的基础上,研究3种污染物两两联合及三者联合条件下对雄性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原的联合诱导效应.结果表明,雌二醇和壬基酚均能显著诱导雄性草金鱼合成卵黄蛋白原,三丁基锡对雄性和雌性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原含量均无显著影响.雌二醇和壬基酚共暴露时,壬基酚能促进雌二醇的雌激素效应;雌二醇与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者可抑制雌二醇的雌激素效应;3种污染物共同暴露时,三丁基锡也表现为抗雌激素效应.但壬基酚与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者未能抑制壬基酚的雌激素效应.上述结果表明天然雌激素、拟雌激素和抗雌激素之间存在复杂的联合效应,拟雌激素和抗雌激素的毒性效应并非简单地相互抵消,因此在生态风险评价时需全面评估不同类型环境雌激素之间的复合效应.     

壬基酚初级生物降解产物的辨认

为分析污水生物处理过程中壬基酚的去除机制,采用混合基质加标对照培养活性污泥、单一基质培养优势菌群2种生物降解实验,结合气相色谱-质谱谱图解析,从分子水平分析了壬基酚初级代谢产物和代谢途径.研究结果表明,活性污泥降解壬基酚的初级代谢产物主要为C4-C6烷基取代苯酚,烷基链的结构差异与其母体壬基的异构方式有关,烷基上的支链主要为甲基;优势降解菌群代谢壬基酚的初级产物除烷基苯酚外,还有苯乙酸等.污水生物处理过程中壬基酚可能的初级生物代谢途径是壬基上的长支链断裂为短的甲基链,生成一系列带有不同分支结构的短链烷基酚类代谢产物,进一步的代谢产物有苯乙酸.根据烷基酚类物质的内分泌干扰特性,短链烷基酚仍然具有雌激素活性,因此在壬基酚污染防治过程中应给与足够的重视.     

4-壬基酚臭氧氧化中雌激素活性变化的影响因素

采用有效的重组基因酵母检测方法,研究了不同影响因素下水中典型内分泌干扰物4-壬基酚(4-NP)在臭氧氧化过程中雌激素活性的变化规律.结果表明,臭氧能迅速氧化4-NP,并有效地去除其雌激素活性;臭氧氧化过程中,水中高臭氧浓度、低pH值、低悬浮物含量、低·OH抑制剂浓度以及适量的腐殖酸浓度均有利于降低4-NP的雌激素活性.     

实时定量RT-PCR方法评价壬基酚的雌激素效应

壬基酚是1种环境雌激素物质,以血清卵黄蛋白原作为生物标记物检测壬基酚的最低雌激素效应浓度高于10μg/L.利用亚成体青鱼进行不同浓度的(1、10、50、100μg/L)壬基酚暴露实验,运用实时定量RT-PCR方法,从分子水平上,对青鱼VTG-Ⅰ、VTG-Ⅱ、CHG-H和CHG-L的基因表达进行了研究,并对低浓度壬基酚的环境雌激素效应进行了分析.结果表明:1μg/L浓度的壬基酚暴露组青鱼肝脏的VTG-Ⅰ、VTG-Ⅱ、CHG-H、CHG-L基因表达均被显著诱导,说明实时定量RT-PCR能够检测1μg/L壬基酚     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解前后的激素效应和诱变活性

采用重组基因酵母和SOS/Umu试验研究了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP₁₀EO)经生物降解前后的雌激素活性和致突变活性.结果表明,在降解反应开始后的4d内降解产物的雌激素活性较低且不具有致突变性.随着降解时间的不断增加,降解产物的雌激素活性和致突变性不断增强.降解20d后,降解产物的雌激素活性相当于1nmol 17-β雌二醇的61.6%,诱变比值大于2,表明壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的生物降解产物同时具有雌激素活性和致突变活性,且两者在产生时间和活性数值方面均是同步的和成正相关的.因此致突变活性很可能是此类降解产物对生物机体具有雌激素活性的基础.     

一株壬基酚降解菌的分离鉴定及其对壬基酚同分异构体降解特性研究

壬基酚(NP)是典型的内分泌干扰物,具有雌激素效应.目前对NP的研究主要集中于微生物降解对其整体去除效果,而对各NP同分异构体的降解行为尚缺乏系统性研究.从钱塘江沉积物中筛选得到一株能够降解NP的细菌,命名为N-1,实验室条件下该菌能以NP为唯一碳源生长.经形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,N-1鉴定为假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas sp.).通过正交试验确定N-1降解NP的最适条件为:温度30℃,p H=7.0,菌量10%,NP浓度5~10 mg·L~(-1).最适条件下,N-1对NP 16 d整体降解率可达88.0%,对10种NP异构体降解率在69.7%~100%之间,说明N-1对NP同分异构体的降解具有结构-降解特性,即不同结构NP异构体表现出不一样的降解能力.进一步研究发现,NP异构体降解率随着NP烷基C链长度增加而升高,随着烷基取代基结构越复杂而降低.NP降解选择性导致的难降解成分残留现象,为NP类异构体污染物的微生物修复提供了一定的理论依据.     

壬基酚的环境生物地球化学研究进展及对新污染物管理的建议

近年来,我国大气环境、水环境和土壤环境质量得到一定的改善,“碧水蓝天”已经成为常态.但随着持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素和微塑料等新污染物在环境中不断被检出,新污染物正逐步受到广泛的关注,壬基酚作为一种典型的内分泌干扰物也备受研究人员的关注.系统地概括了我国水体中壬基酚的环境行为和暴露水平,并基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法对壬基酚可能造成的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,壬基酚对水生生物的毒性效应主要包括急性毒性、生长发育毒性、雌激素效应和繁殖毒性;壬基酚在我国主要流域水体中普遍存在,其浓度平均值在60～1 000 ng·L^-1,浓度最高值可达4 628 ng·L^-1;基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法的风险评估结果表明,壬基酚对我国主要流域里的水生生物均存在一定的风险.最后,总结了目前比较常用的壬基酚处理处置和风险管控技术,比较了国际上内分泌干扰物的监管方法,针对我国在新污染物环境管理中存在的问题,提出了针对性政策建议,研究结果可以为我国新污染物管理和管控提供参考.     

壬基酚在鱼体组织中的累积及对鱼类性腺的影响

采用HPLC法测定了在一定条件下暴露后鲤鱼和草鱼体内壬基酚的含量和分布,分析了鱼类性腺重量的变化.结果表明,在试验浓度下,20～25d后鲤鱼和草鱼体内的壬基酚可达到累积和释放的动态平衡,其最大累积系数分别为84.3和78.8,累积规律为鲤鱼>草鱼,肝脏>肌肉.受试雌鱼的性腺重量有明显的提高,相当于100ng/L17β-雌二醇(E₂)作用下鱼类性腺重量的34%～41%,表明壬基酚对鱼类具有一定的雌激素活性,且壬基酚的生物累积性和雌激素活性在产生时间和活性数值方面均是同步的和成正相关的.     

应用重组孕激素基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法

研究了用重组孕激素受体基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法,并利用该种方法检测了南方某水厂不同处理工艺过程水样对孕激素受体活性的抑制水平.结果表明,重组孕激素受体基因酵母能够与孕激素专一性的结合,诱导产生明显的剂量-效应关系,EC₅₀值为0.5 nmol/L,具有较高灵敏度;环境内分泌干扰物五氯酚和壬基酚具有孕激素受体抑制活性,其IC₅₀值分别为2.4μmol/L和3.7μmol/L;重组孕激素受体基因/报道基因的酵母技术是一种筛选和定量分析具有孕激素受体抑制活性的内分泌干扰物的快速、有效方法.结合固相萃取的前处理技术,重组孕激素受体基因酵母对水厂不同处理工艺水样检测出明显的孕激素受体抑制活性,抑制率均大于58%,表明重组孕激素受体基因酵母检测技术能够快速监测和鉴别水样中具有抑制孕激素受体活性的物质.     

壬基酚对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的雌激素效应研究

实验研究了环境雌激素4-壬基酚(NP)对鲫鱼(Carassiusauratus)的剂量-效应关系。雄性鲫鱼腹腔注射不同剂量的17β-雌二醇(E2)(质量分数分别为0 01,0 10,1 00mg kg(注射剂量 鱼体重,下同))和4-壬基酚(NP)(质量分数分别为1,10,50,100,200mg kg),用ELISA方法测定鲫鱼血浆中卵黄蛋白原含量。结果显示,与对照相比,在注射后14d内,0 01mg kgE2处理组和1 00mg kgNP处理组鲫鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量没有显著差异;其他各处理组在注射后8d,血浆卵黄蛋白原含量显著升高(P<0 05),且与暴露浓度呈依赖关系;注射后14d,10,50,100和200mg kgNP处理组的含量依次是对照组的10,59,340和435倍。研究表明,NP对鲫鱼具有明显的雌激素效应。      

Distribution and seasonal variation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential in the Huangpu River, China

Detection of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) in drinking water has led to rising concerns. There are, however, a paucity of studies on the distribution and seasonal variation of NDMA and NDMA formation potential(NDMA-FP) in natural waters, especially in China. For EDCs, limited studies have investigated the distribution and seasonal variation of estrone(E1), 17β-estradiol(E2), estriol(E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2), technical-nonylphenols(t-NP), and bisphenol A(BPA) in Shanghai. In this study, water samples were collected from 11 sampling sites along the Huangpu River in 2012. The distribution and seasonal variation of EDCs, NDMA, and NDMA-FP were investigated. The results showed that all of the 11 sampling sites were contaminated by the target compounds. Compared with E2 and EE2, higher E1 and E3 concentrations were usually detected in the Huangpu River. The values of 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) suggest a high possibility of endocrine effects on exposed organisms in the Huangpu River. NDMA-FP and t-NP were the dominant contaminants among the eight target compounds. The detection rates of the target compounds and their concentrations were both higher in dry seasons than in wet seasons. Higher concentrations of target compounds were observed in urban sampling sites near drainage outlets, and also in suburban sampling sites where intensive livestock farming and farmlands were located.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱-选择离子法检测污水中壬基酚

壬基酚是城市污水和再生水中的1种痕量污染物,具有内分泌干扰作用.由于壬基分支程度的不同,有多种同分异构体存在,基体背景复杂,定量检测困难.采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱和选择性离子定量分析方法,对70多个污水和再生水样品中壬基酚同分异构体总量进行了定量检测.结果表明,亲水-亲脂平衡固相萃取柱对壬基酚有良好选择吸附能力,不同水样的浓缩倍数在50～200倍之间.在壬基酚各异构体质谱图中,107、121、135、149、163这5种离子的丰度较高,特异性较强,其响应值总和(∑SIM)占总离子流(TIC)的54.4%～73%,以∑SIM(107、121、135、149、163)色谱图的积分面积作为定量检测的依据,既准确地反映各种异构体的组成,又排除了背景离子的干扰,确保了方法的选择性、准确度和精密度.     

苏州河底泥3种内分泌干扰物的空间分布及环境风险

应用气相色谱质谱联用方法对苏州河及其支流底泥中3种环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)和双酚A(BPA)的含量进行检测和调查,结果表明,这3种物质在河流底泥中的浓度变幅分别为<1.0～5 800、<0.10～39和0.90～180μg.kg-1,空间分异显著.总体上看,底泥污染物浓度与河流周边人为活动密集程度有关:在苏州河上海市区段底泥的含量显著地高于上海远郊和江苏省内河段底泥含量;苏州河支流底泥中的含量显著高于苏州河干流底泥含量.苏州河及其支流底泥中这3种内分泌干扰物两两之间,存在显著正相关,说明其有相似的物源.以含量较高的壬基酚为例,进行底泥环境内分泌干扰物的风险评估,结果表明,除苏州河江苏省内吴家港桥段外,其它河段均存在潜在的生态毒害风险,需采取相应的防范措施.     

NPnEO在中国北方四城市污水处理厂的污染研究

测定了中国北方4个城市污水处理厂进、出水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n为聚合度)及其代谢产物的浓度及分布,同时测定了其中2个污水处理厂污泥中上述物质的浓度和分布,初步探讨了NPnEO在城市污水处理过程中的迁移转化行为.结果表明:在4个城市污水处理厂的进、出水及其中2个厂的污泥中均检测到了浓度不等的NPnEO及其代谢产物;NPnEO在各城市污水处理厂都得到了一定程度的降解去除,去除率为23.38%～77.11%,平均为52.86%;NPnEO大分子组分降解成了小分子组分,但并未完全矿化;出水中以壬基酚(NP)、壬基酚一乙氧基醚(NP1EO)和壬基酚二乙氧基醚(NP2EO)小分子组分的浓度高.这些小分子产物都具有比母体化合物更高的毒性,并具有环境内分泌干扰性质,因此污水处理过程不但没有降低反而增加了生态风险,是环境中小分子NPnEO的主要来源;污泥对NPnEO,特别是小分子代谢产物有良好的吸附性能,其在污泥中的浓度水平较高,合理处置污泥避免二次污染值得进一步研究探讨.      

Profile and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by using an ER/AR competitive ligand binding assay and chemical analyses

An estrogen receptor (ER)/androgen receptor (AR) ligand competitive binding assay (ER/AR-binding assay) and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (K and S). In the influents, estrone (E1), androsterone (A), androstenedione (AD), BPA (bisphenol A), NP (nonylphenol) and daidzein (DZ) were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic (androgenic) activity as 17 -estradiol (E2) equivalents (EEQ) or testosterone (Te) equivalents (TEQ) was consequently 620 ng E2/L (570 ng Te/L) and 580 ng E2/L (800 ng Te/L) for the two WWTPs. The removal e ciencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%–100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%–100% for S-WWTP. The removal e ciencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal e ciencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%–52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%–83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.     

壬基酚对大鼠5-羟色胺分解代谢通路的影响

为探讨壬基酚对5-羟色胺(5-HT)代谢网络分解代谢通路的毒性作用机制,将24只SD雄性大鼠分为阴性对照组和壬基酚低、中、高剂量组[30,90,270mg/(kg·bw)],隔日玉米油灌胃染毒28d后检测大鼠血浆及肝匀浆中单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性和血浆中5-HT含量,并称量肝、肾和睾丸重量.结果显示,壬基酚暴露高剂量组大鼠体质量增量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);染毒至第3周起,各组大鼠平均食物利用率有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高剂量组肝脏、肾脏脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.01),中、高剂量组睾丸脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆MAO酶活性极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),中、高剂量组肝匀浆MAO酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆5-HT含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).壬基酚暴露剂量与大鼠体内MAO酶活性及5-HT水平均呈剂量-效应关系,壬基酚可通过分解代谢通路影响5-HT的代谢网络.     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important. Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(3): 61–66 [译自: 环境科学研究]