植物对污灌区土壤锌形态的影响

通过大田试验研究种植5种植物(玉米、向日葵、大豆、高粱、菊花)对污灌区土壤锌形态的影响.结果表明,污灌区土壤中锌含量均未超过国家二级标准,且主要以残留态存在.土壤中各形态锌与种植前相比,除可交换态锌呈增加趋势,其余各形态锌均呈下降趋势.其中可交换态锌在向日葵土壤中增加最明显,达24.19%;碳酸盐结合态锌在玉米土壤中下降最明显,达47.68%;铁锰氧化物态锌和残留态锌在菊花土壤中下降最明显,分别达35.65%、27.46%;总锌和有机结合态锌在向日葵土壤中下降最明显,分别达15.68%、44.23%.土壤中可交换态锌含量与植物籽粒中锌含量显著相关(P<0.05),适于用作土壤锌污染的生物评价指标.土壤中锌的生物活性系数与种植前相比,在玉米、高粱和菊花土壤中呈降低趋势,其中在玉米土壤中降低最明显,达31.43%,在大豆和向日葵土壤中呈增加趋势.总之,向日葵籽粒中重金属锌含量超出食品中锌限量标准(GB13106-1991),不宜在污灌区种植;玉米、高粱、大豆等植物籽粒中重金属锌含量均未超出食品中锌限量卫生标准(GB13106-1991),可以在污灌农田长期种植.     

改良剂对中国两种典型土壤铜锌有效性的影响及机理

研究了改良剂对土壤铜锌有效性的影响,以期对重金属复合污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义。在红壤与黄泥土中施用石灰、重钙和沸石,观测土壤有效态铜锌含量及pH,并测定了不同pH值下土壤有效态铜锌含量,以阐明改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的机理。向供试土壤中外源加入一定量的铜锌溶液,制成铜、锌污染土壤,稳定平衡30d,采用CaCl2浸提法测定土壤有效态铜锌的含量。结果表明,施用改良剂能显著降低土壤铜锌的有效性,其中石灰的效果最佳,沸石次之,重钙最差。两种土壤中,复合污染下铜锌有效态含量均高于单一污染,其中铜单一污染有效态含量与复合污染差异显著(P<0.05),而锌单一污染与复合污染差异不显著(P>0.05)。可能是因为锌比铜竞争力更强,更易于被土壤吸附固定。随着土壤pH升高,两种土壤的有效态铜锌含量均显著下降,且复合污染高于单一污染;而在相同pH值下,两种土壤中有效态铜锌含量的差异不显著。可见,pH值是影响土壤重金属有效性的关键因素。改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的主要机理在于其能显著提高土壤pH值,致使有效态重金属含量明显下降。     

磷酸盐和石灰对污染红壤与黄泥土中重金属铜锌的钝化作用

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合的三级污染红壤和黄泥土(Cu 200 mg·kg-1、Zn 400 mg·kg-1),平衡2个月;分别施入磷酸盐、石灰,稳定4个月后测定土壤中有效态铜、锌的含量,以阐明磷酸盐和石灰对重金属污染土壤中铜锌的钝化作用.结果表明,施入磷酸盐稳定120 d后,两种土壤中有效锌含量都显著降低,红壤中有效铜含量降低了8.3.6%,而黄泥土中有效铜含量变化不明显;施入石灰后,红壤中铜锌有效性含量降低了87.6?.3%,黄泥土中有效锌含量降低了90%,而有效铜含量最大降低幅度为47.4%.由此可见,磷酸盐对红壤中铜锌的钝化作用较强,对黄泥土中铜的钝化作用弱;石灰对两种土壤中铜锌的钝化作用都很强;磷酸盐和石灰对单一污染土壤铜锌的钝化固定作用要强于复合污染.     

昆明市西山土壤—菊科植物系统铜锌分布特征研究

论述了昆明市西山土壤－菊科植物系统铜、锌分布特征。利用统计分析及吸收系统等参数。定量描述了植物、土壤中铜、锌含量水平，描述了植物对土壤中铜、锌的吸收及富集能力。     

外源铬(Ⅲ)在潮土和红壤中的形态转变特征及模型拟合

重金属在土壤中的毒害作用不仅与其总量有关,而且与其形态有着更为直接的关系.无论是土壤固-液界面还是根际环境的化学行为,都涉及到土壤中重金属化学形态的变化.当重金属进入土壤时,各种形态就会在土壤固相之间重新分配.目前对于铜、锌、铅、镉等外源重金属进入土壤后的形态分布及转变已有报道[1],但关于铬的报道仍然比较少见.     

基于模糊数学的太原市敦化灌区污灌土壤重金属污染评价

采用原子吸收和原子荧光分光光度法测定了太原市敦化污灌区95个表层土壤样品的8种重金属含量,并对污灌土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、容重等理化性质进行分析,在此基础上采用模糊数学方法评价了其土壤环境质量,探讨了灌区土壤重金属的分布特征及污染状况.结果表明,土壤重金属砷、铜、锌、镍、汞、铬和铅含量值都在国家二级标准值范围内,平均含量分别为6.165,39.198,114.758,37.225,0.171,28.249和37.468mg·kg-1,重金属镉的含量高于国家二级标准值,平均含量高达1.247mg·kg-1;敦化灌区土壤的平均pH值为8.01,属弱碱性土壤,平均阳离子交换量为80.96cmol·kg-1,表层土壤有机质含量在1.27%—2.18%之间;模糊数学评价结果得到灌区土壤环境质量为三级水平,各个采样点的污染程度为董家营村西西谷乡东王答乡南孟封镇北鹅池村南。     

饲料中重金属和抗生素对土壤和蔬菜的影响

长期施用规模养殖场猪粪和未施猪粪土壤调查结果表明.施猪粪土壤及蔬菜(韭菜、青菜、芹菜、萝卜)中铜、锌、砷含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).土壤中铜、锌、砷含量最高分别为对照组的11倍、5倍和2倍,蔬菜中铜、锌含量最高均为对照组的4倍,砷为对照组的3倍;施猪粪土壤中铜超标最高达133.98%.锌为52.05%,砷为12.04%;施猪粪蔬菜锌超标最高达117%;在施用粪肥的土壤和非菜根中检测出土霉素和金霉素,对照组中则未检出.     

昆明市西山土壤—菊科植物系统铜锌分布特征研究

论述了昆明市西山土壤－菊科植物系统铜、锌分布特征。利用统计分析及吸收系数等参数,定量描述了植物、土壤中铜、锌含量水平,描述了植物对土壤中铜、锌的吸收及富集能力。结果表明：昆明西山受试菊科植物中除风毛菊外,其余１３种植物对铜表现出相对于铁的稀释作用。斑鸠菊、棉毛挖耳草、风毛菊和滇川还阳参等４种植物对锌表现出富集作用,其余１０种表现出稀释作用。     

电镀厂污染土壤重金属形态及淋洗去除效果

以某电镀厂污染场地重污染区域土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析,并研究筛选高效土壤淋洗剂,比较其淋洗去除效果。结果表明,该土壤以铬和镍污染最为严重,土壤铬和镍含量分别达1 564.00和679.00 mg.kg-1,土壤铜、锌和铅含量分别为297.00、276.00和51.40 mg.kg-1,铜、铬、镍、锌和铅的有效态比例分别为41.77%、13.16%、28.08%、21.50%和31.18%。去离子水、盐酸、乙酸、草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA 6种淋洗剂中,去离子水对5种重金属提取量均较少;草酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为55.1%、24.8%、47.5%和29.3%;柠檬酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为26.3%、25.7%、33.0%和21.6%;EDTA对铜、镍、锌和铅去除效果较好,去除率分别为31.5%、28.9%、21.4%和30.6%。综合考虑淋洗剂的提取效果、水溶性以及操作难度和成本,建议采用柠檬酸作为淋洗剂,最佳液土比〔V（液）∶m（土）〕为10∶1,最佳淋洗时间为6 h。     

北京市凉水河污灌区土壤重金属累积和形态分析

采用野外定点连续采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对北京市凉水河污灌区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni等重金属在土壤中的累积及其化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,①凉水河污灌区土壤中重金属的质量分数均高于北京地区的土壤背景值,特别是Cu和Pb分别达到北京市土壤环境背景值的3.47倍和4.53倍,凉水河污灌区土壤已经发生明显的重金属累积.②土壤重金属元素之间相关分析表明研究地区存在重金属复合污染,土壤有机质与土壤重金属显著相关表明污灌可能是导致土壤重金属富集的重要原因;土壤各理化性质与土壤重金属相关性表现不一致,土壤重金属富集与迁移的影响因素复杂多样.③Tessier连续提取法测定土壤5种重金属的形态分布规律均为:残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,铁锰结合态含量较高与污水中铁锰含量较高具有一定的关系;凉水河污灌区重金属潜在迁移能力顺序为:Cu>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cr.④综合分析各土壤重金属富集状况、形态分布及其生态毒性,Cu和Pb是凉水河污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属.     

HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIATION IN THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA

In the present study the concentrations of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc were analysed and the speciation of copper and zinc performed, with a summer and winter sampling, for two areas in the Northern Adriatic Sea and crossing at the farthest zones of the Po river-sea water interface. Results show that when salinity increases the concentrations of all investigated metals (with the exception of cobalt) present some degree of biogeochemical cycling. Copper is the element whose dissolved phase has the highest importance in metal transport across the salinity gradient. Results of speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of excess amounts (5-8 fold) of unbound ligands confers a buffering capacity for potential inputs of dissolved metals into the Northern Adriatic Sea. The speciation of both copper and zinc in the dissolved phase was dominated by organic complexation.     

Heavy metal distribution and speciation in the Northern Adriatic Sea

In the present study the concentrations of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc were analysed and the speciation of copper and zinc performed, with a summer and winter sampling, for two areas in the Northern Adriatic Sea and crossing at the farthest zones of the Po river-sea water interface. Results show that when salinity increases the concentrations of all investigated metals (with the exception of cobalt) present some degree of biogeochemical cycling. Copper is the element whose dissolved phase has the highest importance in metal transport across the salinity gradient. Results of speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of excess amounts (5-8 fold) of unbound ligands confers a buffering capacity for potential inputs of dissolved metals into the Northern Adriatic Sea. The speciation of both copper and zinc in the dissolved phase was dominated by organic complexation.     

施用城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性及金属含量的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性、金属含量的影响。实验设置6个处理：4个不同用量的污泥处理：30（S1）、60（S2）、90（S3）和120 t.hm-2（S4）,以及对照（Control：不施加污泥和肥料）和无机复合肥处理（F：1.5 t.hm-2）。结果表明,施用污泥后,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷均提高,且随污泥施用量的增加而增加。S1~S4处理的土壤有机质、全氮及全磷较Control处理分别提高了32.50%~52.05%、32.00%~95.30%及75.43%~236.25%;较F处理分别提高了47.60%~69.37%、35.04%~99.70%及77.10%~239.46%。但污泥施用降低土壤pH和全钾质量分数,土壤pH较Control和F处理分别下降了0.11~0.42和0.01~0.32,但仍呈弱碱性;土壤全钾质量分数较Control和F处理分别降低了1.65%~21.51%和1.19%~21.14%。随污泥施用量的增加,土壤Cu、Zn、Ca和Na质量分数呈增加趋势,而Mn、Fe、Al、Mg质量分数呈降低趋势,其中Cu和Zn增加明显,并较Control处理分别增加了31.89%~104.36%和38.93%~358.02%,较F处理分别增加了23.10%~90.75%和37.88%~354.55%。总体而言,污泥施用于杨树后,可明显改善土壤的化学特性,但污泥施用量越大,土壤重金属Cu和Zn的质量分数残留越多。     

浦东新区土壤—食物链中的铜锌

本文调查了浦东新区污灌区、吹泥区和一般区三种处理土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的水平和垂直分布，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ分层现象不明显，水平差异较大，但三种关型土壤差异不显著。Ｃｕ在食物链中累积系数铰小，一般小于１．０，而Ｚｎ的累积程度较大，尤其是以人为消费者的食物链中，累积系数最高达到１８。     

碳酸盐岩矿区河流沉积物中重金属的形态特征及潜在生态风险

黔西北土法炼锌及铅锌选矿厂对河流造成严重的重金属污染。河流沉积物中重金属的化学形态研究表明,同一采样点中不同重金属的形态分布和同一重金属在不同采样点中的形态分布均有较大差异。这可能与沉积物组分的不同亲和力,不同河段沉积物中粘土矿物、有机质、Fe Mn氧化物含量的不同以及人为活动(生活污水、选矿剂、矿渣等)的加入等有关,而碳酸盐岩地质背景的河床本身可能也有较大影响。潜在生态危害指数法研究表明,沉积物中重金属表现出强生态风险性,产生生态危害的主要重金属污染物是Pb,其后依次是Cd、Cu和Zn。     

Total and bioavailable metals in two contrasting mining regions (Sudbury in Canada and Lubumbashi in DR-Congo): relation to genetic variation in plant populations

Knowledge of total and bioavailable metal contents in soil is important for regional risk assessment and management. The main objective of the present study was to analyse the concentrations of metals in soils in two contrasting mining regions (Sudbury in Canada and Lubumbashi in DR-Congo). Genetic variation of plant populations was investigated to assess the potential impact of metal contamination on forest sustainability. The levels of copper, cobalt, zinc, arsenic, and lead were significantly higher (up to 200-fold) in mining sites in the Lubumbashi compared to the most highly contaminated Sudbury sites. The nickel content in soil samples from Lubumbashi was much lower compared to Sudbury region samples. Only 3.5% and 4 % of total copper and nickel, respectively, were phytoavailable, with values of 6%, 5.7%, 3.6%, and 5.4% for cobalt, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between total metal and phytoavailable metal concentrations for copper (r=0.99), nickel (r=0.86), cobalt (r=0.72), strontium (r=0.71), and zinc (r=0.66). Although genetic variation was high in Picea glauca populations from the Sudbury region, no association was found between metal contamination levels and genetic variation within and among the P. glauca populations.     

Metal distribution in sediments from the Adriatic Sea

Total metal concentrations (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) and their distribution in different chemical forms (speciation) were determined in sediments from the Adriatic Sea in order to evaluate contamination and mobility of metals. The study was carried out on marine sediments collected in two areas of the Adriatic Sea differently influenced by Po river waters. Metal distribution in the study area depends prevalently on water circulation and on organic matter distribution. Among metal levels, significant correlations between copper and zinc and between lead and nickel were found, suggesting common and specific sources. As regards metal speciation, the distribution of different chemical forms changes with the metal. The prevailing zinc phases, for example mobile forms, and sulphide together are greater than 50% of total metal. Nickel is mainly present in sediments as sulphide, and the preferential association of copper with organic matter is evident. Lead and manganese are preferentially found as mobile forms (more of 30% for lead, 40% or more for manganese).     

碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态影响的实验研究

选用黄土和重金属Cu为研究对象，通过等温吸持实验和Tessier形态提取实验，研究了碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态的影响。结果表明：黄土去除碳酸盐后，其吸持铜离子的量大幅度降低；碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态铜含量明显降低，而可交换态铜含量显著增加。     

Background values and distribution trends of Cu and Zn in soils of humid Mediterranean environment

Soil is the foundation of the entire biosphere. Knowledge of its heavy metal content and regional variability is essential to assess the environmental quality of soil and the extent of any contamination. In this study, 250 soil samples (within 125 soil profiles) were collected in undisturbed soils of the La Rioja region (an ideal place of the humid Mediterranean environment of Spain). The ‘total and bioavailable’ contents of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured and their spatial variability assessed. The results indicate that Zn and Cu values were found to be very close to national and global averages. The spatial distribution of those elements was related to the nature of the bedrock and, to a lesser extent, was of anthropogenic origin. The variation of vertical distributions can be related, firstly, to natural sources – mainly the bedrock – and, secondly, to soil processes. From an ecological perspective, the ecosystem has not been affected by pollution.     

添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中吸持及形态的影响

分别以CuSO4和Cu(NO3)2为吸持质，研究了添加不同化合态结合的铜离子在黄土中的等温吸持及形态分布规律。结果表明：黄土吸持铜离子以碳酸盐结合态为主。当铜离子初始浓度较低时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持及碳酸盐结合态没有明显影响；当铜离子初始浓度超过一定值时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持及碳酸盐结合态的影响随铜离子初始浓度的增加而明显增大。添加不同化合态结合的铜离子，其持有量和碳酸盐结合态含量均随土壤浓度的增大而减小。当铜离子初始浓度较低时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持量及碳酸盐结合态含量随土壤浓度的变化影响不大；当铜离子初始浓度超过一定值时，相同初始浓度条件下CuSO4较Cu(NO3)2会造成更大幅度的变化。