碳捕集与封存标准化展望

文章从碳捕集与封存技术(Carbon Capture and Storage,简称CCS)的发展入手,介绍了国际标准化组织二氧化碳捕集、运输与封存技术委员会(ISO/TC265)、参与国家与机构、主要工作方向及工作进展等基本情况,并对未来CCS技术标准化发展进行了展望。主要介绍了目前ISO/TC265在碳捕集、碳运输、碳封存、碳量化与验证以及其它共性问题等领域开展的主要工作进展情况,并结合国内外CCS技术及标准发展的现状,从CCS标准的重要性、发展方向、时间进程、方法学以及与其它标准关系等方面进行了探讨。     

碳捕集与封存技术适用风险预防原则的理论建构与路径完善

以碳捕集与封存为典型的新兴技术在应对气候变化上的降碳功能显著,但该技术颇具不确定性。“决策于未知”成为政府规制技术风险的真实写照,如何在鼓励碳捕集与封存技术发展,助力“双碳”目标实现的同时,应对随之而来的风险挑战与安全诉求,既是国家必须肩负的义务,也是回应公众期待的内在要求。应运而生的风险预防原则作为应对气候变化的重要举措,为技术风险规制提供了合法性与正当性基础,对于碳捕获、封存技术发展与碳中和目标实现具有重要现实意义。为此,风险预防原则在技术规制中,应当整体遵循弱风险预防理念,彰显秩序、正义和效率的多元价值诉求,实现科学理性与社会理性的平衡。在此基础上,通过多手段的综合应用,开放的风险决策结构,强化风险管理的动态调试,以预防性环境行政公益诉讼为保障,将风险预防原则融汇于碳捕集与封存技术风险规制中。     

中国碳捕集、利用与封存技术发展与展望

实现“双碳”目标是我国应对气候变化的重大决策,也是我国生态文明建设的重要内容。碳捕集、利用与封存（Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,CCUS）技术是实现“双碳”目标的关键性技术,也是我国达成二氧化碳零排放的保障性措施。本文简要介绍了CCUS主要环节的技术流程,概括了我国CCUS技术的发展历程。从技术水平、国家政策、示范项目情况等多个角度,总结了现阶段我国CCUS技术的整体研究与发展水平。并根据我国能源供给模式、工业发展水平等因素,分析并阐明了我国CCUS技术发展的必要性,以及现阶段CCUS技术发展所面临的挑战。最后本文还从行业角度出发,将CCUS技术与油气、建筑、农业、化工多种重点行业结合,提出了具体可行、互促互利的CO₂转化利用模式,为实现CCUS的商业化运行、保证CCUS技术的可持续发展提供了思路。     

辽宁省电力行业碳排放现状及碳中和策略分析

聚焦辽宁省电力行业现阶段发展现状、碳排放量、碳排放强度等情况,提出基于碳捕集利用与封存（CCUS）技术的减排策略,指出辽宁省面对严峻的碳减排形势,应对老旧电厂进行淘汰或改造;大力发展新能源发电方式,不断降低火电比重;将燃煤电厂与CCUS技术结合形成碳捕集电厂;形成“一圈一带两区”,分区域发展新能源及CCUS技术的一体化模式。     

《关于加强碳捕集、利用和封存试验示范项目环境保护工作的通知》发布

<正>碳捕集、利用和封存是一项具有大规模减排潜力的新兴技术.对全球中长期应对气候变化和推进国内绿色、循环、低碳发展具有重要意义。目前,我国碳捕集、利用和封存发展势头良好,相关实践、技术研发和试验示范已取得较大进展,但环境安全不确定问题较为突出。其中,捕集环节由于额外能耗会增加大气污染物排放,吸附溶剂使用后的残留废弃物易造成二次污染;运输和利用环节可能发生的突发性泄漏将严重破坏局地生态环境安全,威胁周边人体健康:封存环节如果工艺选择     

国内外碳资产政策下油气企业应对措施研究

随着全球气候治理进程的推进,全球碳市场的建设不断完善,越来越多的国家开始建立国家或地方层面的碳交易体系。油气企业作为碳排放大户,做好碳资产管理成为其绿色低碳转型发展的关键。文章基于国际和国内碳资产政策现状研究,分析了国内外强制碳市场和自愿碳市场发展态势,碳边境调节机制（CBAM）和碳税实施的影响,碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）项目进入碳市场的交易方式和国内外大型能源企业参与碳资产管理的发展形势。结合油气企业碳资产管理特点,文章提出油气企业应加强碳排放管控水平、夯实碳排放量数据基础、组建碳资产开发专业机构以及推动CCUS项目获得国家政策支持等发展建。     

二氧化碳捕集利用与封存项目纳入碳市场的现状、挑战与对策

二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）被认为是燃煤和燃气电厂以及钢铁、水泥和石化等行业实现碳中和的重要技术选项,而碳市场则是重要的市场化减排机制,提高两者的衔接水平,对于我国“双碳”目标的实现具有重要意义。通过总结国际上CCUS项目与碳市场衔接的成功经验,可以为我国CCUS项目与碳市场衔接提供相关借鉴。本文系统梳理了国内外CCUS项目纳入碳市场的立法、激励政策、CCUS减排核算方法学研究情况,识别出我国在CCUS项目与碳市场衔接方面尚存在法律支撑不足、缺乏激励政策以及CCUS项目碳减排核算方法不准确等一系列问题,最后提出多项建议以推动我国CCUS项目与碳市场的衔接：①完善碳市场监管和法律体系,促进CCUS与碳市场衔接;②研判CCUS优先领域,分阶段促进不同行业CCUS项目纳入碳交易市场;③强化政策激励,打通CCUS与碳市场衔接的投融资与成本疏导路径;④分阶段完善碳交易市场建设,充分发挥碳市场金融属性促进CCUS与碳交易市场衔接;⑤建立完善的监测、报告和核查（MRV）标准体系和证书制度,保证CCUS项目减排量核证的准确性和规范性。     

碳捕集与封存作为我国石油行业发展机遇的探讨

碳捕集与封存是我国石油行业的重要转型发展机遇,重点研究CCS两个较为成熟的主要方向对石油行业的机遇,一是在地质封存CO2同时提高石油天然气采收率,即CCS-EOR,另一个是利用盐水层(也称咸水层)或其它地下空间对CO2进行封存。文章论述了CCS对于温室气体减排的重要作用,CCS作为我国石油行业转型发展机遇的分析。CCS是我国石油行业的重要转型发展机遇,国内石油公司应对CCS进行重点研究和适度发展。     

碳中和愿景下中国电力部门的生物质能源技术部署战略研究

2020年9月22日,习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺,中国将提高自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。电力部门是我国能源系统实现碳中和的关键,而生物质能源技术在电力部门的部署对于推动实现碳中和具有不可替代的重要意义。本文针对三类生物质能源的发电技术,包括生物质直燃/气化发电、生物质耦合发电、生物质与碳捕获封存技术联合发电,分析了技术的国内外发展现状,并从技术可行性、资源可行性、经济可行性和环境影响等方面评析了其在推动电力部门低碳转型过程中的可行性。同时,结合碳中和愿景下电力部门的减排要求及对相关技术潜力的最新研判,对生物质能源技术在我国电力部门的部署提出了相应的政策建议。     

浅谈挪威船级社CO2管道泄漏实验

管道输送作为所捕集的CO_2与利用封存场地的纽带,在碳捕集、驱油与封存项目中起着重要的作用。鉴于我国CO_2长输管道的设计标准和规范处于空白,文章对挪威船级社于2006年和2010年的管道泄漏实验进行归纳总结,介绍了工业规模泄放实验的研究目的、实验装置、恒压及泄压释放的操作流程、管道内对压力和温度的监测布点以及大气中对CO_2浓度监测的布点方式等。这为我国研究人员开展CO_2管道泄放的实验设计及研究方法提供了参考借鉴,有助于加快我国CO_2管道输送安全性研究的步伐。     

农作物秸秆管理技术与措施及其生态补偿——以安徽省为例

我国的农作物秸秆资源丰富,近年来,在国家有关部门和各地政府积极推动和支持下,秸秆综合利用取得了显著成果,多种形式的秸秆综合利用技术得到了一定程度的推广应用。但农作物秸秆综合利用的管理措施不健全,特别是秸秆生态补偿机制没有形成统一法律规范。文章介绍了农作物秸秆综合利用的重点技术,并以安徽省为例介绍了秸秆综合利用存在的管理缺陷,列举了部分秸秆生态补偿的实例。在农作物秸秆综合利用过程中,健全法律规范,完善秸秆综合利用生态补偿机制,对于秸秆资源的充分利用、增加农民收入、减少秸秆焚烧和随地堆放造成的环境污染、保护和恢复生态环境等方面都有重要意义。     

Community-based Organizations and Neighbourhood Environmental Problem Solving: A Framework for Adoption of Information Technologies

Community-based organizations (CBOs) today seek improved capacity to address environmental problems in urban neighbourhoods. Many seek access to information technologies such as the Internet and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to expand information about their neighbourhood's environmental quality to support their planning and service efforts. Experience with the Internet has been bolstered somewhat by programmesto create community networks. This experience and experience with GIS in planning at the municipal and state levels reveals a set of technical, organizational and personal prerequisites that bolster successful and effective adoption of information technologies. This paper reviews these prerequisites as they pertain to CBOs and makes recommendations for transactions that could enhance CBO adoption of the Internet and GIS to address environmental problems in urban neighbourhoods. The paper concludes that a constellation of prerequisite conditions, most predominantly data availability problems, staff skill acquisition and staff retention problems, offer the greatest challenges for CBOs seeking to adopt information technologies to manage environmental problems more effectively.     

Development of appropriate technologies: A possible way forward for environmental protection of developing countries like China

Summary To solve environmental problems a vast amount of manpower, material and financial resources has been spent. Some people consider that this is necessary, and a reasonable price which human beings must pay for development, especially industrialisation. Maybe it is true. But can people solve the environmental problems of developing countries better when they have learned the experiences and lessons of developed countries? One possible way is proposed in this paper, which makes a special reference to the real situation in China. The fundamental idea is to develop and apply appropriate technologies in the phase of national industrialisation. This will help developing countries to achieve desired environmental effects more economically. The appropriate technologies mentioned in the paper are of two kinds: appropriate industrial production technologies and appropriate environmental technologies. The development of the former will help to reduce environmental pollution and other problems caused by industrialisation. The development of the latter will enable developing countries to keep an acceptable environmental quality within a controlled cost. In the paper the definition of appropriate technologies is clarified, and the criteria for the selection and evaluation of appropriate technologies are proposed. The possibility of a realisation of developing the economy and protecting the environment at same time is then analysed. The conclusion is that development and application of appropriate technologies is an optimal strategy when the real conditions of developing countries like China are considered. Finally, some of the initial appropriate environmental technologies which should be developed are suggested.Professor Ranjie Hou has recently been working as a Research Fellow at the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Karlsrube University, Federal Republic of Germany.     

中国环境规划学科发展：现状与展望

为厘清我国环境规划学科发展脉络,明确未来发展方向及重点,本文采用文献计量、机构调研、专家咨询等定量和定性分析方法,从环境规划思想与理论、技术实践、人才培养三个方面剖析了我国环境规划学科的发展特点、存在问题及未来趋势。结果表明,当前我国环境规划学科存在基础理论体系不完善,关键技术研究水平和应用能力有待提升,人才培养体系不完善等问题。基于此,本文提出了该学科未来发展对策：①紧握时代脉搏,拓展环境规划思想与理论研究;②立足问题导向,推动环境规划技术发展;③完善学科专业人才培养体系,促进学科可持续发展。     

Using coal for transportation in China: Life cycle GHG of coal-based fuel and electric vehicle,and policy implications

This paper compares the GHG emissions of coal-to-liquid (CTL) fuels to the GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) powered with coal-to-electricity in China. A life cycle model is used to account for full fuel cycle and use-phase emissions, as well as vehicle cycle and battery manufacturing emissions. It is found that the reduction of life cycle GHG emissions of EVs charged by electricity generated from coal, without utilizing carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology can be 3–36% when compared to petroleum-based gasoline car. The large range in emissions reduction potential is driven by the many different power generation technologies that are and could in the future be used to generate electricity in China. When CCS is employed in power plants, the GHG emission reductions increase to 60–70% compared to petroleum-based gasoline car. However, the use of coal to produce liquid transportation fuels (CTL fuels) will likely lead to significantly increased life cycle GHG emissions, potentially 30–140% higher than petroleum-based gasoline. When CCS is utilized in the CTL plant, the CTL fueled vehicles emit roughly equal GHG emissions to petroleum-based gasoline vehicles from the life cycle perspective. The authors conclude that policies are therefore needed in China in order to accelerate battery technology and infrastructural improvements for EV charging, increased energy efficiency management, and deployment of low-carbon technologies such as CCS.     

气候投融资加速发展新生态研究

应对气候变化实现碳达峰、碳中和目标需要海量的资金投入并将为中国带来巨大的气候资金缺口,解决这一难题亟须大量的资金投入和高效的投融资手段。2020年以来我国气候投融资顶层文件相继出台,尽管气候投融资体系和试点工作的研究逐渐丰富,但是气候投融资理论研究仍然落后于地方和金融机构的相关实践。本文聚焦于气候投融资体系中存在的标准不统一、机制不灵活、信息不对称、数据不可靠等关键问题,梳理气候投融资加速发展所需的关键要素,讨论气候投融资加速发展的预期目标,提出一套结合数字科技应用的气候投融资加速发展新生态体系及其标准体系、技术体系、数据体系的构建方案,旨在引导和鼓励资金流向技术先进、示范创新、气候效益显著的绿色低碳项目,为气候投融资试点和“双碳”政策落地,提供理论支撑和政策参考。     

我国合成氨工业水污染物治理技术及控制标准

文章分析了我国合成氨工业的特点,污染现状,提出了其水污染物的治理技术,阐明了对相应的排放标准进行适当调整的原因和对新标准进行了说明。     

垃圾微波裂解及资源化利用技术

概述了我国城市垃圾处理现状,介绍了国内外现有城市垃圾处理技术,对各种垃圾处理工艺进行了简要评述;并介绍了一种先进的垃圾微波裂解及资源化利用技术,分析了该技术的特点、先进性和经济性等。     

我国低碳技术扩散路径研究

通过研究技术扩散的各种路径,具体结合我国低碳技术发展的实际状况,建立了低碳技术扩散的四轮驱动模型.我国要实现低碳技术大规模扩散,首先要借鉴国外先进的低碳技术和经验,然后带动我国低碳技术的自主创新,使我国低碳产业走上高速和可持续发展的道路.     

The promise of smart grids

ABSTRACT

It is the promise of smart grids – their anticipated role in meeting economic, social, environmental policy objectives – that is driving action on smart grids worldwide, while the reality is rather more messy. This paper is about the implementation of smart grids in Australia, and examines the degree to which environmental and social promises have materialised (or not) within two large energy smart grid initiatives undertaken in the period 2009–2014: the federal government-sponsored Smart Grid Smart City Program and the State of Victoria’s Advanced Metering Infrastructure Program. The analysis draws on a governmentality approach to examine how the promise of smart grids has not for the most part been delivered, concentrating in particular on how new digital technologies have not “behaved” in the way originally planned. Within a governmentality framework, it is generally assumed that technologies work to support government programmes, to accomplish governance. But growing evidence points to smart grid technologies undermining the promise of smart grids. Such a finding stands at odds with the assumption in governmentality about technologies doing work in consort with rationalities of government.